Looduskaitseliste küsimuste analüüs läbi kohalike vaateprisma kolme Lõuna-Eesti kaitseala näitel
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Kuupäev
2014
Kättesaadavus
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Ajakirja pealkiri
Ajakirja ISSN
Köite pealkiri
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Abstrakt
Kaitsealade mõiste eksisteeris Euroopas juba tuhandete aastate eest piirkondades, kus olid au
sees vaimsed ja usulised religioonid. Esimesed ametlikud kaitsealad tekkisid feodaalajastul, mil
maad kasutati suurel hulgal jahipidamiseks. Viimase sajandi jooksul on kaitstavate alade arv ja
pindala oluliselt laienenud ja kaitsalade tajumine on samuti oluliselt muutunud viimastel
aastatel. Eelkõige on seda mõjutanud uued rahvusvahelised eeskirjad, kokkulepped ja reeglid
bioloogilise mitmekesisuse kaitseks. Kaitseala näol on tegemist maa- ja/või merealaga, mis on
pühendatud loodusliku mitmekesisuse kaitsmisele ja alalhoidmisele. Seda on tunnustatud ja
hallatud õigusliku või mõne muu tõhusa vahendiga, et säilitada pikaajaline looduskaitse koos
sellega eksisteerivate ökosüsteemi teenuste ja kultuuriväärtustega.
Eelkõige on looduskaitsealade loomine suunatud liikide, elupaikade ökosüsteemide
taastamisele ja nende väärtuste säilitamisele. Lisaks ökosüsteemide ja liikide kaitsmisele on
osad kaitsealad loodud ka kultuuriväärtuste säilitamise eesmärgil.
Maailma Looduskaitse Liit (IUCN) on sõltuvalt kaitseala kaitsmise vajalikkuse tasemest ja
kaitsealade kaitsekorrale jaganud kaitsealad kuute kategooriasse – Ia, Ib, II, III, IV, V ja VI
kategooria. Kaitsmise vajalikkus sõltub sellest, kas antud kaitsealal soovitakse säilitada
haruldasi liike, elupaiku, maastikulisi väärtusi või bioloogist mitmekesisust, kuid tähtis on, et
samal ajal kasutataks loodusressursse jätkusuutlikult.
Kaitsealade põhiväärtusteks on sotsiaalsed ja ökoloogilised väärtused. Ehk sotsiaalsed
väärtused on need, mida inimkond kaitsealadelt oma heaoluks saab. Näiteks puhas
looduskeskkond ja puhkeväärtused, millega kaasneb hea tervis. Ökoloogilised väärtused on
see, mida loodus meile pakub – näiteks ökosüsteemi teenused (liikide säilimine).
Eestis põhineb kaitseala kaitsekorraldus kaitse-eeskirjal, mis koostatakse igale kaitsealale eraldi
ja see avalikustatakse Riigi Teatajas. Kaitse-eeskirjas on kirjeldatud kaitseala loomise
eesmärki, piirikirjeldust, ala jagamist eri kaitserežiimiga vöönditeks ning kaitsealal lubatud ja
keelatud tegevusi. Kaitsealade maad jagunevad kolmeks eri kaitserežiimiga vööndiks, milleks
on loodusreservaat, sihtkaitsevöönd ja piiranguvöönd. Kuivõrd kaitseala territooriumist kuulub
alati mingisugune osa eramaaomanikele, siis on oluline arvestada kaitsealade haldamisel ja
korraldamisel ka kaitseala territooriumil elavate püsielanike huvidega. Kohalike toetuse
tagamine kaitsealadele on üha kasvav element säilitamaks bioloogilist mitmekesisust. Seega on parkide ja kaitsealade pikaajalise jätkusuutlikkuse eelduseks avalikkuse kaasamine ja toetamine
eelkõige kaitsekorralduskavade- ja eeskirjade loomisel.
Kaitsealade korraldamise üheks põhiprobleemiks võib osutuda eramaaomaniku huvid, kus tema
on huvitatud oma maa kasutamisest sel viisil, et tema maaomandis olev maa talle ka erinevaid
sotsiaalseid, ökoloogilisi ja majanduslikke efekte tagaks ja majanduslikult tulus oleks.
Kaitsealade elanikud peavad looduskaitselisi piiranguid tihtipeale majanduse arengu
takistajateks. Samas on osad uuringud näidanud, et reservaadis, kus kaasati loodusvarade
kasutajaid kaitsealade haldamisse, saavutati paremaid tulemusi ja suurenesid ökoloogilised
tegurid võrreldes nende reservaatidega, kus kohalikke elanikke ei kaasatud.
