Ajalooline söepõletus: maastik ja mõju tänapäeval
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Kuupäev
2025
Kättesaadav alates
04.09.2025
Autorid
Ajakirja pealkiri
Ajakirja ISSN
Köite pealkiri
Kirjastaja
Eesti Maaülikool
Abstrakt
Ajaloolise söepõletuse eesmärk oli toota puusütt, mida kasutati näiteks rauatööstuses. Söepõletamisega tegeleti aktiivselt varajasest rauaajast kuni 20. sajandi keskpaigani. Sütt põletati nii kuhjades kui ka aukudes, kuid antud bakalaureusetöös käsitletakse söepõletuskuhjasid. Uurimistöö on keskendunud 61,6-hektarilisele Kakulaane söepõletusalale, kus on kaardistatud 48 söepõletuskuhja. Eestis on küll varasemalt uuritud söepõletamist, aga mitte söepõletuskohtade maastikulisi parameetreid ja söepõletamise mõju taimestikule. Töö eesmärk on iseloomustada Kakulaane söepõletusala ning hinnata söepõletusjäänuste võimalikku mõju alustaimestikule ja puude kasvule.
Töö eesmärgi saavutamiseks identifitseeriti algselt söepõletuskuhjad kasutades Maa- ja Ruumiameti X-GIS 2.0 kaardirakenduse „Reljeef“ aluskaarti. Välitöödel kontrolliti kaardilt leitud kuhjasid mullapuuriga. Söepõletuskuhjadel esineb söesegune mullakiht. Taimkatte uuringute jaoks valiti 12 kuhja, mis polnud lõhutud ega ei asunud noorendikus. Iga kuhja peal ning ümbruses tehti 4 taimeruutu ja mõõdeti puude diameetrid. QGIS-is tehti analüüs, kasutades järgmiseid Maa- ja Ruumiameti andmekihte: mullastiku kaart, nõlvakalded, halltoonides kaart ja reljeefvarjutusega põhikaart. QGIS-is leiti kuhjade diameetrid, nende kaugused soisest alast ning uurimisala suurus. Andmete töötlemiseks ja esitamiseks kasutati Microsoft Excelit. Statistilise analüüsi jaoks kasutati RStudiot, kus viidi läbi Shapiro-Wilki test, Wilcoxon rank-sum test, ANOSIM test, SIMPER test ning alustaimestiku kahe grupi kohta leiti ka Shannoni mitmekesisuse indeksid.
Kakulaane söepõletuskuhjad asuvad metsamaal. Süsinikudateering näitas, et kuhjad on pärit 15.–17. sajandist. Kuhjade diameetrid on keskmiselt 6,2 meetrit. Kuhjad asuvad gruppides, soise ala läheduses, arvatavasti seoses veevajadusega, ning pigem tasasel maal, kuhu oli mugavam kuhjasid ehitada. Uurimisala reljeef on samuti üldiselt tasane. Peamiselt asuvad kuhjad uurimisalal leedemuldadel. Eelistati kuivemaid vähemviljakaid kasvukohtasid. Samblarinde katvused ning puude diameetrid kuhjadel ja nende ümbruses ei erinenud, kuid alustaimestik on kuhjade ümbruses mitmekesisem. Puurinnet on tõenäoliselt rohkem mõjutanud hilisem metsamajandamine.
Töös püstitatud uurimisküsimused said vastused ning eesmärk saavutati. Töös kirjeldati Kakulaane söepõletusala ning hinnati söepõletusjäänuste mõju alustaimestikule ja puude kasvule. Et ajaloolise söepõletuse mõju alustaimestikule ja puurindele täpsemalt selgitada, tuleks uurimitööd jätkata suurema kuhjade valimiga erinevates kasvukohatüüpides.
