Alpakade aretus ja embrüosiirdamise kasutusele võtmise võimalikkus Eestis
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Kuupäev
2023
Kättesaadav alates
09.09.2023
Autorid
Ajakirja pealkiri
Ajakirja ISSN
Köite pealkiri
Kirjastaja
Eesti Maaülikool
Abstrakt
Viimaste aastate jooksul on alpakade pidamine Eestis muutunud populaarsemaks, mistõttu
alpakade aretuse teemal on üha sagedamini pöördutud veterinaararstide poole. Alpakakarja
suurendamiseks kasutatakse ainult loomulikku paaritamist, sest nii veterinaararstidel kui ka
alpakakasvatajatel puuduvad teadmised alpakade biotehnoloogiliste sigimismeetodite
kasutamisest. Teoreetiliselt on biotehnoloogilisi sigimismeetodeid võimalik kasutada
alpakade geneetilise aretusväärtuse tõstmiseks ilma loomade transportimiseta, parandades
sellega loomade heaolu ja vähendades haiguste leviku riski. Praegu on kunstliku
seemendamise tehnoloogia alpakadel alles algusjärgus ja raskesti kättesaadav.
Embrüosiirdamise tehnoloogiaid ei kasutata Euroopas alpakakasvatustes aktiivselt, ent mujal
maailmas üksikutes farmides kasutatakse seda aretusprogrammi osana.
Ülevaate saamiseks alpakade aretusest ja selle arengusuundadest Eestis viidi läbi
ülevaateuuring Eesti alpakakasvatajate seas. Uuringu valimisse kaasati 9 uuringu küsimustele
vastanud alpakafarmi (vastanute osakaal 60%). Uuringus koguti andmeid praegusel ajal
kasutatavate sigimismeetodite kohta ja lisaks uuriti aretajate huvi biotehnoloogiliste
sigimismeetodite, eelkõige embrüosiirdamise tehnoloogiate vastu. Valdav osa Eesti
alpakafarmidest on väikesed farmid, milles on vähem kui 15 looma. Enamik vastanutest
(77,8%) peavad alpakasid hobiloomadena, millele järgnevad loomade pidamine villa tootmiseks (33,3%) ja tõulooma aretuseks (33,3%). Paaritusmeetoditest on kasutusel võrdselt nii
vabapaaritus kui ka käestpaaritus. Emase alpaka seksuaalse vastuvõtlikkuse testimine on
Eestis enim kasutatav tiinuse tuvastamise meetod. Transrektaalset ultraheli meetodit, mis on
levinud teistel põllumajandusliikidel, alpakadel ei kasutata. Valdav enamus
alpakakasvatajatest (77,8%) olid huvitatud biotehnoloogiliste sigimismeetodite kasutamisest.
Embrüote importimise ja siirdamise teenuse eest oldi nõus tasuma kuni 1200€ ning embrüote
loputuse ja siirdamise teenuse eest kuni 900€. Uuringu tulemused peegeldavad suurt huvi
alpakade embrüosiirdamise vastu Eestis ja vajadust veterinaararstide järele selle valdkonna
teadmiste omandamiseks. Sobiva embrüosiirdamise meetodi õppimiseks ja selle kasutusele
võtmiseks Eestis, osales autor praktilisel koolitusel Cas-Cad-Nac farmis (Perkinsville,
Vermont, Ameerika Ühendriigid). Õpitud metoodika põhineb üksikovulatsiooni protokollil,
mis on lihtsam ja odavam kui superovulatsiooni protokollide kasutamine. Nimetatud
metoodika suurendab ka võimalust saada kvaliteetsemaid embrüoid.
Autor usub, et uurimus on kasulik kõikidele inimestele, kes on huvitatud alpakade aretusest
ja alpakade embrüosiirdamise tehnoloogiatest.
