Uus ja karantiinne seenhaigus pruunvöötaud (Mycosphaerella dearnessii) Eestis
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Kuupäev
2012
Kättesaadav alates
ainult raamatukogus, only in library
Autorid
Ajakirja pealkiri
Ajakirja ISSN
Köite pealkiri
Kirjastaja
Abstrakt
Käesolev magistritöö teema valiti põhjustel, et invasiivsed liigid on maailmas palju tähelepanu pälvinud oma uudsuse ja päevakohasuse tõttu ja pruunvöötaudi tekitajat (Mycosphaerella dearnessii) pole Eestis iial varem leitud. Käesoleva magistritöö jaoks koguti proove kõikidest Eesti maakondadest ja lisaks koguti proove ka Põhja-Lätist pruunvöötaudi geneetilise uuringu tarvis ning analüüsid tehti Eesti Maaülikooli metsapatoloogia laboris.
Eesmärkideks oli (1) testida DNA põhist seirevõimalust liigispetsiifilise praimeriga ja ühtlasi kontrollida Tallinna Botaanikaaias ja selle lähiümbruses pruunvöötaudi tekitaja (M. dearnessii) esinemist erinevatelt perekond männi (Pinus spp.) liikidelt kogutud okkaproovidest, (2) kontrollida 2011. aastal kogutud erinevatelt okaspuu liikidelt ja eelkõige perekond männi (Pinus spp.) okkaproovidest võimalikku pruunvöötaudi tekitaja (M. dearnessii) levikut kogu Eestis ja Põhja-Lätis, (3) M. dearnessii ja Mycosphaerella pini sporulatsioonide võrdlev analüüs ning tõrje soovitused, lisaks analüüsiti pruunvöötaudi haigussümptomeid ja võimalikke määramistunnuseid. Eesmärkide saavutamiseks korjati nii viljakehadega kui ka ilma viljakehadeta männiokkaid, hinnati eoste rohkust, isoleeriti haigus puhaskultuuri, tehti DNA analüüs täpseks liigi määramiseks. Magistritöö tulemusena selgus, et DNA määrangu alusel leiti kolmelt erinevalt peremeestaimelt (P. ponderosa, P. mugo var. pumilio, P. mugo) M. dearnessii (anamorf Lecanosticta acicola) ning kahes asukohast Tallinna Botaanikaaiast ja Tallinna Pirita Selveri juurest. Mujalt Eestist nimetatud patogeenie ei õnnestunud leida. Korjatud proovidest selgub, et M. dearnessii sporulatsiooni periood eoste järgi Tallinna Botaanikaaias on kõige intensiivsem augusti keskpaigas, oktoobris ja novembris ning vähesel määral mais ja juunis. Seega on fungitsiididega profülaktilist tõrjet õige alustada juba märtsi lõpus või aprillis kui ööpäeva keskmine õhutemperatuur on üle + 5°C kuni saabuvate külmadeni. Kuigi Põlvamaalt korjatud pruunvöötaudi tekitaja (M. dearnessii)
proove oli vähe, võib öelda, et M. pini koniidide levimine nimetatud liigil toimus oktoobrist kuni detsembrini (kaasaarvatud).
Töö käigus avastati veel mitmeid huvitavaid seeni männiokastelt, nagu Mycosphaerella microspora, Leotiomycetes sp., Microsphaeropsis olivacea, Truncatella hartigii, Fusarium sp., s.h leiti kaks uut seent Eestile.
Pruunvöötaud ei ole ainuke mände kahjustav okkahaigus, vaid mändidel on teisigi patogeenseid seenhaigusi, nagu Lophodermium seditiosum, M. pini ja Cyclaneusma minus. Pruunvöötaudi tekitaja on sarnane punavööatudile (M. pini), seega käesoleva töö ühe oulise tulemusena õnnestus pruunvöötudi tekitaja (M. dearnessii) DNA põhise liigispetiifilise praimeri testimine ning edaspidi on karantiinse seenpatogeeni tuvastamine võimalik teha täpsemalt ja kiiremini.