Käesoleva töö uurimisobjektideks olid kolme Eesti kaitseala (Karula rahvuspargi, Otepää
looduspargi ja Haanja looduspargi) ajutiselt või alaliselt elavad inimesed. Kokku küsitleti 119
inimest, neist 40% olid mehed ja 60% naised. Töö eesmärgiks oli välja selgitada
looduskaitsealadel elavate inimeste suhtumine kehtivatesse reeglitesse ja piirangutesse –
kuivõrd on nad nendega kursis, mil määral on nad piirangutega rahul ja kuivõrd ja kuidas
piirangud mõjutavad kaitsealade elanike igapäevaelu ja majanduslikku toimetulekut. Lisaks
uuriti vähesel määral ka seda, kuidas kaitsealade elanikud üleüldse väärtustavad oma elukohta
kaitsealal ja kuidas nad suhtuvad kaitsealadel tekkida võivatesse muutustesse. Küsitluste käigus
saadud tulemusi võrreldi 2003. ja 1997. aastal koostatud uurimuste tulemustega.
Saadud tulemuste põhjal võib järeldada, et valdavalt oldi rahul oma kodukoha looduskaitselise
tegevusega, mis ühtlasi haarab endas kõike, mis on seotud kaitse korraldamisega kaitsealal
(sealhulgas ka piiranguid). Niisiis võib väita, et üldiselt on kaitsealade elanike suhtumine oma
kodukohas kehtivatesse piirangutesse hea ja suuremaid komplikatsioone sellega seoses
tekkinud ei ole. Aastate lõikes on rahulolu looduskaitselisesse tegevusse kasvanud. Samuti
võib pidada kaitsealade elanike teadlikkust piirangutest valdavalt heaks. Valdavalt kõigil
kaitsealadel oli kõige enam neid inimesi, kes teadsid piiranguid hästi Piirangutega hästi
kursisolevate inimeste hulk on aastate jooksul mõnevõrra kasvanud. Samuti on kahanenud
nende vastajate osakaal, kes teavad oma kodukoha looduskaitsealaseid piiranguid vähe.
Kaitsealade püsielanike arvates on kaitsealadel niisuguseid piiranguid, mis mõjutavad mingil
määral nende igapäevaelu. Peamisteks sellisteks piiranguteks osutusid enamasti piirangud
metsaraiele, juurdeehitusele või maakasutusele. Lisaks toodi välja ka piiranguid järvede
puhastamisele ja maavarade kasutamisele. Piirangud metsaraiele takistasid püsielanike arvates
metsa omatarbeks ja tulusaamiseks kasutamist. Juurdeehituse puhul häiris kaitsealade elanikke
asjaolu, et mõningatel juhtudel on juurdeehitus keelatud või on lubatud vaid vanale vundamendile. Maakasutuse puhul toodi välja peamiselt põllumajandust takistavaid piiranguid.
1997 - 2014. aastate võrdluses ei tekkinud ka selles osas olulisi muutusi. Kõikide aastate lõikes
on jätkuvalt mõjutaivamad piirangud piirangud metsaraiele ja kinnisvaratehingutele. Samuti
piirab kaitsealal elamine kaitsealade elanike tegevusvabadust. 2003. aastaga võrreldes on selles
osas inimeste hoiakud aga muutunud. Siis vastas suurem osa inimesi, et kaitsealal elamine ei
piira nende tegevusvabadust. Nüüdseks on tegevusvabaduse piiratus aga mõnevõrra kasvanud.
Seega võib kokkuvõtvalt öelda, et üldiselt ei ole kaitsealade elanike suhtumises suuri muutusi
toimunud. Kuigi suurem osa püsielanikest leidis sel korral, et kaitsealal elamine piirab
mõningal määral nende tegevusvabadust, suhtusid püsielanikud piirangutesse ja
looduskaitsealasesse tegevusse hästi, nad on piirangutega hästi kursis ning enim mõjutavad
inimeste igapäevaseid toimetusi piirangud metsaraiele ja kinnisvaratehingutele.
Niisiis võib käesolevas töös käsitletud tulemuste põhjal võib väita, et töös püstitatud
põhieesmärk on täidetud ja uurimisküsimustele on leitud vastused.
