Otepää looduspargi Natura 2000 elupaikade ajalooline kujunemine
Laen...
Kuupäev
2020
Kättesaadavus
04.09.2020
Autorid
Ajakirja pealkiri
Ajakirja ISSN
Köite pealkiri
Kirjastaja
Eesti Maaülikool
Abstrakt
Kaitstavate alade puhul on oluline teada nende ajaloolist tausta. Ajalooline päritolu annab
ülevaate miks on üks või teine maastik selliseks kujunenud nagu ta on seda tänapäeval.
Teades ajaloolist maakasutust on võimalik taastada mõni põline kõlvik või hinnata kui
püsiv on maastik olnud.
Töö eesmärgiks oli leida milline oli Otepää looduspargi Natura 2000 elupaikade
maakasutus 19. sajandi teises pooles ning kuidas on see mõjutanud Natura 2000
elupaikade kujunemist.
Uurimismetoodikaks oli kaardianalüüs MapInfo 16.0 andmetöötlusprogrammis ja
andmetöötlus teostati programmis MS Excel 2019. Kaardianalüüsi käigus võrreldi
visuaalselt Eesti Looduse Infosüsteemi (EELIS) Natura 2000 elupaikade kihti
Rahvusarhiivist valitud kahe mõisakaardiga. Mõisakaartidelt selgunud ajaloolise
maakasutuse andmeid analüüsiti programmis MS Excel 2019.
Töö tulemustest selgus, et testaladel esinenud Natura 2000 metsa-, soo- ja
rohumaaelupaigad on olnud 19. sajandi teises pooles suuremal või väiksemal määral
kasutuses muuks otstarbeks. Ajalooline pärinemine teistest kõlvikutest on elupaikade
liigilist struktuuri ja mitmekesisust ning tunnuselementide arvukust tõenäoliselt oluliselt
muutnud. Vanades loodusmetsades, laialehistes metsades ja rohunditerikastes kuusikutes
(elupaigatüübid *9010, *9020, 9050) on täheldatud madalamat liikide arvu ning neil
kasvab rohkem inimmõju taluvaid liike. Soostuvad ja soolehtmetsad ning lammimetsad
(elupaigatüübid *9080, *91E0) on 19. sajandi maakasutuse mõjutuste tõttu muudetud
kuivemaks. Liigirikkad aruniidud lubjavaesel mullal, niiskuslembesed kõrgrohustud ning
aas-rebasesaba ja ürt-punanupuga niidud (elupaigatüübid *6270, 6430, 6510) võivad olla
sarnaselt metsaelupaikadele liigivaesed kui neid on ajalooliselt kasutatud teisel eesmärgil.
Siirde- ja õõtsiksoode ning liigirikaste madalsoode (elupaigatüübid 7140, 7230) puhul
selgus, et ajalooline maakasutus on võinud muuta elupaikade 7140 ja 7230 alad kuivemaks
ja homogeenseteks.
In the protected areas, it is important to know their historical land use. Historical origins give an idea why landscape has become as it is today. Knowing the historical land use, it is possible to restore some ancient land use-elements or assess how large have been landscape changes. The aim of this thesis was to find out the historical land use of Natura 2000 habitats in Otepää Nature Park in the second half of the 19th century and discuss how different land use practices have affected the development of Natura 2000 habitats. The territories of previous Pilkuse and Pühajärve manors were selected as the test areas. To identify the historical land use, the 19th centuries maps of these manors were examined. The georeferenced maps were visually compared with layer of Natura 2000 habitats from Estonian Nature Information System using program MapInfo 16.0. The results were analysed in MS Excel 2019. Results demonstrated that Natura 2000 forests, bogs and semi-natural habitats have been used to a greater or lesser extent for other purposes in the second half of the 19th century in the test area. Historical origins from different land use patches have been likely altered the species structure and diversity of habitats. Concluding the results of map analyse and data from scientific literature can be presumed that in old natural forests, broad-leaved forests and herb-rich spruce forests (habitat types *9010, *9020, 9050), lower number of could be present and there could grow more human-tolerant species, because some part of these forests have been used as arable fields, hay meadows, pastures and slash and burn cultivation land. In swamp forests and alluvial forests (habitat types *9080, *91E0), the species composition of habitats *9080 and *91E0 could be decreased due the effects of 19th century land use, when these habitats were used as meadows and bushlands. Species-rich dry to mesic grasslands, hydrophilous tall herb communities and lowland hay meadows (*6270, 6430, 6510) may be species-poor, similarly to forest habitats, if they have historically been used for arable fields in the past. In the case of transition mires and quaking bogs and alkaline fens (habitat types 7140, 7230), it became clear that habitats 7140 and 7230 historically used as meadows, may have made these habitats drier and homogeneous.
In the protected areas, it is important to know their historical land use. Historical origins give an idea why landscape has become as it is today. Knowing the historical land use, it is possible to restore some ancient land use-elements or assess how large have been landscape changes. The aim of this thesis was to find out the historical land use of Natura 2000 habitats in Otepää Nature Park in the second half of the 19th century and discuss how different land use practices have affected the development of Natura 2000 habitats. The territories of previous Pilkuse and Pühajärve manors were selected as the test areas. To identify the historical land use, the 19th centuries maps of these manors were examined. The georeferenced maps were visually compared with layer of Natura 2000 habitats from Estonian Nature Information System using program MapInfo 16.0. The results were analysed in MS Excel 2019. Results demonstrated that Natura 2000 forests, bogs and semi-natural habitats have been used to a greater or lesser extent for other purposes in the second half of the 19th century in the test area. Historical origins from different land use patches have been likely altered the species structure and diversity of habitats. Concluding the results of map analyse and data from scientific literature can be presumed that in old natural forests, broad-leaved forests and herb-rich spruce forests (habitat types *9010, *9020, 9050), lower number of could be present and there could grow more human-tolerant species, because some part of these forests have been used as arable fields, hay meadows, pastures and slash and burn cultivation land. In swamp forests and alluvial forests (habitat types *9080, *91E0), the species composition of habitats *9080 and *91E0 could be decreased due the effects of 19th century land use, when these habitats were used as meadows and bushlands. Species-rich dry to mesic grasslands, hydrophilous tall herb communities and lowland hay meadows (*6270, 6430, 6510) may be species-poor, similarly to forest habitats, if they have historically been used for arable fields in the past. In the case of transition mires and quaking bogs and alkaline fens (habitat types 7140, 7230), it became clear that habitats 7140 and 7230 historically used as meadows, may have made these habitats drier and homogeneous.
Kirjeldus
Bakalaureusetöö
Keskkonnakaitse õppekaval
Märksõnad
bakalaureusetööd, Natura 2000, elupaigad, maakasutusmuutused, Otepää looduspark