Ülevaade fosforiidi varudest, kasutamisest ja kaevanduste rekultiveerimisest Eestis
Laen...
Kuupäev
2013
Kättesaadav alates
ainult raamatukogus, only in library
Autorid
Ajakirja pealkiri
Ajakirja ISSN
Köite pealkiri
Kirjastaja
Abstrakt
Töö eesmärgiks on anda ülevaade Eesti fosforiidivarude paiknemisest, suurusest,
kaevandamise võimalikkusest tulevikus ja seni olemasolevate kaevanduste rekultiveerimise tulemustest.
Ülevaate saamiseks tutvusin erialase kirjandusega ning erinevate ajaleheartiklitega, mis arutlesid kaevandamise
üle.
Fosforiiti kasutatakse enamasti fosforväetiste tootmiseks, kuid ka näiteks Coca-Cola karastusjoogis ja
liitiumakudes.
Eestis hakati fosforiiti tootma eelmise sajandi kahekümnendatel aastatel pärast seda, kui Kaubandus-
Tööstusministeerium oli 31. märtsil 1921 andnud osaühisusele “Eesti Vosvoriit” loa hakata kaevandama
fosforiiti Ülgasel, kuhu rajati allmaakaevandus. Kaevandamine jätkus ööni vastu 5. detsembrit 1938.
Kokku koos passiivsete tarbevarude ja prognoosvarudega, on Eesti fosforiidivarude suuruseks 11 miljardit
tonni. Eestis asub Euroopa suurim fosforiidimaardla-Rakvere, mille varudeks on ligi 3 miljardit tonni
fosforiiti. Samuti on Eestis Euroopa suurimad fosforiidivarud. Hetkel ainsa kaevanduse- Maardu,
rekultiveerimisel on andnud kõige paremaid tulemusi kask ja harilik mänd.
Suurimateks probleemideks fosforiidi kaevandamisel on tekkivad kaevandamise jäägid, eelkõige
iseeneslikult süttiv diktüoneemaargilliit ja tekkiv põhjavee alanduslehter, mis kuivendaks ära mitmed
Pandivere kõrgustiku põhjaveekihid.
Hetkel kaevandamist toimuma ei hakka, kuna puuduvad piisavad tehnoloogiad jäätmete ladustamiseks,
fosforiidi rikastamiseks ja ohutuks kaevandamiseks.
The purpose of this thesis is to give an overview about the state of phosphorite reserves, recultivated mines and the future mining possibilities. In order to find the information I elaborated alot of professional literature and newspaper articles, where the authors discussed the mining probability. Phosphorite is used mostly in the production of phosphorus fertilizers, but also, for example, in Coca- Cola and lithium batteries. Estonia started mining phosphorite in the 1920.-s, after the department of Trading and Industry had given mining permission to a company called “Eesti Vosvoriit”. The first mine was constructed to Ülgase, where the mining was done underground. The mining continued until 5.12.1938. Including the passive reserves, there are 11 billion tons of phosphorite in Estonia. The Europe’s biggest mineral deposit of phosphorite is also situated in Estonia, it’s called Rakvere mineral deposit. The recultivation of Maardu mine has been quite successful, the most faster growing tree species have been Scots pine and birch. The biggest problems that concern mining, are the leftovers, which can ignite spontaneously, also the degradation crater of groundwater, what would ruin numerous groundwater layers. The mining is not possible in the near future, the reasons are lack of technology concerning storing leftovers, enrichment of phosphorite and safe mining.
The purpose of this thesis is to give an overview about the state of phosphorite reserves, recultivated mines and the future mining possibilities. In order to find the information I elaborated alot of professional literature and newspaper articles, where the authors discussed the mining probability. Phosphorite is used mostly in the production of phosphorus fertilizers, but also, for example, in Coca- Cola and lithium batteries. Estonia started mining phosphorite in the 1920.-s, after the department of Trading and Industry had given mining permission to a company called “Eesti Vosvoriit”. The first mine was constructed to Ülgase, where the mining was done underground. The mining continued until 5.12.1938. Including the passive reserves, there are 11 billion tons of phosphorite in Estonia. The Europe’s biggest mineral deposit of phosphorite is also situated in Estonia, it’s called Rakvere mineral deposit. The recultivation of Maardu mine has been quite successful, the most faster growing tree species have been Scots pine and birch. The biggest problems that concern mining, are the leftovers, which can ignite spontaneously, also the degradation crater of groundwater, what would ruin numerous groundwater layers. The mining is not possible in the near future, the reasons are lack of technology concerning storing leftovers, enrichment of phosphorite and safe mining.
Kirjeldus
Märksõnad
fosforiit, rikastamine, kaevandused, rekultiveerimine, kaevandamine, fosforiidimaardlad, Maardu, Eesti, bakalaureusetööd