Lihaveiste taastootmist mõjutavad tegurid
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Kuupäev
2025
Kättesaadavus
04.09.2025
Autorid
Ajakirja pealkiri
Ajakirja ISSN
Köite pealkiri
Kirjastaja
Eesti Maaülikool
Abstrakt
Lihaveisekasvatus on Eestis viimastel aastakümnetel märgatavalt arenenud ja muutunud oluliseks põllumajandusharuks, mille eesmärk on kvaliteetse veiseliha tootmine. Erinevate lihatõugude kasvatamine võimaldab tõsta liha tootlikkust ja parandada selle omadusi, mis omakorda aitab kaasa nii majanduslikule kui ka keskkonnaalasele jätkusuutlikkusele. Bakalaureusetöö eesmärgiks oli anda ülevaade lihaveisekasvatusest Eestis, kirjeldada lihaveiste reproduktiivset arengut, keskendudes mahetootmisele. Mahefarmid leiti töösse mahepõllumajanduse registri abil ja jõudlusandmete päring teostati antud nimekirja alusel Eesti Põllumajandusloomade Jõudluskontrolli AS andmebaasist. Töös kasutati aberdiini-anguse, limusiini, herefordi, simmentali, šarolee ja šoti mägiveise tõu andmeid. Tulemustest selgus, et pikim tiinuse kestus registreeriti farmides limusiini tõul – keskmiselt 306,3 ± 9,7 päeva, järgnesid šoti mägiveis, 300,8 ± 9,3 päeva ja simmental 299,7 ± 9,9 päeva. Poegimisvahemik oli kõige lühem aberdiini-anguse tõul – 354,4 ± 21,8 päeva, ja pikim herefordil – 359,7 ± 21,9 päeva. Vahemik poegimisest viljastumiseni oli kõige lühem limusiinil – 50,2 ± 24,3 päeva, kuid varieeruvus oli suurim. Vasika soo alusel tiinuse pikkuses olulist erinevust ei ilmnenud: lehmvasikatel 299,24 ± 10,87 ja pullvasikatel 299,02 ± 10,69 päeva. Mitmike sünnil oli tiinus lühem – keskmiselt 296,3 ± 10,0 päeva, võrreldes ühe vasikaga (299,1 ± 10,8 päeva). Karjast väljamineku põhjuste analüüsis leiti, et lehmade hulgas oli kõige sagedasem põhjus sigimisprobleemid: simmental – 36,4%, limusiin – 31,8% ja šarolee – 30,2%. Lehmikute puhul oli levinuim põhjus realiseerimine lihaks, ulatudes herefordi tõul kuni 87,23%, šaroleel – 82,76%, aberdiini-angusel – 60,14% ja simmentalil – 51,22%-ni. Šoti mägiveise puhul oli realiseerimise osakaal madalam (16,67%) ja esines rohkem muid põhjuseid (66,67%). Õnnetusjuhtumid ja traumad esinesid limusiini tõul 20,0%, šoti mägiveisel 16,67% ja aberdiini-angusel 15,9% ulatuses. Tulemused näitavad, et erinevatel veisetõugudel on spetsiifilised tugevused ja riskid, mistõttu on oluline rakendada tõuspetsiifilist aretusstrateegiat, et parandada karja tootlikkust ja vähendada praakimist.
