Arbuskulaar-mükoriissete seente tähtsus põllumajanduses
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Kuupäev
2015
Kättesaadavus
Autorid
Ajakirja pealkiri
Ajakirja ISSN
Köite pealkiri
Kirjastaja
Abstrakt
Intensiivne põllumajandus on viimase 50 aasta vältel oluliselt kaasa aidanud toiduainete
tootmise suurenemisele, tulemuseks on üha suurenev sõltuvus sünteetilistest
taimekaitsevahenditest ning mineraalväetistest, mis omab tugevat mõju keskkonnale.
Prognooside kohaselt kahekordistub ülemaailmne nõudlus toidu järele aastaks 2050 ning
seetõttu on kestliku maakasutuse tagamiseks vajalik leida lahendusi. Bakalaureusetöös uuritav
arbuskulaarne mükoriisa (AM), mis on kõige levinum mükoriisaliik, on üks võimalustest,
millega tagada põllumajanduse jätkusuutlikkust. Töö eesmärgiks on kirjanduse põhjal uurida,
kuidas agrotehnilised võtted mõjutavad arbuskulaar-mükoriisset kolonisatsiooni
põllukultuuridel ja seeläbi taimede kasvu ja saagikust.
AM sümbioos parandab taimede toitainete ja vee omastamist, mulla struktuuri ja
veehoiuvõimet ning vastupidavust biootilisele ja abiootilisele stressile, mistõttu võib paraneda
taimede kasv ja suureneda saagikus. Selleks, et rikkalikku ja kvaliteetset AM kolonisatsiooni
saavutada, tuleb põllumajanduses arvestada mitmete erinevate teguritega. Mullaharimine,
mittemükoriissete taimede kasvatamine külvikorras ning mineraalväetiste kasutamine
vähendavad AM kolonisatsiooni arengut ja selle hulka, mistõttu kasulik mõju taimedele
väheneb. Positiivset mõju kolonisatsioonile avaldavad mükoriissete taimede külvikorras
rakendamine ning mükoriissete vahekultuuride kasvatamine.
Bakalaureusetöö põhjal leiti, et hüpotees pidas paika. Agrotehnilised võtted omavad olulist
rolli AM kolonisatsiooni reguleerimisel ning edasist uurimist vajaks AM seente rakendamine
kõrge tootlikkusega põllumajanduses.
For the last 50 years, intensive agriculture has significantly increased the outcome of food production. That has led to a constantly growing usage of pesticides and mineral fertilizers which has a strong impact on the environment. It is predicted that by 2050 the global demand for food will double. For that reason, solutions for sustainable land-usage, have to be found. Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), researched in this thesis, is the most common type of mycorrhiza, also one of the options to assure the sustainability of agriculture. The aim of the thesis, based on scientific literature, is to research the impact of agricultural practices on arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation on crops, hence the change in growth and yield. The symbiosis between AM and plants improves the uptake of nutrients and water, soil structure and the ability to store water, also the resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. That may result in increased growth and yield. To assure the diversity and high quality of AM colonisation, different factors must be considered in agriculture. Tillage, use of fertilizers and growing non-mycorrhizal crops reduce the quantity, quality and development of AM colonisation, thus reducing the beneficial effect on plants. On the contrary, growing mycorrhizal cover crops and mycorrhizal crops, have a positive impact on the colonisation. Based on this research, agricultural practices have an important role in regulating arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation. Therefore, future researches should focus on applying AM-fungi in intensive agriculture.
For the last 50 years, intensive agriculture has significantly increased the outcome of food production. That has led to a constantly growing usage of pesticides and mineral fertilizers which has a strong impact on the environment. It is predicted that by 2050 the global demand for food will double. For that reason, solutions for sustainable land-usage, have to be found. Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), researched in this thesis, is the most common type of mycorrhiza, also one of the options to assure the sustainability of agriculture. The aim of the thesis, based on scientific literature, is to research the impact of agricultural practices on arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation on crops, hence the change in growth and yield. The symbiosis between AM and plants improves the uptake of nutrients and water, soil structure and the ability to store water, also the resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. That may result in increased growth and yield. To assure the diversity and high quality of AM colonisation, different factors must be considered in agriculture. Tillage, use of fertilizers and growing non-mycorrhizal crops reduce the quantity, quality and development of AM colonisation, thus reducing the beneficial effect on plants. On the contrary, growing mycorrhizal cover crops and mycorrhizal crops, have a positive impact on the colonisation. Based on this research, agricultural practices have an important role in regulating arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation. Therefore, future researches should focus on applying AM-fungi in intensive agriculture.
Kirjeldus
Märksõnad
bakalaureusetööd, mükoriisa, seened, põllumajandus