The notion of protected areas existed in Europe in the areas where spiritual and religious values were honoured already thousands of years ago. The first official protected areas came into being in the feudal period when land was used for hunting to a great degree. In the last century the number of protected areas and their territory increased significantly and the perception of protected areas has also essentially changed in the last years. The process has primarily been influenced by new international guidelines, agreements and rules which protect biodiversity. A protected area is either a land or sea area dedicated to protection and preservation of natural diversity. It has been recognised and administered by legal or some other efficient means in order to retain long-term nature protection together with ecosystem services and cultural inheritance. Establishing nature reserves is directed foremost to the restoration of species, habitats and ecosystems and to the preservation of their values. In addition to the protection of ecosystems and species, protected areas are also established to retain cultural inheritance. International Union for Conversation of Nature has divided protected areas into six categories – I a, I b, II, III, IV, V, and VI category depending on the necessary level of protection and system of protection. The necessity of protection depends on whether the aim is to preserve rare species,, habitats, landscape values or biodiversity but the sustainable use of natural resources is also important. The main values of protected areas are social ans ecological. Social values are those that the mankind gets from protected areas for their welfare, for example clean natural environment and resting values that attend to good health. Ecological values are those offered by nature, for example ecosystem services (preservation of species). In Estonia the protection management of protected areas is based on protection guidelines that are drawn up for each protected area separately and published in The State Gazette. The purpose of establishing a protected area, the description of its border , the division of the area into zones with different protection regimes and activities and activities that are allowed and prohibited in the protected area are described in the protection guidelines. The lands of protected areas fall into three zones with different protection regimes: nature reserve, special management zone and restriction zone. As some part of the territory of a protected area is always privately owned, it is essential to take the interests of indigenous people living on the territory of the protected area into consideration while managing the protected area. Ensuring the indigenous people's support to the protected area is an increasing element in preserving biodiversity. So the prerequisite of the long-term sustainability of parks and protected areas is the involvement and support of the public, primarily in creating protection management plans and guidelines. One of the main problems of managing protected areas may be the interests of land owners in case they are interested in using their land in the way that it would ensure them different social, ecological and economic effects and would be economically profitable. The inhabitants of protected areas often consider ecological restrictions to be obstacles to economic development. At the same time researches have shown that in the reserves where users of natural resources were involved in the management of protected areas, better results were achieved and ecological factors increased compared to to the reserves where local people were not involved. The research subjects of the current master's thesis are the people who are either permanent or temporary residents in three Estonian protected areas (Karula National Park, Otepää National Park and Haanja National Park). All in all 119 people were surveyed, 40% of them were men and 60% women. The purpose of the thesis was to ascertain the attitude of people living in nature reserves to rules and restrictions imposed, how knowledgeable people are about them, to what extent they are satisfied with restrictions and to what extent and how the restrictions influence the residents' everyday life and economic sustenance. In addition, it was studied but to a lesser extent how the residents of protected areas value their place of residence and what their attitude to possible changes that can occur in protected areas is. The results of the survey were compared to the results of the researches conducted in 2003 and 1997. Based on the results of the survey it can be concluded that the residents were predominantly satisfied with the ecological activities in their area including everything that is connected to protection management in the protected area (including restrictions). So it is possible to claim that the general attitude of the residents of protected areas to restrictions that are in force in their area is good and there have not been any serious complications connected with them. In years the level of satisfaction with environmental activities has increased. The residents' awareness of restrictions can generally be considered good. In predominantly all protected areas the number of people who knew the restrictions well was high. The number of people aware of restrictions has grown to some extent in years. The share of respondents who know little of environmental restrictions of their area has also decreased. In permanent residents' opinion there are some restrictions in protected areas that influence their everyday life to some extent. The most significant of these restrictions are restrictions on logging, building and land use. In addition, restrictions on cleaning lakes and using mineral resources were brought out. Permanent residents found that restrictions on logging hindered their managing their forests and getting profits. What concerns building extensions the residents of protected areas find it disturbing that in some cases extensions are prohibited or only allowed on the old foundation. In case of land use the restrictions hindering agriculture were brought out. Comparing the years 1997-2014 there were no essential changes in this respect. In all these years the restrictions that have influenced people most are those on logging and real property deeds. Living in protected areas also restricts the residents' freedom to exercise their discretion. Compared to the year 2003 people's attitude has changed in this respect. Then most people said that living in a protected area does not restrict their freedom to exercise their discretion By now the restriction on exercising one's discretion has tightened to some extent. It can be said in conclusion that there have generally not been great changes in the attitude of the residents of protected areas. Although a bigger part of permanent residents found this time that living in a protected area restricts the freedom to exercise their discretion to a certain extent, permanent residents had a positive attitude to restrictions and environmental activity, they are well aware of restrictions and restrictions on logging and real property deeds influence people's everyday life most. So, based on the results dealt with in this thesis, it can be claimed that the main objective set has been achieved and answers to research questions have been found.
