Jäätmete kogumise optimeerimine tulemusliku jäätmekäitluse saavutamiseks
Laen...
Kuupäev
2025
Kättesaadav alates
05.09.2025
Autorid
Ajakirja pealkiri
Ajakirja ISSN
Köite pealkiri
Kirjastaja
Eesti Maaülikool
Abstrakt
Riigi eesmärk on suurendada jäätmete ringlussevõttu. Seetõttu on Kliimaministeerium
ette valmistanud jäätmereformi, millega soovitakse parandada jäätmete ringlussevõtu
taset ning seada kohalikele omavalitsustele konkreetsed eesmärgid ning vahendid nende
saavutamiseks.
Töö eesmärk on kaasa aidata jäätmete lahus kogumise ja veo optimeerimiseks, mis
omakorda võimaldaks suurendada jäätmete ringlussevõttu.
Kirjanduse ülevaade toetab uurimisteemast põhjaliku ja laiaulatusliku ülevaate saamist
ning aitab välja tuua Eesti jaoks uusi lahendusi jäätmete sortimiseks, kogumiseks ja veoks
ning suuniseid elanike motiveerimiseks ja teadlikkuse tõstmiseks. Töö käigus hinnati
Jõgeva linna kortermajade konteinerite täituvust ning sorditi Torma prügilas Jõgeva
segaolmejäätmeid. Selle eesmärk oli selgitada välja, kas praegune konteineripark on õige
suuruse ja tühjendussagedusega ning tuvastada segaolmejäätmete koostis materjalide
kaupa. Andmete visualiseerimiseks loodi abivahend nn joonlaud, mis võimaldab
näitlikustada, kuidas jäätmete liigiti kogumine mõjutab majapidamise kulutusi või
konteineri täituvust vastavalt lähteandmete muutmisele.
Torma prügilas sorditud segaolmejäätmetes leidus märkimisväärses koguses materjale,
näiteks 42% pakendit, 8% paberit ja 9% biojäätmeid, mis peaksid olema teistes
konteinerites. Jõgeva kortermaja konteinerid ei olnud piisavalt täis, kuigi keskmine
täituvus oli 70%. Seega peab vedu paremini optimeerima, kuna pooltühja konteineri
äravedu tähendab, et elanik maksab tekkimata jäätmete eest. Keskmiselt tasuti vaadeldud
perioodil tühjendamiskorra eest 26,76 eurot rohkem kui tegelikult ära viidavate
segaolmejäätmete maht oleks olnud. Seetõttu on oluline, et kohalikud omavalitsused
selgitaks ja nõustaks elanikke ja vedajad oma kliente ning optimeeritaks
kogumissüsteemi, et vähendada liigiti kogumata jäänud jäätmete hulka.
Kogumissüsteemi optimeerimisel tuleks edaspidigi uurida konteinerite täituvust, võtta
kasutusele anduritega varustatud kogumiskonteinerid, anda tagasiside sortimise tulemuste
kohta. Teiste riikide läbi proovitud nutikatest lahendustest jäid silma Rootsi lahendused:
kärgkonteiner mitme sektsiooniga veokiga või tänaval ruumipuudust arvestades optiline
sorteerimine „üks konteiner eri värvi kotid“. Nende lahenduste kasutuselevõtt ei piirdu
aga ainult konteinerpargi või sortimisloogika muutmisega, vaid muutuma peaks ka
autopark ning järelesortimistehnoloogia jäätmekäitlejate juures. Alustada tasuks ehk
lihtsamast – mida rohkem segaolmejäätmetest välja sortida, seda väiksemaks peaks
muutuma segaolmejäätmete konteiner.
