Lehmade lüpsikiirus, udara tervis ja karjaspüsimine robotlüpsil
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Kuupäev
2012
Kättesaadav alates
ainult raamatukogus, only in library
Autorid
Ajakirja pealkiri
Ajakirja ISSN
Köite pealkiri
Kirjastaja
Abstrakt
Kuigi robotlüpstehnoloogia on olnud Eestis kasutusel juba 20 aastat, selle mõju loomadele ja
farmis tehnoloogiaga kaasnevatele muutustele on siiamaani Eestis vähe uuritud. Selle
magistritöö eesmärgiks seati välja selgitada küsitluse põhjal erinevates ettevõtetes robotlüpsi
tehnoloogiale üleminekuga seotud muudatused nii loomade pidamises kui ka inimeste
töökorralduses ja eelised võrreldes eelmise lüpsitehnoloogiaga. Magistritöö teine osa uurib
seoseid lehmade lüpsikiiruse, udara tervise, piimatoodangu ja somaatiliste rakkude arvu vahel
ning lüpsikiiruse geneetilisi parameetreid. Magistritöös taheti selgitada ka erinevusi erinevate
roboti markide ja lehma tõugude vahel ning uurida, kas esineb erinevusi prakeerimise põhjustes
roboti tehnoloogiaga ettevõtete ja kogu Eesti andmete vahel.
Uurimistöö viidi läbi külastades viit robotitehnoloogiaga ettevõtet kevadel 2011. Koguti andmeid
sel hetkel robotilüpsis olevate lehmade kohta, mis sisaldas lehmade loetelu ja nende ööpäevaseid
piimatoodanguid koos lüpsikiirustega ning andmeid mastiitide esinemise ja ravimise kohta.
Robotlüpsile üleminekuga seotud muudatuste kohta ettevõtetes viidi läbi ankeetküsitlus.
Täiendavid andmeid ettevõtete loomade kohta saadi Jõudlustkontrollikeskusest. Statstliselt
analüüsiti kokku 888 lehma andmeid.
Tulemustest selgus, et kõikides ettevõtetes oldi rahul uue kaasaegse robotitehnoloogiaga,
erinevusi DeLaval-i ja LELY robotite vahel ei esinenud. Soetamisaasta rahuolu ei mõjutanud.
Kõikides ettevõtetes oli toimunud tööjõukulu vähenemine, mis oli üks robotitehnoloogale
ülemineku põhjusteks.
Tehtud küsitluse põhjal võib järeldada, et loomade ja udara tervise osas erinevusi erinevate
robotimarkide vahel ei esinenud, samuti piimatoodang suurenes võrreldes eelneva
lüpsitehnoloogiaga mõlema margi kasutamise korral.
Söödakulu osas esines mõningad erinevused, mis võisid olla aga seotud kombiboksi ja
lõaspidamisüseemist üleminekuga robotitega seotud vabapidamissüsteemile.
Suuremad erinevused esinesid lehmade arvus robotite kohta, keskmiselt oli DeLaval-i robotitel
8,7 lehma rohkem kui LELY robotitel. Lüpsikordade arvus esinesid väikesed erinevused,
DeLavali robotitel oli 0,07 lüpsikorda ööpäevas vähem kui LELY robotitel. Tulemustes esinenud
robotite vahelised erinevused võivad olla tingitud lehmaarvu erinevusest roboti kohta. Kõikide uuritud lehmade keskmiseks lüpsikiiruseks oli 2,75 kg piima minutis. Lüpsikiirus eesti
punase ja eesti holsteini tõugu lehmadel ei osutunud statistiliselt oluliselt erinevaks. Lüpsikiirus
oli kõrgem udara tagumistes veerandites.
Sama firma lüpsiroboteid kasutanud ettevõtete vahel lehmade lüpsikiiruses suuri erinevusi ei
ilmnenud. Lüpsirobotite vaheline erinevus lüpsikiiruse osas osutus aga statistiliselt oluliseks.
