Keskkonnamõju elektriauto energiakasutusele Baltimaades
Laen...
Kuupäev
2025
Kättesaadav alates
13.09.2025
Autorid
Ajakirja pealkiri
Ajakirja ISSN
Köite pealkiri
Kirjastaja
Eesti Maaülikool
Abstrakt
Huvi elektrisõidukite vastu on viimastel aastatel pidevalt kasvanud, neid peetakse väiksema heitkogusega alternatiiviks sisepõlemismootoriga sõidukitele. Elektriautode laialdane levik Euroopas (ka Baltikumis) on suures osas tuginenud riiklikele toetustele ja soodustustele. Kuna nende toetuste määr on hakanud vähenema, seisab elektrisõidukite turg uute väljakutsete ees, eriti Balti riikides, kus põhjamaine kliima mõjutab oluliselt elektriautode töövõimet. Balti riikidele omased madalad temperatuurid võivad märkimisväärselt vähendada elektriautode sõiduulatust ja energiatõhusust, mõjutades seeläbi nii kasutuskulusid kui ka kasutajate rahulolu. Balti ilmastikutingimuste, eelkõige temperatuuri, mõju mõistmine elektriautode energiatarbimisele on oluline, et hinnata nende efektiivsust külmades ilmastikutingimustes. Käesoleva uuringu peamine eesmärk on hinnata muutuvate ilmastikutingimuste mõju elektrisõidukite energiatarbele ning pakkuda teavet nende energiatõhususe kohta külmas ja vahelduvas ilmas. Antud töö raames tuvastatakse peamised tegurid, mis põhjustavad külmades oludes elektriauto suurenenud energiatarbimist. Uuringu käigus viidi läbi rida kontrollitud sõiduteste, mille käigus sõideti elektriautoga (Nissan Leaf) korduvalt sama marsruuti erinevates ilmastikutingimustes. Sõidutestide ajal mõõdetud temperatuurid jäid vahemikku +20 °C kuni −15 °C. Kuna 2024/2025. aasta talv oli Balti piirkonnas ebatavaliselt soe, ei olnud võimalik läbi viia katseid madalamatel temperatuuridel. Salvestati ja analüüsiti muutujaid nagu läbitud vahemaa, välistemperatuur, aku laetuse tase ning lisaseadmete kasutus. Lisaks mõõdeti elektriauto kiiruse ja võimsustarbimise vahelist seost ning hinnati energiakadusid aku laadimise ajal. Kogutud andmeid analüüsiti statistiliselt ning töötati välja matemaatilised mudelid, mis võimaldavad täpsemalt prognoosida aku kasutust erinevate välistemperatuuride korral. Tulemused näitavad, et madalad temperatuurid suurendavad oluliselt elektriautode energiatarvet. Peamiselt suureneb energiatarve, kuna aku töötab külmas vähem tõhusalt ning vajalik on täiendav energia salongi kütmiseks. Põhjalikum analüüs näitab, et energiatarbimise suurim tõus toimub temperatuuride vahemikus 0°C kuni −10°C. Uuringu tulemused kinnitavad, et klimaatilised tingimused avaldavad elektrisõidukite sõiduulatusele ja energiatõhususele olulist negatiivset mõju, kusjuures kõige määravamad tegurid on madal välistemperatuur ning sellest tulenev suurenenud energiavajadus salongi kütmiseks. Reaalsetel sõidukatsetel põhinev uurimus annab panuse elektriautode energiatõhususe mõistmiseks Balti piirkonnas ning pakub praktilist teavet nii elektriautode kasutajatele kui ka nende arendajatele.
Electric vehicles (EVs) have seen increased interest in recent years as a lower-emission alternative to internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, with much of their growth driven by government subsidies and incentives across Europe. However, as these incentives have slowed, the EV market faces new challenges, particularly in the Baltic countries where the climate significantly impacts EV performance. Low temperatures, common in Baltic weather, can notably affect EVs’ range and energy efficiency, influencing operational costs and user satisfaction. Understanding how Baltic weather conditions, primarily temperature, influence the energy consumption of EVs is essential to gaining a deeper understanding of their efficiency in low temperatures and harsh weather conditions. The main aim of this study is to assess the impact of varying weather conditions on EV energy consumption, providing valuable insights into their efficiency under cold and variable climatic conditions. The primary goal is to identify the factors most responsible for increased energy consumption in these conditions. In this study, a series of controlled real-world driving tests were conducted, during which an EV (Nissan Leaf) was driven multiple times along identical routes under different weather conditions. The temperatures during these tests ranged from 20°C to -15°C. The 2024/2025 winter season was unusually warm in the Baltic region; therefore, tests could not be conducted at lower temperatures. Variables such as distance, temperature, battery state, and the use of accessories were recorded and subsequently analysed. Additionally, energy losses during EV battery charging were measured and evaluated. The collected data was analysed statistically, and mathematical models were developed to provide accurate predictions of battery usage under varying ambient temperatures. The results indicate that low temperatures increase EV energy consumption due to the additional energy required for battery and cabin heating. A more detailed analysis reveals that the most significant increase in energy consumption occurs at an ambient temperature of -10°C. Overall, this study demonstrates that Baltic weather conditions can lead to a substantial decrease in EV range and efficiency, with low temperatures being the most impactful factor. By providing real-world data, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of EV efficiency in the Baltic region, offering practical insights for EV users and researchers.
Electric vehicles (EVs) have seen increased interest in recent years as a lower-emission alternative to internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, with much of their growth driven by government subsidies and incentives across Europe. However, as these incentives have slowed, the EV market faces new challenges, particularly in the Baltic countries where the climate significantly impacts EV performance. Low temperatures, common in Baltic weather, can notably affect EVs’ range and energy efficiency, influencing operational costs and user satisfaction. Understanding how Baltic weather conditions, primarily temperature, influence the energy consumption of EVs is essential to gaining a deeper understanding of their efficiency in low temperatures and harsh weather conditions. The main aim of this study is to assess the impact of varying weather conditions on EV energy consumption, providing valuable insights into their efficiency under cold and variable climatic conditions. The primary goal is to identify the factors most responsible for increased energy consumption in these conditions. In this study, a series of controlled real-world driving tests were conducted, during which an EV (Nissan Leaf) was driven multiple times along identical routes under different weather conditions. The temperatures during these tests ranged from 20°C to -15°C. The 2024/2025 winter season was unusually warm in the Baltic region; therefore, tests could not be conducted at lower temperatures. Variables such as distance, temperature, battery state, and the use of accessories were recorded and subsequently analysed. Additionally, energy losses during EV battery charging were measured and evaluated. The collected data was analysed statistically, and mathematical models were developed to provide accurate predictions of battery usage under varying ambient temperatures. The results indicate that low temperatures increase EV energy consumption due to the additional energy required for battery and cabin heating. A more detailed analysis reveals that the most significant increase in energy consumption occurs at an ambient temperature of -10°C. Overall, this study demonstrates that Baltic weather conditions can lead to a substantial decrease in EV range and efficiency, with low temperatures being the most impactful factor. By providing real-world data, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of EV efficiency in the Baltic region, offering practical insights for EV users and researchers.
Kirjeldus
Magistritöö
Energiakasutuse õppekaval
Märksõnad
magistritööd, Balti kliima, elektriauto, energiatarve, sõiduulatuse efektiivsus, reaalsed sõidutestid