The historical purpose of charcoal burning was to produce wood charcoal, which was used, for example, in the iron industry. Charcoal production was actively practiced from the early Iron Age until the mid-20th century. Charcoal was burned in both mounds and pits, but this bachelor's thesis focuses on charcoal mounds. The research is centered on the 61.6-hectare Kakulaane charcoal burning area, where 48 charcoal mounds have been mapped. Although charcoal burning has previously been studied in Estonia, the landscape parameters of charcoal burning sites and the impact of charcoal burning on understory vegetation have not been investigated. The aim of this thesis is to characterize the Kakulaane charcoal burning area and assess the potential impact of charcoal burning remains on understory vegetation and tree growth. To achieve this, the charcoal mounds were initially identified using the Estonian Land and Spatial Development Board's X-GIS 2.0 application’s „Relief“ base map. In the field, the mounds identified on the map were verified with a soil auger. Charcoal mounds are characterized by a soil layer mixed with charcoal. For the understory vegetation studies, 12 mounds were selected that were not disturbed or located in young forest stands. On and around each mound, four understory vegetation plots were established, and tree diameters were measured. Analysis in QGIS used the following datasets from the Estonian Land and Spacial Development Board: soil map, slope, grayscale map, and shaded relief base map. In QGIS, the diameters of the mounds, their distances from the wetland area, and the size of the study area were determined. Microsoft Excel was used for data processing and presentation. For statistical analysis, RStudio was used, performing the Shapiro-Wilk test, Wilcoxon rank-sum test, ANOSIM test, SIMPER test, and Shannon diversity indexes were calculated for the two groups of understory vegetation. The Kakulaane charcoal mounds are located on forest land. Radiocarbon dating showed that the mounds date from the 15th to 17th centuries. The average diameter of the piles is 6.2 meters. The piles are located in groups near the wetland area, likely due to the need for water, and on generally flat terrain, which made mound construction easier. The study area's terrain is also mostly flat. The mounds are mainly located on podzolic soils. Drier and less fertile sites were preferred. Moss layer coverage and tree diameters on and around the piles did not differ, but the understory vegetation around the mounds was more diverse. The tree layer has likely been more affected by later forest management. The research questions posed in the thesis were answered and the objective was achieved. The Kakulaane charcoal burning area was described, and the impact of charcoal burning remains on understory vegetation and tree growth was assessed. To more precisely explain the impact of historical charcoal burning on understory vegetation and the tree layer, further research should be conducted with a larger sample of mounds in various site types.
The historical purpose of charcoal burning was to produce wood charcoal, which was used, for example, in the iron industry. Charcoal production was actively practiced from the early Iron Age until the mid-20th century. Charcoal was burned in both mounds and pits, but this bachelor's thesis focuses on charcoal mounds. The research is centered on the 61.6-hectare Kakulaane charcoal burning area, where 48 charcoal mounds have been mapped. Although charcoal burning has previously been studied in Estonia, the landscape parameters of charcoal burning sites and the impact of charcoal burning on understory vegetation have not been investigated. The aim of this thesis is to characterize the Kakulaane charcoal burning area and assess the potential impact of charcoal burning remains on understory vegetation and tree growth. To achieve this, the charcoal mounds were initially identified using the Estonian Land and Spatial Development Board's X-GIS 2.0 application’s „Relief“ base map. In the field, the mounds identified on the map were verified with a soil auger. Charcoal mounds are characterized by a soil layer mixed with charcoal. For the understory vegetation studies, 12 mounds were selected that were not disturbed or located in young forest stands. On and around each mound, four understory vegetation plots were established, and tree diameters were measured. Analysis in QGIS used the following datasets from the Estonian Land and Spacial Development Board: soil map, slope, grayscale map, and shaded relief base map. In QGIS, the diameters of the mounds, their distances from the wetland area, and the size of the study area were determined. Microsoft Excel was used for data processing and presentation. For statistical analysis, RStudio was used, performing the Shapiro-Wilk test, Wilcoxon rank-sum test, ANOSIM test, SIMPER test, and Shannon diversity indexes were calculated for the two groups of understory vegetation. The Kakulaane charcoal mounds are located on forest land. Radiocarbon dating showed that the mounds date from the 15th to 17th centuries. The average diameter of the piles is 6.2 meters. The piles are located in groups near the wetland area, likely due to the need for water, and on generally flat terrain, which made mound construction easier. The study area's terrain is also mostly flat. The mounds are mainly located on podzolic soils. Drier and less fertile sites were preferred. Moss layer coverage and tree diameters on and around the piles did not differ, but the understory vegetation around the mounds was more diverse. The tree layer has likely been more affected by later forest management. The research questions posed in the thesis were answered and the objective was achieved. The Kakulaane charcoal burning area was described, and the impact of charcoal burning remains on understory vegetation and tree growth was assessed. To more precisely explain the impact of historical charcoal burning on understory vegetation and the tree layer, further research should be conducted with a larger sample of mounds in various site types.
Kirjeldus
Bakalaureusetöö
Keskkonnakaitse õppekaval
Märksõnad
bakalaureusetööd, miilimine, söepõletuskuhjad, mullastik, taimkate