DeLavali lüpsirobotite puhul on lüpsikiirus keskmiselt 1,39 kg piima minutis suurem, samuti
lehmade vaheline lüpsikiiruse varieeruvus oli suurem kui LELY lüpsirobotite puhul. Tulemused
võivad olla tingitud lüpsikordadega ja lehmaarvuga seotud erinevustest ja vajavad kindlasti veel
täpsemad uurimist.
Uuringus leiti, et isa mõju lüpsikiirusele oli statistiliselt oluline (p < 0,05), mis on kooskõlas ka
kirjandusest leiduvate andmetega. Samuti lüpsikiiruse päritavuuskoefitsent, mis oli antud
uurimustöös 0,32…0,33, on kooskõlas ka kirjandusest leitud päritavuskoefitsentidega.
Tulemused kinnitavad võimalust võtta seemenduspullide selektsioonis täiendava
valikutunnusena arvesse ka tütarde lüpsikiirust. Pulli tütrete lüpsikiiruse hindamine võidakse viia
läbi ka esimese laktatiooni andmete põhjal, kuna selle uuringu tulemustes ei täheldatud
lüpsikiiruse statistiliselt olulist muutumist lehma vanuse suurenedes.
Lüpsikiirusel leiti nõrk ja negatiivne, aga statistiliselt oluline seos mastiidivastase ravi
esinemisega. Suurem lüpsikiirus ei suurendanud ravi tõenäosust, kuid ravi vajavaid lehmi oli
enam madala lüpsikiirusega lehmade hulgas. Sama tulemuseni jõuti ka analüüsides lüpsikiiruse
ja ravikordade vahelisi seoseid. Samas, korduvat ravi vajanud loomade hulk hakkas suurenema
ka keskmisest kõrgema lüpsikiirusega lehmade hulgas. Mida erinevam on üksikute
udaraveerandite lüpsikiirus, seda enam esineb mastiiti. Tulemused on kooskõlas ka kirjandusest
leitud märkustega et nii kõrge- kui ka madal lüpsikiirus võib suurendada mastiiti nakatumise
ohtu. Võrreldes kõiki uuringus osalenud aasta jooksul karjast prakeeritud ja prakeerimata loomade
vahelist lüpsikiiruse statistiliselt olulist erinevust ei esinenud. Võrreldes tõugude viisi
lüpsikiiruse erinevusi esines väike statistiline erinevus holsteini tõugu prakeeritud ja pakeerimata
loomade lüpsikiiruse vahel. Prakeeritud holsteini tõugu lehmadel oli keskmiselt 0,18 kg/min
madalam lüpsikiirus.
Uuringus osalenud ettevõtetes lehmade praakimise põhjused erinevad Eesti keskmistest. Roboti
tehnoloogiaga ettevõtetes praagitakse oluliselt sagedamini loomi madala toodangu ja ainevahetushaiguste tõttu. Jäsemete haiguste tõttu prakeeriti loomi roboti tehnoloogiaga
ettevõtetes vähem, kui kogu Eestis keskmiselt. Praakimise põhjustes esines tõugude vahel väike
erinevus. Eesti punast tõugu lehmi prakeeriti pisud rohkem mastiidi ja jäsemete haiguste tõttu,
eesti holsteini tõugu lehmade hulgas oli rohkem ainevahetushaiguste tõttu prakeerituid.
Maksimaalse eluea ja kasutusea puhul tõugude vahel statistilist erinevust ei esinenud. Keskmine
eluiga ja ka keskmine majanduslik kasutusiga olid tõugude vahel statistiliselt oluliselt erinevad,
olles eesti holsteini tõugu lehmadel ligikaudu 500 päeva lühemad lühemad, kui eesti punast
tõugu lehmadel.
