Lambavillamultši ja kõrvalkultuuride mõju kaalikakahjuritele
Laen...
Kuupäev
2022
Kättesaadav alates
02.09.2022
Autorid
Ajakirja pealkiri
Ajakirja ISSN
Köite pealkiri
Kirjastaja
Eesti Maaülikool
Abstrakt
Ristõieliste kahjurid põhjustavad olulist majanduslikku kahju kõikjal, kus kasvatatakse
ristõielisi õli- ja köögiviljakultuure. Tavapõllumajanduses tõrjutakse maakirpe (Phyllotreta
sp) ning kapsa- ja kaalikakärbseid (Delia radicum, Delia floralis) sünteetiliste
insektitsiididega, mille kasutamine kahjustab ökosüsteemi loomulikku toimimist.
Käesolevas töös on fookuses alternatiivsed keskkonnasäästlikud taimekaitsemeetodid,
mille rakendamine võiks vähendada maakirpude ning kapsa- ja kaalikakärbse kahjustuse
ulatust ristõielistel kultuurtaimedel.
Põldkatse viidi läbi 2021. aastal, kus esmalt selgitati välja kõrvalkultuuridena kasvatatud
valge sinepi (Sinapis alba), salatkressi (Lepidium sativum) ja paksoi (Brassica rapa subsp.
Chinensis) mõju maakirpude eemale meelitamisel põhikultuurina kasvatatud kaalikalt.
Katse teises osas multšiti kaalikataimed kapsa- ja kaalikakärbse munemise takistamiseks
pesemata lambavillaga. Maakirpude kahjustuse astet hinnati visuaalselt Syngenta (2004)
skaala alusel. Kapsa- ja kaalikakärbse kahjustus määrati sügisel koristatud
kaalikajuurikatel oleva kahjustuspildi järgi. Laboratoorselt määrati maakirpude mardikate,
kapsa- ja kaalikakärbeste vastsete ning nukkude liikide vahelised proportsioonid.
Uurimistöö tulemustest selgus, et maakirpude põhikultuurilt eemale meelitamiseks sobivad
kõige paremini paksoi ja salatkress. Samuti määrati katse käigus uus maakirbuliik
Phyllotreta cruciferae, kelle näol oli tõenäoliselt tegemist esmaleiuga Eestis.
Lambavillamultš ei vähendanud oluliselt kapsa- ja kaalikakärbse kahjustust kaalikal
ekstreemse ilmastiku tagajärjel pärsitud taimekasvu tõttu ja seega ei saanud hilinenud
multšimine kärbeste munemist taimejuurtele ära hoida. Küll aga oli multšitud lappidel
suurem kaalikasaak, sest multš tagas kultuuridele parema kasvukeskkonna. Edaspidi tuleks
katsetada lambavillaga multšimist enne külvi, et selgitada varase multšimise mõju kapsaja kaalikakärbse munemise takistamiseks. Kokkuvõtlikult analüüsiti ka muid
kaalikakahjustusi. Käesolev töö annab panuse ristõieliste kultuuride tervikliku
taimekaitsesüsteemi väljatöötamiseks, mis rakendab kõrvalkultuure ja teisi
kasvukeskkonna parandamise meetodeid maakirpude, kapsa- ja kaalikakärbeste ning teiste
taimekahjustajate, sealhulgas nuutri vastu.
Brassica pests are important herbivores causing significant effect on economical scale everywhere brassica crops are cultivated. Synthetic insecticides are most widely used in conventional farming to control population of flea beetles (Phyllotreta sp), cabbage root fly (Delia radicum) and turnip fly (D. floralis). This pest control method has negative impact for the environment. In this study the main focus was on alternative and economically friendly pest management in order to minimize damage by Phyllotreta sp, D. radicum and D. floralis. Field experiments were carried out in year 2021. At first it was determined how companion plants (white mustard Sinapis alba, garden cress Lepidium sativum, bok choy Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis) attract flea beetles, luring them away from the main crop (swede Brassica napus L. ssp. rapifera). In the second part of the experiment, swedes were mulched with unwashed sheep wool to prevent oviposition of cabbage root fly and turnip fly. Damage by flea beetles were visually inspected using Syngenta (2004) scale. Affected plants by cabbage root fly and turnip fly were determined in fall based on the level of damage on swedes. In laboratory, the flea beetles, cabbage root fly and turnip fly species were determined and counted. This study showed that the most effective secondary crops in repel flea beetles from main crop were bok choy and garden cress. A new pest species, Phyllotreta cruciferae was identified, which is probably the first record in Estonia. Sheep wool mulch did not have the protective effect of the main crop from damage made by Delia sp. as there was drought during main vegetation period and plants were too small for mulching for an extended duration. However yield of swedes were higher in mulched variants, as the sheep wool mulch secured better environment for plants. Further investigation need to clarify the effect of sheep wool mulch when it is placed earlier, before sowing. Current research provides a significant input for development of the wholistic crop protection system, utilizing companion plants and other environment modifying techniques against flea beetles, Delia flies and other pests, including clubroot.
Brassica pests are important herbivores causing significant effect on economical scale everywhere brassica crops are cultivated. Synthetic insecticides are most widely used in conventional farming to control population of flea beetles (Phyllotreta sp), cabbage root fly (Delia radicum) and turnip fly (D. floralis). This pest control method has negative impact for the environment. In this study the main focus was on alternative and economically friendly pest management in order to minimize damage by Phyllotreta sp, D. radicum and D. floralis. Field experiments were carried out in year 2021. At first it was determined how companion plants (white mustard Sinapis alba, garden cress Lepidium sativum, bok choy Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis) attract flea beetles, luring them away from the main crop (swede Brassica napus L. ssp. rapifera). In the second part of the experiment, swedes were mulched with unwashed sheep wool to prevent oviposition of cabbage root fly and turnip fly. Damage by flea beetles were visually inspected using Syngenta (2004) scale. Affected plants by cabbage root fly and turnip fly were determined in fall based on the level of damage on swedes. In laboratory, the flea beetles, cabbage root fly and turnip fly species were determined and counted. This study showed that the most effective secondary crops in repel flea beetles from main crop were bok choy and garden cress. A new pest species, Phyllotreta cruciferae was identified, which is probably the first record in Estonia. Sheep wool mulch did not have the protective effect of the main crop from damage made by Delia sp. as there was drought during main vegetation period and plants were too small for mulching for an extended duration. However yield of swedes were higher in mulched variants, as the sheep wool mulch secured better environment for plants. Further investigation need to clarify the effect of sheep wool mulch when it is placed earlier, before sowing. Current research provides a significant input for development of the wholistic crop protection system, utilizing companion plants and other environment modifying techniques against flea beetles, Delia flies and other pests, including clubroot.
Kirjeldus
Magistritöö
Aianduse õppekaval
Märksõnad
magistritööd, kaalikas, maakirp, kapsakärbes, kaalikakärbes, lambavill, kõrvalkultuur