Over the last few years the keeping of alpacas in Estonia has become increasingly attractive, resulting in veterinarians being consulted more frequently about alpaca breeding. Currently, only natural mating is used to increase an alpaca herd because veterinarians and alpaca breeders lack knowledge regarding use of reproductive biotechnologies in alpacas. Assisted reproductive technologies theoretically can be used to accelerate the genetic merit of an alpaca herd without the need to import live animals, thus reducing the risk of spreading diseases and improving animal welfare by minimizing animal transport over long distances. At present, however, artificial insemination technology is not well developed or readily available in alpacas. Embryo transfer techologies are not utilized routinely in European alpaca herds, but in other parts of the world they are being used as a part of breeding program. To obtain a current overview of alpaca breeding and to acquire information about the future direction it could be moving in Estonia, a surveillance survey was conducted among the alpaca breeders. With a response rate of 60%, 9 alpaca farms were included in the survey. Data were collected on present alpaca breeding approaches as well as on breeder interest in assisted reproductive technologies, especially embryo transfer techologies. The vast majority of alpaca farms in Estonia are small with fewer than 15 animals. Most respondents (77,8%) kept their alpacas as hobby animals, followed by keeping for fiber production (33,3%) and breeding (33,3%). All the farms used natural mating; 50% of the animals are bred in a group, and 50% of the animals are hand mated. The alpaca female sexual receptivity test is the most commonly used method in Estonia for detecting pregnancy, whereas transrectal ultrasound (commonly used in other species) is not used. The vast majority of alpaca farmers (77,8%) were interested in assisted reproductive techologies. For buying, importing and transferring embryos, the farmers were willing to pay up to 1200€ and for embryo collection and transferring, up to 900€. The survey results reflect a great interest in alpaca embryo transfer in Estonia and the need for veterinarians to acquire knowledge in that field. A practical training was conducted at Cas-Cad-Nac farm (Perkinsville, Vermont, United States of America) to practice a suitable method for conducting embryo transfers in Estonia. The chosen method based on the single ovulation protocol, which is easier and cheaper than using superovulation protocols, as well as enhances the possibility of recovering embryos of a higher quality grade. The author believes that this research is valuable to all persons who are interested in alpaca breeding and alpaca embryo transfer technologies.
Over the last few years the keeping of alpacas in Estonia has become increasingly attractive, resulting in veterinarians being consulted more frequently about alpaca breeding. Currently, only natural mating is used to increase an alpaca herd because veterinarians and alpaca breeders lack knowledge regarding use of reproductive biotechnologies in alpacas. Assisted reproductive technologies theoretically can be used to accelerate the genetic merit of an alpaca herd without the need to import live animals, thus reducing the risk of spreading diseases and improving animal welfare by minimizing animal transport over long distances. At present, however, artificial insemination technology is not well developed or readily available in alpacas. Embryo transfer techologies are not utilized routinely in European alpaca herds, but in other parts of the world they are being used as a part of breeding program. To obtain a current overview of alpaca breeding and to acquire information about the future direction it could be moving in Estonia, a surveillance survey was conducted among the alpaca breeders. With a response rate of 60%, 9 alpaca farms were included in the survey. Data were collected on present alpaca breeding approaches as well as on breeder interest in assisted reproductive technologies, especially embryo transfer techologies. The vast majority of alpaca farms in Estonia are small with fewer than 15 animals. Most respondents (77,8%) kept their alpacas as hobby animals, followed by keeping for fiber production (33,3%) and breeding (33,3%). All the farms used natural mating; 50% of the animals are bred in a group, and 50% of the animals are hand mated. The alpaca female sexual receptivity test is the most commonly used method in Estonia for detecting pregnancy, whereas transrectal ultrasound (commonly used in other species) is not used. The vast majority of alpaca farmers (77,8%) were interested in assisted reproductive techologies. For buying, importing and transferring embryos, the farmers were willing to pay up to 1200€ and for embryo collection and transferring, up to 900€. The survey results reflect a great interest in alpaca embryo transfer in Estonia and the need for veterinarians to acquire knowledge in that field. A practical training was conducted at Cas-Cad-Nac farm (Perkinsville, Vermont, United States of America) to practice a suitable method for conducting embryo transfers in Estonia. The chosen method based on the single ovulation protocol, which is easier and cheaper than using superovulation protocols, as well as enhances the possibility of recovering embryos of a higher quality grade. The author believes that this research is valuable to all persons who are interested in alpaca breeding and alpaca embryo transfer technologies.
Kirjeldus
Loomaarstiõppe lõputöö
Veterinaarmeditsiini õppekaval
Märksõnad
magistritööd, alpaka, geneetiline aretusväärtus, ülevaateuuring, biotehnoloogilised sigimismeetodid, embrüosiirdamine