Puud avatud maastikus, nende omadused ja väärtus elustikule
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Kuupäev
2015
Kättesaadav alates
Autorid
Ajakirja pealkiri
Ajakirja ISSN
Köite pealkiri
Kirjastaja
Abstrakt
Avatud maastikes kasvavad puudel on omadusi, mida metsapuudel pole ja mistõttupakuvad
nad elustikule spetsiifilisi elupaiku. Lisaks kasvukohast tulenevale suurele valguse hulgale
on avamaastike puudele iseloomulik jässakus, suur tüve läbimõõt, kaugele eemale
küündivad jämedad oksad, paksem puukoor ja arvukamalt õõnsusi. Üle maailma on
täheldatud avamaastike puude vananemist ja vähenemist ilma uue põlvkonna arenguta.
Samuti on märgatud avamaastiku puudega seotud liigirikkuse vähenemist. Käesoleva töö
eesmärgiks on koostada ülevaade uurimustöödest Euroopa avatud maastikus kasvavate
puude kohta ja nende seotusest elurikkusega ning iseloomustada metsaserva-ja põllupuude
kasvu, nende välimust, elujõulisust ja muid omadusi. Töös kasutatud artiklid on peamiselt
kogutud internetiandmebaasidest Scopus ja ScienceDirect. Kõige enam uurimustöid
avamaastikest on läbi viidud Hispaanias, Saksamaal ja Briti saartel. Elurikkust avamaastikes
on seevastu rohkem uuritud Rootsis, Itaalias ja Tšehhis. Enim on Euroopas uurimusi
koostatud agrometsanduslike maade, puisniitude ja –karjamaade ning metsaservade ja
viljapuuaedade kohta. Puude kasvule avamaadel avaldavad mõju puude asetustihedus,
täiendav väetamine ning puuliigi spetsiifilised eripärad. Avamaastike puud on olulised
võtmeelupaigad, pakkudes mitmekülgseid elupaiku nii lindudele, putukatele, samblikele kui
imetajatele. Elurikkuse mõttes väärtuslikumad on eeskätt vanad, jässakad, paljude
õõnsustega ning muude mikro-elupaikadega avamaastikupuud. Servaalade puude kasv on
väiksema naaberpuudekonkurentsi tõttu samuti parem kui metsas kasvavatel puudel, ning
nende elustikuväärtust suurendavad omadused on sarnased avamaastikel kasvanud puudega.
Koostatud uurimustöö kinnitab varasemaid tulemusi avamaastike puude väärtuste kohta
biotoobile ning positiivset avatuse mõju puude kasvule. Edaspidised võiks keskenduda nii
Euroopa avamaastike puude jätkusuutlikusele, kui ka koguda infot vähe uuritud liigiliste
koosluste kohta aktiivses kasutuses olevates põllumajandusmaastikes ning metsaservades.
Trees of open-landscape have properties which forest trees haven’t and therefore they provide specific habitats for biota. In addition to growing place higher light conditions, characteristic for open-landscape trees is stockiness, large trunk diameter, far away stretching branches, thicker bark and numerous cavities Around the world has been observed senescence and decrease of trees in open-landscapes without a new generation of development. Also there is noted decline in species richness, which is related with openlandscape trees. The purpose of this paper is to draw up a review of studies about trees which grow on the European open-landscapes, their relation to biodiversity and to characterize forest edge and farmland trees growth, appearance, vitality and other characteristics. Used scientific articles are mainly collected from Internet databases Scopus and ScienceDirect. Most research works of open-landscapes is conducted in Germany, Spain and the British Isles. By contrast, biodiversity of open-landscapes is more studied in Sweden, Italy and the Czech Republic. Most European studies have been drawn up of agroforestry, wooded-meadows, wooded-pastures and orchards. Tree growth is mostly influenced by density of trees, additional fertilizers and specific peculiarities of tree species. Open-landscape trees are important key habitats, offering diverse habitat availability for birds, insects, lichens and mammals. In terms of biodiversity, valuable trees are massive, with many hollows and older than forest trees. Growth of edge trees is also better than forest trees due smaller competition from neighboring trees. This research confirms earlier results, that trees in open-landscape are valuable for biodiversity and landscape openness is positive influence for tree growth. Future, could focus on both, the open-landscape trees sustainability, as well as to gather information about the little-studied and species composition of the communities in active use in the agricultural landscape and forest edges.
Trees of open-landscape have properties which forest trees haven’t and therefore they provide specific habitats for biota. In addition to growing place higher light conditions, characteristic for open-landscape trees is stockiness, large trunk diameter, far away stretching branches, thicker bark and numerous cavities Around the world has been observed senescence and decrease of trees in open-landscapes without a new generation of development. Also there is noted decline in species richness, which is related with openlandscape trees. The purpose of this paper is to draw up a review of studies about trees which grow on the European open-landscapes, their relation to biodiversity and to characterize forest edge and farmland trees growth, appearance, vitality and other characteristics. Used scientific articles are mainly collected from Internet databases Scopus and ScienceDirect. Most research works of open-landscapes is conducted in Germany, Spain and the British Isles. By contrast, biodiversity of open-landscapes is more studied in Sweden, Italy and the Czech Republic. Most European studies have been drawn up of agroforestry, wooded-meadows, wooded-pastures and orchards. Tree growth is mostly influenced by density of trees, additional fertilizers and specific peculiarities of tree species. Open-landscape trees are important key habitats, offering diverse habitat availability for birds, insects, lichens and mammals. In terms of biodiversity, valuable trees are massive, with many hollows and older than forest trees. Growth of edge trees is also better than forest trees due smaller competition from neighboring trees. This research confirms earlier results, that trees in open-landscape are valuable for biodiversity and landscape openness is positive influence for tree growth. Future, could focus on both, the open-landscape trees sustainability, as well as to gather information about the little-studied and species composition of the communities in active use in the agricultural landscape and forest edges.
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