The main reason for choosing the topic of this thesis brown spot needle blight (Mycosphaerella dearnessii, anamorf Lecanosticta acicola) was that the fungus is invasive and quarantine and its spread recently to Norther Europe. Additionally, the pathogenic fungus has not been found in Estonia before. Samples for this thesis were collected all over Estonia. Some samples for genetic researches were also collected from Northern Latvia. All of the experiments were carried out in the laboratory of forest pathology of the Estonian University of Life Sciences. The main purposes were (1) to test the monitoring opportunity which is based on the DNA species-specific primers of Mycosphaerella dearnessii and to check the disease on different Pinus species and other conifers in the Tallinn Botanical Garden, (2) to check the distribution of brown spot needle blight incidences in Estonia and North Latvia on different conifers and especially Pinus species from collected samples in 2011, (3) to compare sporulation periods of Mycosphaerella dearnessii and Mycosphaerella pini and to give some defence recommendations for M. deranessii. To achieve those purposes, the symptomatic and unsyptomatic pine needle samples were collected, the disease was isolated to pure culture, to determine the correct fungal species was performed DNA analysis. The most important result of this thesis was that based on the DNA species-specific primers, M. dearnessi was found in three different host trees (P. ponderosa, P. mugo var. pumilio, P. mugo). These hosts were found from two sites: Tallinn Botanical Garden and near the Pirita Selver of Tallinn, irrespective that was not found any conidia of M. dearnessii from the last site. Systematically collected needle samples showed that the sporulation period of M. dearnessii the most intensive sporulation was in the middle of August, in October and November and also less sporulation was detected in May and June. Therefore, it is important to start the prophylactic defence with fungicides in the end of March or in April when the average air temperature is more than +5°C. Although there were few samples of M. pini from Põlva County, according to the data sporulation of M. pini has happened from October till December in Põlva County. However, there were too few samples from Põlva, South Estonia. Some new and interesting species were discovered during the research from pine needles, like Mycosphaerella microspora, Leotiomycetes sp., Microsphaeropsis olivacea, Truncatella hartigii and Fusarium sp. The brown spot needle blight is only one disease on the pine needles, but there are some other pathogenic and more spread fungal diseases, for instance Lophodermium seditiosum, M. pini and Cyclaneusma minus. The damages and symptoms of the brown spot needle blight could be similar to the red band needle blight (M. pini). Therefore, DNA species-specific primers of M. dearnessii was successfully tested, which is one of the most important results of this thesis. It gives possibility for more accurate and faster identification of the dangerous and quarantine fungal pathogen M. dearnessii.
The main reason for choosing the topic of this thesis brown spot needle blight (Mycosphaerella dearnessii, anamorf Lecanosticta acicola) was that the fungus is invasive and quarantine and its spread recently to Norther Europe. Additionally, the pathogenic fungus has not been found in Estonia before. Samples for this thesis were collected all over Estonia. Some samples for genetic researches were also collected from Northern Latvia. All of the experiments were carried out in the laboratory of forest pathology of the Estonian University of Life Sciences. The main purposes were (1) to test the monitoring opportunity which is based on the DNA species-specific primers of Mycosphaerella dearnessii and to check the disease on different Pinus species and other conifers in the Tallinn Botanical Garden, (2) to check the distribution of brown spot needle blight incidences in Estonia and North Latvia on different conifers and especially Pinus species from collected samples in 2011, (3) to compare sporulation periods of Mycosphaerella dearnessii and Mycosphaerella pini and to give some defence recommendations for M. deranessii. To achieve those purposes, the symptomatic and unsyptomatic pine needle samples were collected, the disease was isolated to pure culture, to determine the correct fungal species was performed DNA analysis. The most important result of this thesis was that based on the DNA species-specific primers, M. dearnessi was found in three different host trees (P. ponderosa, P. mugo var. pumilio, P. mugo). These hosts were found from two sites: Tallinn Botanical Garden and near the Pirita Selver of Tallinn, irrespective that was not found any conidia of M. dearnessii from the last site. Systematically collected needle samples showed that the sporulation period of M. dearnessii the most intensive sporulation was in the middle of August, in October and November and also less sporulation was detected in May and June. Therefore, it is important to start the prophylactic defence with fungicides in the end of March or in April when the average air temperature is more than +5°C. Although there were few samples of M. pini from Põlva County, according to the data sporulation of M. pini has happened from October till December in Põlva County. However, there were too few samples from Põlva, South Estonia. Some new and interesting species were discovered during the research from pine needles, like Mycosphaerella microspora, Leotiomycetes sp., Microsphaeropsis olivacea, Truncatella hartigii and Fusarium sp. The brown spot needle blight is only one disease on the pine needles, but there are some other pathogenic and more spread fungal diseases, for instance Lophodermium seditiosum, M. pini and Cyclaneusma minus. The damages and symptoms of the brown spot needle blight could be similar to the red band needle blight (M. pini). Therefore, DNA species-specific primers of M. dearnessii was successfully tested, which is one of the most important results of this thesis. It gives possibility for more accurate and faster identification of the dangerous and quarantine fungal pathogen M. dearnessii.
Kirjeldus
Märksõnad
Lecanosticta acicola, pruunvöötaud, ITS analüüs, sporulatsioon, liigispetsiifiline PCR praimer, magistritööd