Erinevate ristõieliste taimede atraktiivsus rapsi kahjuritele ja parasitoididele
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Kuupäev
2014
Kättesaadav alates
Autorid
Ajakirja pealkiri
Ajakirja ISSN
Köite pealkiri
Kirjastaja
Abstrakt
Raps ühe energiarikkaima õli- ja söödakultuurina on maailmas viimase poole sajandi jooksul
muutunud aina enam kasvatatavaks põllumajanduskultuuriks. Samuti on suurenenud rapsi
kasvatuse pindalad Eestis. Suurenenud rapsi kasvatamine loob soodsad tingimused
ristõileistele kultuuridele spetsialiseerunud putukate populatsiooni suurenemiseks ja levikuks.
Peamisteks rapsikahjuriteks, kes kahjustavad rapsi ja vähendavad kultuuri saagikust, on
naeri-hiilamardikas (Meligethes aeneus) ja kõdra-peitkärsakas (Ceutorhynchus obstrictus).
Kahjurite arvukuse kontrollimiseks kasutatakse insektitsiide rutiinselt ja profülaktiliselt,
millest võib tekkida kahjuritel resistentsus või/ja oht keskkonnale, väheneda bioloogiline
mitmekesisus ning taimekaitsevahendite jäägid võivad jääda lõpp-produktidesse.
Katse viidi läbi Eesti Maaülikooli Rõhu katsebaasi Eerika katsepõldudel Tartus, 2011. Katses
kasutati 7 erinevat kultuuri: suviraps, suvirüps, õlirõigas, kapsasrohi, valge sinep, must sinep,
rukola. Õitsemise algusstaadiumis paigaldati taimede õite kõrgusele kollased vesipüünised, et
hinnata putukate lennuaktiivsust ning atraktiivsust katses olevatele kultuuridele. Katses
loendati kokku 4690 naeri-hiilamardikat, 293 kõdra-peitkärsakat ning 2633 parasitoidi.
Käesolevas uurimistöös leiti rukolale ja õlirõikale paigaldatud kollastest vesipüünistest kõige
rohkem naeri-hiilamardikaid ja ka kiletiivalisi parasitoide. Õlirõigas oli nii kahjuritele kui ka
parasitoididele teistest kultuuridest atraktiivsem nii taimede õitsemise staadiumis kui ka
õitsemise lõpus. Samas rukola oli äärmiselt atraktiivne õitsemisperioodi lõpus. Mõlemad
kultuurid, nii rukola kui õlirõigas meelitasid endale hiilamardikate uue põlvkonna mardikaid,
kes enne talvitumispaikadesse siirdumist neist toitusid. Kõige atraktiivsemaks kultuuriks
kõdra-peitkärsakatele osutus kapsasrohi, kuid kuna kärsakate arvukus oli erakordselt madal,
siis olulisi järeldusi nende putukate eelistuste kohta teha ei saa.
Seega võib järeldada, et naeri-hiilamardikale sobivad püüniskultuurideks õlirõigas ja rukola.
Õlirõigas sobib paremini kasutamiseks traditsioonilise püüniskultuurina, ning rukola sobib
hästi naeri-hiilamardikate teise generatsiooni püüdmiseks.
Kokkuvõtteks võib öelda, et antud katsed andsid paljulubavaid tulemusi potentsiaalsete
püüniskultuuride osas, kuid katseid kindlasti jätkata suuremahulisel skaalal, et põllumeestele
saaks anda põhjendatud soovitusi püüniskultuuride rakendamise kohta.
