Arbuskulaar-mükoriissete seente inokulatsiooni mõju kartuli saagikusele ja haiguskindlusele
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Kuupäev
2017
Kättesaadavus
alates 05.09.2022
Autorid
Ajakirja pealkiri
Ajakirja ISSN
Köite pealkiri
Kirjastaja
Eesti Maaülikool
Abstrakt
Arbuskulaar-mükoriissed (AM) seened kuuluvad krohmseente (Glomeromycota)
hõimkonda ning AM seentega inokuleerimist loetakse tõhusaks biotõrje võtteks. Kuna
maailmas suureneb üha enam vajadus sünteetiliste väetiste ning taimekaitsevahendite
järele, mis omakorda viivad haigustekitajate resistentsuseni pestitsiidide suhtes ning mulla
bioloogilise mitmekesisuse vähenemiseni on oluline leida jätkusuutliku põllumajanduse
nimel keskkonnasäästlikke alternatiive. AM seened on võimelised sümbioosi
moodustama ligi 80% maismaataimedega, mille hulka kuuluvad ka põllumajandulikus
tootmises enam kasvatatavad ning majanduslikku kasu toovad kultuurid. AM sümbioos
vähendada mullapatogeenide poolt tekitatavat kahju peremeestaimedele. Teaduslikult on
tõestatud, et mullapatogeenid ja AM seened konkureerivad koloniseeritava pinna ja
fotosünteesi produktide pärast.
Magistritöö eesmärgiks oli selgitada kommertsotstarbel toodetud AM seenpreparaadi
inokulatsiooni mõju kartuli mugulahaiguste esinemisele. Töös seati järgmised hüpoteesid:
1) AM preparaat Mycozoom vähendab mulla kaudu levivate kartuli mugulahaiguste
esinemist. 2) AM preparaat Mycozoom parandab oluliselt kartuli saagikust. Tulemustes
selgus, et preparaadi Mycozoom kasutamine vähendas kartulimugulatel hariliku kärna
(Streptomyces spp) esinemist. Lisaks selgus preparaadi Mycozoom kasutamise positiivne
mõju kartuli saagikusele ja turustatavate mugulate osakaalule. Siiski olid tulemused
oluliselt mõjutatud katseaasta ilmastikust. Kuna 2015. aastal oli mugulate idanemise
periood 26 aasta keskmisega võrreldes sademeterikkam, siis andis positiivseid tulemusi
pulbri kujul preparaat. Samas aastal 2016 oli mai kuu väga sademetevaene, andis
positiivseid tulemusi AM suspensioon kujul preparaat.
Kuna ühe innovatiivsema lahendusena vähendamaks sünteetiliste pestitsiidide ja
mineraalväetiste kasutamist on põllumajanduses üha enam rakendust leidmas erinevate
biostimulaatorite kasutamine, siiski tuleks silmas pidada, et kõik turul saada olevad
biopreparaadid ei taga soovitavat edu. Kuna käesolevas katses kasutatud preparaadi mõju
olenes suurel määral ilmastikust, siis leiti, et tuleks jätkata katsetega, kus kasutatakse
graanul- ja suspensioonpreparaati samaaegselt.
The increasing need for higher usage of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides lead to negative impact on the environment. Therefore it is important to find alternatives to enhance sustainable agriculture. Arbuscular mycorrhizal-(AM) fungi are mutualistic symbiotic associations between the roots of most vascular plants, belonging to the phylum Glomeromycota. AM fungal inoculation is considered effective biocontrol strategy for many plant species, including agriculturally important crop plants. The main aim of this study was to characterize AM fungi as potential biocontrol agents and bring out the bottleneck of the efficacy of commercially produced bio-inoculant. We specifically asked the following: (1) How do the commercially produced arbuscular mycorrhizal bio-inoculant influence the occurrence of important soil-borne diseases of potato? (2) How do the commercially produced arbuscular mycorrhizal bio-inoculant influence the yield of potato? The results of the two-year study showed that in some extent, the commercial bioinoculant decreased the occurrence of important soil-borne disease, common scab (Streptomyces spp). Moreover, we found that usage of commercially produced bioinoculant had a positive impact on potato yield and the proportion of marketable tubers. However, the results were highly affected by the weather. While in the year 2015, the tuber germination period had heavy rain, it gave positive results the powder formulation. Whereas, in 2016 in the same time, was very poor rainfall, gave positive results the suspension formulation. Therefore, before harnessing new bio-control products into a practical integrated pest management strategy, theoretical knowledge of the products via both laboratory and fieldbased tests must be obtained.
The increasing need for higher usage of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides lead to negative impact on the environment. Therefore it is important to find alternatives to enhance sustainable agriculture. Arbuscular mycorrhizal-(AM) fungi are mutualistic symbiotic associations between the roots of most vascular plants, belonging to the phylum Glomeromycota. AM fungal inoculation is considered effective biocontrol strategy for many plant species, including agriculturally important crop plants. The main aim of this study was to characterize AM fungi as potential biocontrol agents and bring out the bottleneck of the efficacy of commercially produced bio-inoculant. We specifically asked the following: (1) How do the commercially produced arbuscular mycorrhizal bio-inoculant influence the occurrence of important soil-borne diseases of potato? (2) How do the commercially produced arbuscular mycorrhizal bio-inoculant influence the yield of potato? The results of the two-year study showed that in some extent, the commercial bioinoculant decreased the occurrence of important soil-borne disease, common scab (Streptomyces spp). Moreover, we found that usage of commercially produced bioinoculant had a positive impact on potato yield and the proportion of marketable tubers. However, the results were highly affected by the weather. While in the year 2015, the tuber germination period had heavy rain, it gave positive results the powder formulation. Whereas, in 2016 in the same time, was very poor rainfall, gave positive results the suspension formulation. Therefore, before harnessing new bio-control products into a practical integrated pest management strategy, theoretical knowledge of the products via both laboratory and fieldbased tests must be obtained.
Kirjeldus
Magistritöö Põllumajandussaaduste tootmise ja turustamise õppekaval
Märksõnad
magistritööd, arbuskulaarne mükoriisa, Rhizoctonia solani, Streptomyces spp., biotõrje, saagikus, kartul