Matsalu rannaniidu pakutavad ökosüsteemi teenused ja nende väärtuse leidmise meetodid
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Kuupäev
2012
Kättesaadav alates
ainult raamatukogus, only in library
Autorid
Ajakirja pealkiri
Ajakirja ISSN
Köite pealkiri
Kirjastaja
Abstrakt
Avalike hüviste jätkusuutmatu tarbimine on keeruline keskkonnaprobleem, mistõttu kogub ökosüsteemile majandusliku väärtuse omistamine kui lahenduse leidmine järjest suuremat tähtsust. Rahalise väärtuse leidmine töötab selles suunas, et tähtsustada ka ökosüsteemi kaudseid teenuseid ja hoida ära tagantjärgi õppimist. Loodusele majandusliku väärtuse määramine on kompleksne ülesanne, sest kõik kaubad, millele antakse majanduslik väärtus, ei pruugi reaalsel turul müügil olla. Teades teenuse väärtust, saab hinnata ka nende kadumise või kahjustamise kulu, mis omakorda pakub võimaluse seda hüvitada ning piirata loodusressursside kasutamist.
Ökosüsteemi teenus on hüvis, mida ökosüsteem kõigile kättesaadavalt ning tasuta pakub. Teenuseid rühmitatakse funktsiooni järgi ning selleks on mitu erinevat lähenemist. Antud töös on võrdlusena toodud MA, De Grooti jt (2002) ning De Groot ja Heina (2007) kategoriseerimised. Põhiline sisu on neil suhteliselt sarnane, jagatakse nelja kategooriasse. Peamine erinevus seisneb MA tugifunktsioonide ja De Groot jt (2002; 2007) elupaigafunktsioonide vahel. Samas reguleerivad funktsioonid on kõigil kolmel lähenemisel ning sama põhimõttega. Väärtuse leidmise meetodid jagatakse iseloomu järgi kolmeks: avaldunud maksevalmidus, ilmutatud maksevalmidus ja väljendatud maksevalmidus.
Käesoleva töö käigus leiti ökosüsteemi teenused ja väärtuse leidmiseks sobivad meetodid Matsalu rannaniidule. Reguleerivatest funktsioonidest toodi välja üleujutukontrolli teenus. Antud teenusele leiti sobivaks meetodiks kahjude ärahoidmise meetod, kus hinnatakse teenuse väärtust kasutades kahju ennetamiseks tehtavaid kulutusi. Elupaigafunktsioonidest toodi Matsalu puhul välja elupaik ohustatud liikidele, lindude peatus-, toitumis- ja pesitsuspaik ning elurikkuse säilitamine. Nendele kõigile teenustele peeti sobivaimaks tingliku hindamise meetodit, kus küsitakse tarbijalt palju ta oleks nõus maksma antud teenuse tarbimise eest või mis oleks teenusest loobumise kompensatsiooni summa. Maaliline vaade kui inspiratsiooniallikas, traditsiooniline maastikupilt, teadus ja haridus ning loodusturismi sihtpunkt on kultuurilised funktsioonid, mida pakub Matsalu rannaniit. Nende teenustele väärtuse leidmiseks soovitatakse kasutada reisikulu meetodit. Reisikulu meetodi puhul uuritakse, kui palju on tarbijad nõus maksma sihtkohta jõudmiseks ning selle tulemusel leitakse majanduslik väärtus aja- ja reisikulu summana.
The unsustainable consumption of public goods has resulted in environmental impact which, in turn, has lead the researchers to find values for ecosystem services. In case of ecosystem services the estimated value is used as such goods can not be sold directly in the market. The ecosystem services can be priced using the appropriate valuation methods, and thus, calculated comparably with economic services. Any damage or loss of ecosystem services can be compensated on the bases of the calculated costs, and if necessary, limits can be set on the use of natural resources. The aim of the paper is to give an overview of the contemporary concept of ecosystem services focusing on coastal meadows. The final goal is to determine the services of the Matsalu coastal meadow and to define appropriate methods of valution. There are several approaches for categorizing the services by function. In the paper three approaches are presented and used in comparison - Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005), De Groot et al. (2002), De Groot and Hein (2007). The main concept of the three approaches is rather similar as the services are divided into four categories. The principal difference lies in the character of supporting services proposed by MA (2005) and habitat services by De Groot et al. (2002; 2007). All the approaches have regulation services of similar content. The evaluation methods for ecosystem services can be featured in three groups: revealed, expressed and imputed willingness to pay. The paper focuses on ecosystem services and valuation methods on the Matsalu coastal meadow. In the course of work, eight ecosystem services according to De Groot and Hein (2007) were defined for the Matsalu coastal meadow and the appopriate methods for valuation were suggested. Flood control was mentioned as a regulating service and the suggested valuation method was damage cost avoided, where the cost for recovering the damage caused by flooding is evaluated. Contingent valuation method was determined to be suitable for the following services: habitat for endangered species; nesting, feeding and stopping spot for birds; conservation of biological diversity. The service value is estimated by asking consumers the amount they are willing to pay for being able to have access to the service. Cultural services like scenic view as an inspirational spot, traditional landscape, science and education, nature tourism spot, can be estimated by travel cost method. The value is assessed by inquiring consumers the amount acceptable to pay for travelling to the sight.
The unsustainable consumption of public goods has resulted in environmental impact which, in turn, has lead the researchers to find values for ecosystem services. In case of ecosystem services the estimated value is used as such goods can not be sold directly in the market. The ecosystem services can be priced using the appropriate valuation methods, and thus, calculated comparably with economic services. Any damage or loss of ecosystem services can be compensated on the bases of the calculated costs, and if necessary, limits can be set on the use of natural resources. The aim of the paper is to give an overview of the contemporary concept of ecosystem services focusing on coastal meadows. The final goal is to determine the services of the Matsalu coastal meadow and to define appropriate methods of valution. There are several approaches for categorizing the services by function. In the paper three approaches are presented and used in comparison - Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005), De Groot et al. (2002), De Groot and Hein (2007). The main concept of the three approaches is rather similar as the services are divided into four categories. The principal difference lies in the character of supporting services proposed by MA (2005) and habitat services by De Groot et al. (2002; 2007). All the approaches have regulation services of similar content. The evaluation methods for ecosystem services can be featured in three groups: revealed, expressed and imputed willingness to pay. The paper focuses on ecosystem services and valuation methods on the Matsalu coastal meadow. In the course of work, eight ecosystem services according to De Groot and Hein (2007) were defined for the Matsalu coastal meadow and the appopriate methods for valuation were suggested. Flood control was mentioned as a regulating service and the suggested valuation method was damage cost avoided, where the cost for recovering the damage caused by flooding is evaluated. Contingent valuation method was determined to be suitable for the following services: habitat for endangered species; nesting, feeding and stopping spot for birds; conservation of biological diversity. The service value is estimated by asking consumers the amount they are willing to pay for being able to have access to the service. Cultural services like scenic view as an inspirational spot, traditional landscape, science and education, nature tourism spot, can be estimated by travel cost method. The value is assessed by inquiring consumers the amount acceptable to pay for travelling to the sight.
Kirjeldus
Märksõnad
rannaniidud, ökosüsteemid, teenused, bakalaureusetööd