Beef cattle farming in Estonia has developed considerably in recent decades, becoming a key agricultural sector focused on the production of high-quality beef. The breeding of various beef breeds contributed to increased meat productivity and enhanced carcass characteristics, thereby supporting both economic and environmental sustainability. The aim of this bachelor's thesis was to provide an overview of beef cattle farming in Estonia and to analyze the reproductive performance of beef cattle, with particular emphasis organic production. Organic farms were identified through the organic farming registry, and performance data were obtained from the database of the Estonian Livestock Performance Recording Ltd based on the registry listings. The study included data on Aberdeen Angus, Limousin, Hereford, Simmental, Charolais, and Highland cattle breeds. The results showed that the longest average gestation length was observed in Limousin herds (306.3 ± 9.7 days), followed by Highland cattle (300.8 ± 9.3 days) and Simmental (299.7 ± 9.9 days). The shortest calving interval was recorded in Aberdeen Angus (354.4 ± 21.8 days), while the longest occurred in Hereford (359.7 ± 21.9 days) The shortest interval from calving to insemination was found in Limousin herds (50.2 ± 24.3 days), although this breed also exhibited the greatest variability in this trait. No statistically significant difference in gestation length was found based on calf sex: the average was 299.24 ± 10.87 days for heifer calves and 299.02 ± 10.69 days for bull calves. In the case of twins, gestation length was shorter (296.3 ± 10.0 days) compared to single calves (299.1 ± 10.8 days). Analysis of culling reasons revealed that fertility problems were the most common cause of culling among cows: 36.4% in Simmental, 31.8% in Limousin, and 30.2% in Charolais. Among heifers, the predominant reason for culling was slaughter for meat, reaching 87.23% in Hereford, 82.76% in Charolais, 60.14% in Aberdeen Angus, and 51.22% in Simmental. In Highland cattle, the share of culling for meat was lower (16.67%), with a higher incidence of other causes (66.67%). Accidents and injuries were also reported in 20.0% of Limousin, 16.67% of Highland cattle, and 15.9% of Aberdeen Angus. The findings indicate that different cattle breeds exhibit distinct reproductive characteristics and culling profiles. Therefore, the implementation of breed-specific breeding and management strategies is essential to enhance herd productivity and reduce culling rates.
Beef cattle farming in Estonia has developed considerably in recent decades, becoming a key agricultural sector focused on the production of high-quality beef. The breeding of various beef breeds contributed to increased meat productivity and enhanced carcass characteristics, thereby supporting both economic and environmental sustainability. The aim of this bachelor's thesis was to provide an overview of beef cattle farming in Estonia and to analyze the reproductive performance of beef cattle, with particular emphasis organic production. Organic farms were identified through the organic farming registry, and performance data were obtained from the database of the Estonian Livestock Performance Recording Ltd based on the registry listings. The study included data on Aberdeen Angus, Limousin, Hereford, Simmental, Charolais, and Highland cattle breeds. The results showed that the longest average gestation length was observed in Limousin herds (306.3 ± 9.7 days), followed by Highland cattle (300.8 ± 9.3 days) and Simmental (299.7 ± 9.9 days). The shortest calving interval was recorded in Aberdeen Angus (354.4 ± 21.8 days), while the longest occurred in Hereford (359.7 ± 21.9 days) The shortest interval from calving to insemination was found in Limousin herds (50.2 ± 24.3 days), although this breed also exhibited the greatest variability in this trait. No statistically significant difference in gestation length was found based on calf sex: the average was 299.24 ± 10.87 days for heifer calves and 299.02 ± 10.69 days for bull calves. In the case of twins, gestation length was shorter (296.3 ± 10.0 days) compared to single calves (299.1 ± 10.8 days). Analysis of culling reasons revealed that fertility problems were the most common cause of culling among cows: 36.4% in Simmental, 31.8% in Limousin, and 30.2% in Charolais. Among heifers, the predominant reason for culling was slaughter for meat, reaching 87.23% in Hereford, 82.76% in Charolais, 60.14% in Aberdeen Angus, and 51.22% in Simmental. In Highland cattle, the share of culling for meat was lower (16.67%), with a higher incidence of other causes (66.67%). Accidents and injuries were also reported in 20.0% of Limousin, 16.67% of Highland cattle, and 15.9% of Aberdeen Angus. The findings indicate that different cattle breeds exhibit distinct reproductive characteristics and culling profiles. Therefore, the implementation of breed-specific breeding and management strategies is essential to enhance herd productivity and reduce culling rates.
Kirjeldus
Bakalaureusetöö
Loomakasvatuse õppekaval
Märksõnad
bakalaureusetööd, lihaveisetõud, reproduktiivne areng, karjast väljaminek, mahetootmine