The use of the robotic milking system is increasing in modern dairy farming, currently over 7,000 farms in Europe and over 110 farms in Estonia use this technology. The aim of this study was to find out how the transition to the robotic milking system affected farm management and animal production efficiency, in comparison with the previous conventional milking system. The second part of this work examines the connections between milking speed, udder health, milk production and somatic cell counts and genetic parameters of milking speed. The aim was also to investigate differences between different robot types and cow breeds, and also to find out if there are differences in culling reasons between farms with automatic milking technology and overall statistics in Estonia. The information used in this work was collected in the spring of 2011 from five different farms using DeLaval and LELY automatic milking technologies. This data was complemented by information from the Estonian Animal Recording Centre database. Data from 888 cows were used in this study. Farm managers answered a questionnaire about the changes related to transition to automatic milking technology. In all the farms the management was satisfied with the modern technology and there were no differencies in satisfaction level between the DeLaval and the LELY robots. No differences in animal or udder health were recorded. Also, milk production increased with both types of robot. Some minor differences were noted in feed intakes. The biggest differencies between they different robot types were noted for the number of animals per robot. Minor differencies were noted for the milking frequencies. The mean milking speed in the cows examined was 2.75 kg/min. There was no significant difference between the breeds examined. The biggest difference was in the milking speed of different robot types. The speed of the Delaval robots was on average 1.39 kg/minutes faster than the LELYs. No correlation between the age of cows and milking speed was recorded in this study.The sire´s influence on milking speed was statistically significant (p < 0,05). The heretability of milking speed was from 0.32-0.33. There was found mild and negative but statistically significant correlation between milking speed and mastitis medication. A faster milking speed did not increase the probability of medication; more cows needed medication in the group with the lower milking speed. the same results were noted when analyzing the correlations between milking speed and the amount of treatments given. However, more animals needed repeated medication in the group with a higher than average milking speed. There was no difference in milking speed between the culled cows and the animals retained in the herd. The reasons for culling differed from the Estonian average. On farms with robot technology the animals were culled more often because of low production and metabolic disorders. Culling because of limb problems was lower than the Estonian average. Average lifespan and average productive age were significantly different between breeds, with the Estonian Holstein having approximately 500 days less life expectancy than the Estonan Red. However, there was no difference between breeds in the maximum age or the maximum production age.
The use of the robotic milking system is increasing in modern dairy farming, currently over 7,000 farms in Europe and over 110 farms in Estonia use this technology. The aim of this study was to find out how the transition to the robotic milking system affected farm management and animal production efficiency, in comparison with the previous conventional milking system. The second part of this work examines the connections between milking speed, udder health, milk production and somatic cell counts and genetic parameters of milking speed. The aim was also to investigate differences between different robot types and cow breeds, and also to find out if there are differences in culling reasons between farms with automatic milking technology and overall statistics in Estonia. The information used in this work was collected in the spring of 2011 from five different farms using DeLaval and LELY automatic milking technologies. This data was complemented by information from the Estonian Animal Recording Centre database. Data from 888 cows were used in this study. Farm managers answered a questionnaire about the changes related to transition to automatic milking technology. In all the farms the management was satisfied with the modern technology and there were no differencies in satisfaction level between the DeLaval and the LELY robots. No differences in animal or udder health were recorded. Also, milk production increased with both types of robot. Some minor differences were noted in feed intakes. The biggest differencies between they different robot types were noted for the number of animals per robot. Minor differencies were noted for the milking frequencies. The mean milking speed in the cows examined was 2.75 kg/min. There was no significant difference between the breeds examined. The biggest difference was in the milking speed of different robot types. The speed of the Delaval robots was on average 1.39 kg/minutes faster than the LELYs. No correlation between the age of cows and milking speed was recorded in this study.The sire´s influence on milking speed was statistically significant (p < 0,05). The heretability of milking speed was from 0.32-0.33. There was found mild and negative but statistically significant correlation between milking speed and mastitis medication. A faster milking speed did not increase the probability of medication; more cows needed medication in the group with the lower milking speed. the same results were noted when analyzing the correlations between milking speed and the amount of treatments given. However, more animals needed repeated medication in the group with a higher than average milking speed. There was no difference in milking speed between the culled cows and the animals retained in the herd. The reasons for culling differed from the Estonian average. On farms with robot technology the animals were culled more often because of low production and metabolic disorders. Culling because of limb problems was lower than the Estonian average. Average lifespan and average productive age were significantly different between breeds, with the Estonian Holstein having approximately 500 days less life expectancy than the Estonan Red. However, there was no difference between breeds in the maximum age or the maximum production age.
Kirjeldus
Märksõnad
robotlüps, lüpsikiirus, udara tervis, karjaspüsimine, magistritööd