Mahe ja tavatootmise mõju kartuli kvaliteedile

Abstract

Käesoleva bakalaureusetöö eesmärgiks oli uurida, kuidas mõjutavad kartuli kvaliteeti sama külvikorra piires erinevad lämmastikväetise normid tavaviljeluses ning vahekultuurid ja sõnnik maheviljeluses. Katsealuseks kartulisordiks valiti „Reet“ . Katselapp asus Eesti Maaülikooli põllumajandus- ja keskkonnainstituudi Eerika põllul. Kokku oli 6 katsevarianti. Tavaviljeluse variandid (järgisid külvikorda, tehti taimekaitsetöid): N0P0K0 – väetamata variant (kontroll), N50P25K95, N100P25K95 ja N150P25K95. Maheviljeluse variandid (järgisid külvikorda, sügis-talvisel perioodil kattekultuurid): Mahe (KK) ja Mahe (KK+S) – orgaanilise väetisega 40 t/ha (kevadel). Andmed koguti aastal 2011. Uurimustöö raames uuriti ühtlasi ka kuidas mahe- ja tavatootmine mõjutavad kartuli mugulate N, P ja K sisaldust; nitraatide sisaldust; toortumenemist; keetmisjärgset tumenemist; tärklisesisaldust; märgmädaniku, kuivmädaniku ja hariliku kärna esinemist. Kokkuvõttes selgus, et mida suurem on lämmastikväetiste kogus tavaviljeluses, seda suurem on kartulisaak, mugulad, tärklisesisaldus, üldine N ja K-sisaldus. Lisaks seda vastuvõtlikum on kartul harilikule kärnale. Kuid seevastu väiksem on mugulate P-sisaldus, kuiv- ja märgmädanikku nakatumine ning mugulad tumenevad keetmisjärgselt vähem. Maheviljeluse eeliseks on see, et mugulad ei sisalda nitraate, kuid seevastu on saagikus oluliselt väiksem võrreldes tavaviljelusega.

The aim of this bachelor's thesis was to study how the quality of potatoes within the same crop rotation is affected by different norms of nitrogen fertilizer in conventional cultivation and also in organic production, where "Reet" was chosen as the potato variety to be tested. The test plot was located in the field of Eerika, Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Estonian University of Life Sciences. There were a total of 6 test variants. Conventional cultivation variants (following crop protection work carried out in rotation): N0P0K0 - unfertilized variant (control), N50P25K95, N100P25K95 and N150P25K95. Organic cultivation variants (follow the crop rotation, cover crops in autumn-winter period): Organic (KK) and Organic (KK + S) - with organic fertilizer 40 t / ha (spring). Data was collected in year 2011. The study also examined how organic and conventional production affect the N, P and K content of potato tubers; nitrate content; raw material loss; darkening after cooking; starch content; the presence of wet rot; the presence of dry rot; occurrence of scabies. In conclusion, it was found that the higher the amount of nitrogen fertilizers in conventional cultivation, the higher the potato yield, tubers, starch content, total N and K content. In addition, potatoes are more susceptible to scab. However, the P content of the tubers is lower, the infection with dry and wet rot is lower, as is the darkening of the tubers after cooking. The advantage of organic farming is that the tubers do not contain pesticide residues and nitrates, but on the other hand the yield is significantly lower compared to conventional cultivation.