The aim of this study was to assess different attractiveness of the various cruciferous plants to the key pests of oilseed rape and hymenopteran parasitoids to find out possible trap crop plants to oilseed rape and turnip rape. The attractiveness of the pollen beetles and seed weevils as well as hymenopteran parasitoids were compared between Brassica rapa, Brassica napus, Eruca vesicaria, Raphanus sativus var. oleiformis, Brassica juncea, Sinapis alba and Brassica nigra. Oilseed rape is an important oilseed crop in the world, especially in the temperate climates. The growth area of oilseed rape has increased during last decades significantly. This creates good preconditions for population growth of cruciferous pests. The main pests of oilseed rape are the pollen beetles (Meligethes aeneus) and the cabbage seed weevils (Ceutorhynchus obstrictus). The management of oilseed pests relies on pesticides which decreases biodiversity of agricultural lands, is also harmful to beneficial and neutral arthropods. Therefore, a environmentally sustainable and economically viable plant protection strategy is needed. One possibility is to use the trap crop strategy. A field trial was carried out on the trial fields of Estonian University of Life Sciences in Tartu, 2011. In the beginning of flowering yellow water pan traps were put onto the canopy to evaluate flight activity of the insects and attractiveness of different cruciferous plants. In total, 4690 pollen beetle, 293 cabbage weevils and 2633 parasitoids were caught. Results of the study indicated that for pollen beetle and parasitoids the most attractive plants were Eruca vesicaria and Raphanus sativus, which both were significantly different from other plants. Raphanus sativus was more attractive to pollen beetle and to parasitoids than the other plants throughout flowering phase and attracted also the new generation of pollen beetle as well. On the other hand, Eruca vesicaria was more attractive than other plant species only in the end of flowering. The numbers of the cabbage seed weevil were extremely low in all yellow water traps, therefore no definite conclusions could be made. The study showed that Raphanus sativus can potentially be used as a traditional trap crop as it was more attractive than oilseed rape and turnip rape during the damage susceptible stage. In addition, it could be used as trap crop for the new generation because it attracted emerged pollen beetles. Further and large-scale studies are necessary to draw more certain conclusions and make more specific recommendations about using of trap crop strategy for oilseed rape.
The aim of this study was to assess different attractiveness of the various cruciferous plants to the key pests of oilseed rape and hymenopteran parasitoids to find out possible trap crop plants to oilseed rape and turnip rape. The attractiveness of the pollen beetles and seed weevils as well as hymenopteran parasitoids were compared between Brassica rapa, Brassica napus, Eruca vesicaria, Raphanus sativus var. oleiformis, Brassica juncea, Sinapis alba and Brassica nigra. Oilseed rape is an important oilseed crop in the world, especially in the temperate climates. The growth area of oilseed rape has increased during last decades significantly. This creates good preconditions for population growth of cruciferous pests. The main pests of oilseed rape are the pollen beetles (Meligethes aeneus) and the cabbage seed weevils (Ceutorhynchus obstrictus). The management of oilseed pests relies on pesticides which decreases biodiversity of agricultural lands, is also harmful to beneficial and neutral arthropods. Therefore, a environmentally sustainable and economically viable plant protection strategy is needed. One possibility is to use the trap crop strategy. A field trial was carried out on the trial fields of Estonian University of Life Sciences in Tartu, 2011. In the beginning of flowering yellow water pan traps were put onto the canopy to evaluate flight activity of the insects and attractiveness of different cruciferous plants. In total, 4690 pollen beetle, 293 cabbage weevils and 2633 parasitoids were caught. Results of the study indicated that for pollen beetle and parasitoids the most attractive plants were Eruca vesicaria and Raphanus sativus, which both were significantly different from other plants. Raphanus sativus was more attractive to pollen beetle and to parasitoids than the other plants throughout flowering phase and attracted also the new generation of pollen beetle as well. On the other hand, Eruca vesicaria was more attractive than other plant species only in the end of flowering. The numbers of the cabbage seed weevil were extremely low in all yellow water traps, therefore no definite conclusions could be made. The study showed that Raphanus sativus can potentially be used as a traditional trap crop as it was more attractive than oilseed rape and turnip rape during the damage susceptible stage. In addition, it could be used as trap crop for the new generation because it attracted emerged pollen beetles. Further and large-scale studies are necessary to draw more certain conclusions and make more specific recommendations about using of trap crop strategy for oilseed rape.
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