The notion of protected areas existed in Europe in the areas where spiritual and religious values were honoured already thousands of years ago. The first official protected areas came into being in the feudal period when land was used for hunting to a great degree. In the last century the number of protected areas and their territory increased significantly and the perception of protected areas has also essentially changed in the last years. The process has primarily been influenced by new international guidelines, agreements and rules which protect biodiversity. A protected area is either a land or sea area dedicated to protection and preservation of natural diversity. It has been recognised and administered by legal or some other efficient means in order to retain long-term nature protection together with ecosystem services and cultural inheritance. Establishing nature reserves is directed foremost to the restoration of species, habitats and ecosystems and to the preservation of their values. In addition to the protection of ecosystems and species, protected areas are also established to retain cultural inheritance. International Union for Conversation of Nature has divided protected areas into six categories – I a, I b, II, III, IV, V, and VI category depending on the necessary level of protection and system of protection. The necessity of protection depends on whether the aim is to preserve rare species,, habitats, landscape values or biodiversity but the sustainable use of natural resources is also important. The main values of protected areas are social ans ecological. Social values are those that the mankind gets from protected areas for their welfare, for example clean natural environment and resting values that attend to good health. Ecological values are those offered by nature, for example ecosystem services (preservation of species). In Estonia the protection management of protected areas is based on protection guidelines that are drawn up for each protected area separately and published in The State Gazette. The purpose of establishing a protected area, the description of its border , the division of the area into zones with different protection regimes and activities and activities that are allowed and prohibited in the protected area are described in the protection guidelines. The lands of protected areas fall into three zones with different protection regimes: nature reserve, special management zone and restriction zone. As some part of the territory of a protected area is always privately owned, it is essential to take the interests of indigenous people living on the territory of the protected area into consideration while managing the protected area. Ensuring the indigenous people's support to the protected area is an increasing element in preserving biodiversity. So the prerequisite of the long-term sustainability of parks and protected areas is the involvement and support of the public, primarily in creating protection management plans and guidelines. One of the main problems of managing protected areas may be the interests of land owners in case they are interested in using their land in the way that it would ensure them different social, ecological and economic effects and would be economically profitable. The inhabitants of protected areas often consider ecological restrictions to be obstacles to economic development. At the same time researches have shown that in the reserves where users of natural resources were involved in the management of protected areas, better results were achieved and ecological factors increased compared to to the reserves where local people were not involved. The research subjects of the current master's thesis are the people who are either permanent or temporary residents in three Estonian protected areas (Karula National Park, Otepää National Park and Haanja National Park). All in all 119 people were surveyed, 40% of them were men and 60% women. The purpose of the thesis was to ascertain the attitude of people living in nature reserves to rules and restrictions imposed, how knowledgeable people are about them, to what extent they are satisfied with restrictions and to what extent and how the restrictions influence the residents' everyday life and economic sustenance. In addition, it was studied but to a lesser extent how the residents of protected areas value their place of residence and what their attitude to possible changes that can occur in protected areas is. The results of the survey were compared to the results of the researches conducted in 2003 and 1997. Based on the results of the survey it can be concluded that the residents were predominantly satisfied with the ecological activities in their area including everything that is connected to protection management in the protected area (including restrictions). So it is possible to claim that the general attitude of the residents of protected areas to restrictions that are in force in their area is good and there have not been any serious complications connected with them. In years the level of satisfaction with environmental activities has increased. The residents' awareness of restrictions can generally be considered good. In predominantly all protected areas the number of people who knew the restrictions well was high. The number of people aware of restrictions has grown to some extent in years. The share of respondents who know little of environmental restrictions of their area has also decreased. In permanent residents' opinion there are some restrictions in protected areas that influence their everyday life to some extent. The most significant of these restrictions are restrictions on logging, building and land use. In addition, restrictions on cleaning lakes and using mineral resources were brought out. Permanent residents found that restrictions on logging hindered their managing their forests and getting profits. What concerns building extensions the residents of protected areas find it disturbing that in some cases extensions are prohibited or only allowed on the old foundation. In case of land use the restrictions hindering agriculture were brought out. Comparing the years 1997-2014 there were no essential changes in this respect. In all these years the restrictions that have influenced people most are those on logging and real property deeds. Living in protected areas also restricts the residents' freedom to exercise their discretion. Compared to the year 2003 people's attitude has changed in this respect. Then most people said that living in a protected area does not restrict their freedom to exercise their discretion By now the restriction on exercising one's discretion has tightened to some extent. It can be said in conclusion that there have generally not been great changes in the attitude of the residents of protected areas. Although a bigger part of permanent residents found this time that living in a protected area restricts the freedom to exercise their discretion to a certain extent, permanent residents had a positive attitude to restrictions and environmental activity, they are well aware of restrictions and restrictions on logging and real property deeds influence people's everyday life most. So, based on the results dealt with in this thesis, it can be claimed that the main objective set has been achieved and answers to research questions have been found.
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