Geographic and temporal variations in turbulent heat loss from lakes : A global analysis across 45 lakes
Laen...
Kuupäev
2018
Kättesaadavus
Ajakirja pealkiri
Ajakirja ISSN
Köite pealkiri
Kirjastaja
Wiley
Abstrakt
Heat fluxes at the lake surface play an integral part in determining the energy budget and thermal structure
in lakes, including regulating how lakes respond to climate change. We explore patterns in turbulent heat
fluxes, which vary across temporal and spatial scales, using in situ high-frequency monitoring data from 45 glob-
ally distributed lakes. Our analysis demonstrates that some of the lakes studied follow a marked seasonal cycle
in their turbulent surface fluxes and that turbulent heat loss is highest in larger lakes and those situated at low
latitude. The Bowen ratio, which is the ratio of mean sensible to mean latent heat fluxes, is smaller at low lati-
tudes and, in turn, the relative contribution of evaporative to total turbulent heat loss increases toward the tro-
pics. Latent heat transfer ranged from ~ 60% to > 90% of total turbulent heat loss in the examined lakes. The
Bowen ratio ranged from 0.04 to 0.69 and correlated significantly with latitude. The relative contributions to
total turbulent heat loss therefore differ among lakes, and these contributions are influenced greatly by lake
location. Our findings have implications for understanding the role of lakes in the climate system, effects on
the lake water balance, and temperature-dependent processes in lakes.
The authors thank two anonymous reviewers who provided a con- structive review of this manuscript. R.I.W. was funded by EU Surface Tem- perature for All Corners of Earth, which received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Programme for Research and Innovation, under Grant Agreement 640171. We thank individuals who contributed to the collection of data included in this analysis: Jon Cole (Peter Lake), Ken Hinkel and Brittany Potter (Emaiksoun Lake), Peter Staehr (Hampen Soe and Grib Soe), and Hilary Swain (Lake Annie). This work benefited from participation in the Global Lake Ecological Observatory Network (GLEON) and the Networking Lake Observatories in Europe (NETLAKE). J.A.R. acknowledges funding from the Ontario Ministry of the Environ- ment and Climate Change and the Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research (grant CRN3038). J.D.L. was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation (NSF), Arctic Observing Network (AON; grant number 1107792). Data collection for Lake Võrtsjärv was supported by the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research, grant IUT21-2. The Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, United Kingdom, funded data collec- tion from the Cumbrian lakes. We thank Kevin Rose who provided a help- ful review of an early version of this work. Researchers from various institutions provided data used this study. Please contact R. Iestyn Wool- way (riwoolway@gmail.com) for more information regarding requests for data from the relevant individuals.
The authors thank two anonymous reviewers who provided a con- structive review of this manuscript. R.I.W. was funded by EU Surface Tem- perature for All Corners of Earth, which received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Programme for Research and Innovation, under Grant Agreement 640171. We thank individuals who contributed to the collection of data included in this analysis: Jon Cole (Peter Lake), Ken Hinkel and Brittany Potter (Emaiksoun Lake), Peter Staehr (Hampen Soe and Grib Soe), and Hilary Swain (Lake Annie). This work benefited from participation in the Global Lake Ecological Observatory Network (GLEON) and the Networking Lake Observatories in Europe (NETLAKE). J.A.R. acknowledges funding from the Ontario Ministry of the Environ- ment and Climate Change and the Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research (grant CRN3038). J.D.L. was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation (NSF), Arctic Observing Network (AON; grant number 1107792). Data collection for Lake Võrtsjärv was supported by the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research, grant IUT21-2. The Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, United Kingdom, funded data collec- tion from the Cumbrian lakes. We thank Kevin Rose who provided a help- ful review of an early version of this work. Researchers from various institutions provided data used this study. Please contact R. Iestyn Wool- way (riwoolway@gmail.com) for more information regarding requests for data from the relevant individuals.
Kirjeldus
Märksõnad
lakes, turbulent heat loss, articles