The government´s objective is to increase waste recycling. Therefore, the Ministry of Climate has prepared a waste reform aimed at improving recycling rates and setting specific targets and measures for local authorities to achieve them. The objective of this work is to contribute to the optimisation of separate waste collection and transport, which in turn would enable higher recycling rates. The literature review will support the development of a thorough and comprehensive overview of the research topic and help to identify new solutions for waste sorting in Estonia, as well guidelines for motivating the public and raising awareness. In the course of the work, the capacity of containers in apartment buildings in the city of Jõgeva was assessed and mixed municipal waste from Jõgeva was sorted at Torma landfill. The aim was to find out whether the current container park is the right size and empty frequency and to identify the composition of mixed municipal waste by material. To visualise the data, a 'ruler' tool was created to illustrate how separate collection of waste affects household costs or container occupancy as the baseline data change. The mixed municipal waste sorted at the Torma landfill contained a significant amount of materials, such as 42% packaging, 8% paper, and 9% bio-waste, which should have been in ohter containers. The containers at the apartement building in Jõgeva were not full enough, although the average fill rate was 70%. Therefore, transport needs to be better optimized, as the collection of half-empty containers means that residents are paying for waste not generated. On average, during the reviewed periood, €26.76 more was paid per emptying operation than the actual volume of mixed municipal waste collected. It is therefore important for local authorities to raise awareness advise residents, and work with waste haulers to optimize the collection system in order to reduce the amount of waste that is not separately collected. The optimization of collection system should continue to focus on monitoring container fullness, implementing sensor-equipped collection containers, and providing feedback on sorting results. Among the smart solutions tested in other countries, the Swedish solutions stood out: a honeycomb container with a multi-section truck, or optical sorting on the street with "one container, bags of different colors", taking into account space limitations. However, the introduction of these solutions should not limited to changing the container fleet or sorting logic, but should also involve changes to the trucks and post-sorting technology at waste handlers. It might be best to start with the simpler approach – the more mixed waste that is sorted out, the smaller the mixed waste container should become.
The government´s objective is to increase waste recycling. Therefore, the Ministry of Climate has prepared a waste reform aimed at improving recycling rates and setting specific targets and measures for local authorities to achieve them. The objective of this work is to contribute to the optimisation of separate waste collection and transport, which in turn would enable higher recycling rates. The literature review will support the development of a thorough and comprehensive overview of the research topic and help to identify new solutions for waste sorting in Estonia, as well guidelines for motivating the public and raising awareness. In the course of the work, the capacity of containers in apartment buildings in the city of Jõgeva was assessed and mixed municipal waste from Jõgeva was sorted at Torma landfill. The aim was to find out whether the current container park is the right size and empty frequency and to identify the composition of mixed municipal waste by material. To visualise the data, a 'ruler' tool was created to illustrate how separate collection of waste affects household costs or container occupancy as the baseline data change. The mixed municipal waste sorted at the Torma landfill contained a significant amount of materials, such as 42% packaging, 8% paper, and 9% bio-waste, which should have been in ohter containers. The containers at the apartement building in Jõgeva were not full enough, although the average fill rate was 70%. Therefore, transport needs to be better optimized, as the collection of half-empty containers means that residents are paying for waste not generated. On average, during the reviewed periood, €26.76 more was paid per emptying operation than the actual volume of mixed municipal waste collected. It is therefore important for local authorities to raise awareness advise residents, and work with waste haulers to optimize the collection system in order to reduce the amount of waste that is not separately collected. The optimization of collection system should continue to focus on monitoring container fullness, implementing sensor-equipped collection containers, and providing feedback on sorting results. Among the smart solutions tested in other countries, the Swedish solutions stood out: a honeycomb container with a multi-section truck, or optical sorting on the street with "one container, bags of different colors", taking into account space limitations. However, the introduction of these solutions should not limited to changing the container fleet or sorting logic, but should also involve changes to the trucks and post-sorting technology at waste handlers. It might be best to start with the simpler approach – the more mixed waste that is sorted out, the smaller the mixed waste container should become.
Kirjeldus
Magistritöö
Keskkonnakorralduse ja -poliitika õppekaval
Märksõnad
magistritööd, kogumissüsteemi ümberkorraldamine, jäätmejoonlaud, nutikad lahendused