Tali- ja suviteraviljade seenhaiguste dünaamika

Abstract

Taimede seenhaigused on oluline ohutegur toidujulgeolekus vähendades saaki ja selle kvaliteedi. Sealjuures on taimesortide haiguskindlus erinev ning pidevalt ajas muutuv, sõltudes kompleksist erinevatest teguritest. Need on nii sortide geneetiline vastupanuvõime ning patogeeni virulentsus kui ka ilmastikutingimused ja teised keskkonnategurid. Töö eesmärgid on teraviljasortide haigestumuse võrdlemine ja varieeruvuse leidmine sortide haiguskindluses ning võrrelda seda aretajate ja edasimüüjate antud vastava infoga. Lisaks haigusandmete võrdlemine ilmaandmetega ning nende optimumile vastavuse hindamine. Töö andmestiku moodustasid iganädalaste tali- ja suviviljasortide vaatluste käigus kogutud haigusandmed lehepinna protsentuaalse haigestumuse kohta ning saagiandmed. Leiti väärtused AUDPC ja RAUDPC, millega teostati regressioon- ja korrelatsioonanalüüs ning ühesuunaline dispersioonanalüüs koos Tukey testiga. Haigestumine vastas valdavalt optimaalsete ilmastikuolude esinemisele ja prognoosimudelitele ning olemaolevatele haiguskirjeldustele, kuid esines ka erandeid. Erinevate kultuuride ja sortide vahel esines oluline erinevus taimehaigustesse nakatumises. Varajased sordid nakatusid taimehaigustest rohkem kui hilised või keskvalmivad. Resistentsemate sortide puhul võib kaaluda fungitsiidide mittekasutamist. Haiguskindluse pideva muutumise tõttu on tööl oluline osa haiguskindluse seires ning oluline jätkata sarnaste uurimistöödega, et oskaksime paremini valida põllule sobilikke sorte.

Fungal diseases of plants are a significant risk factor for global food security through the reduction of yields and their quality. Moreover, the disease resistance of different varieties varies and changes over time due to complex of factors, which are changes in genetical information but also weather conditions and other environmental characteristics. The aim of this work was to study the disease resistance of different cereal varieties and to compare it to the descriptions provided by the breeders and the resellers. Furthermore, to compare weather data to the appearance of visual disease symptoms and to their optimums according to the literature. The data of the work consists of weekly observations on the fields where every variety was given infection rate for every disease in percentage and of yield statistics. The AUDPC and RAUDPC values were calculated with which correlation, regression and oneway ANOVA analysis with Tukey test were carried out. The expression times of disease symptoms were in general respective to optimal weather conditions, disease prognoses models and also disease descriptions provided by the breeders and resellers, but exceptions also occured. The difference in infections rates of different varieties and species could be observed. The early varieties had more severe disease symptoms than later ones. For some varieties plant protection works did not prove their financial worth, therefore more disease resistant varieties could be also cultivated without fungicides. Because of the continuous change in the disease resistance this work has important role in the monitoring of disease resistance of varieties and it is important to continue the research on the topic for better decisions on the fields concerning the variety choices.