Arbuskulaar-mükoriissete seente esinemine erinevates viljelussüsteemides
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Kuupäev
2013
Kättesaadavus
ainult raamatukogus, only in library
Autorid
Ajakirja pealkiri
Ajakirja ISSN
Köite pealkiri
Kirjastaja
Abstrakt
Eesti kartulisaagikus on teistest piirkonna riikidest peaaegu kaks korda madalam, samas on Eesti maheviljelusliku põllumajandusmaa osakaal võrrelduna ülejäänud Euroopa Liiduga väga kõrge. Lõputöös uuritav arbuskulaarne mükoriisa (AM), mis on kõige levinum mükoriisatüüp, avaldab partnertaimedele positiivset mõju mitmel moel, näiteks kõrgema haiguskindluse, stressitaluvuse ja toitainete parema omastatavuse näol. Tundes AM’i omaduste seoseid taimede saagi ja kvaliteediga, omab AM potentsiaali Eestis kasvatatavate põllumajanduskultuuride, k.a kartuli tootmise tulususe kasvatamisel. Bakalaureusetöö eesmärgiks on anda ülevaade AM’i mõjutavatest viljelustavadest nii kirjanduse kui lõputöö raames sooritatud katsete põhjal. Katsetes võrreldakse taimejuurtes esinenud AM kolonisatsiooni ulatust.
Bakalaureusetöö empiiriline osa jaguneb kaheks: põld- ja potikatseks. Põldkatses rakendati tava- ja maheviljeluse töötlusi. Kasutati erinevaid mineraalväetistenorme, orgaanilist väetist ning vahekultuuri. Põldkatse uurib kartulisort “Reet” juurtes esinenud AM kolonisatsiooni. Potikatse eesmärgiks on anda ülevaade põldkatse mullas leiduva AM seene inokulumi potentsiaalist (IP). Põld- ning potikatse tulemuste võrdluse alusel on võimalik teha üldistavaid järeldusi põldkatse üldtingimuste ning AM’i mõjutavate maakasutustavade kohta.
Kartulisordi “Reet” juurtes esinenud AM’i kolonisatsiooni ulatus oli väga madal ning selline nähtus oli ilmselt tingitud kartulitaime või -sordi vähesest mükoriissusest, mille kõige tõenäolisemaks põhjuseks oli kartuli-seene vaheline spetsiifika. Teisteks negatiivseteks teguriteks saab ilmselt lugeda põldkatse intensiivset harimist, mulla madalat orgaanilise aine sisaldust ning pikka kesaperioodi aasta lõikes tavaviljeluse osas.
Potikatsest pärinevate andmete analüüsi tulemusel on võimalik väita, et AM seen reageeris põldkatses töötluste lõikes kasvavatele väetisenormidele positiivselt tänu paranenud taimekasvule ja seejärel negatiivselt, tingituna liialt kõrgetest väetisenormidest. Potikatses näitasid madala väetisenormidega tavatöötlustest kõrgemat kolonisatsiooni ulatust ka mahetöötlused, lisaks esines maheviljelussüsteemist pärinenud töötlustes kõrgem IP. Eelnev viitab vahekultuuride ja orgaanilise väetise kasulikkusele AM’i seisukohast.
The potato yields in Estonia are almost two times lower than the yields in other countries in the region. The area under organic management is remarkably high in comparison with the average of the European Union. Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), which is the most common type of mycorrhiza, influences partner-plants in many positive ways. For example higher disease resistance, higher stress tolerance and improved nutrient uptake. Better knowledge of these influences might result in better economical outcomes in plant production in Estonia, including potato production. The aim of this thesis is to give an overview of cultivation practices influencing AM by using contemporary literature and collected experimental data. The experiments are comparing the extent of colonization in plant roots infected with AM fungus. The empirical side of current thesis is divided into two parts: field and pot experiment. Conventional and organic management were used in the field experiment. Different amounts of mineral fertilizers, organic fertilizer and cover crops were used. The aim of field experiment is to study the AM colonization in the roots of potato variety “Reet.” The aim of the pot experiment is to give an overview of the inoculum potential (IP) of AM fungi in the soil originating from the field experiment. By comparing the results of field and pot experiment, some general conclusions about the field conditions and cultivation practices influencing the AM fungi in field conditions can be made. The AM extent of colonization in the roots of potato variety “Reet” was very low and this was most likely due to low compatibility of potato with AM because of specificity between plant and fungus. The other negative factors were most likely intensive tillage of field soil, low concentration of organic C and relatively long period of fallow in the conventionally managed side of field experiment. The data from pot experiment indicates that first AM fungi responded positively to growing amounts of mineral fertilizers due to improved plant growth and then reacted negatively to too high amounts of fertilizers. Also, the organically managed sites showed higher extent of colonization in roots compared to the roots originating from the sites with low mineral fertilizer input. In addition, the IP of organically managed sites was higher. This suggests the positive effects of cover crops and organic fertilizer towards AM.
The potato yields in Estonia are almost two times lower than the yields in other countries in the region. The area under organic management is remarkably high in comparison with the average of the European Union. Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), which is the most common type of mycorrhiza, influences partner-plants in many positive ways. For example higher disease resistance, higher stress tolerance and improved nutrient uptake. Better knowledge of these influences might result in better economical outcomes in plant production in Estonia, including potato production. The aim of this thesis is to give an overview of cultivation practices influencing AM by using contemporary literature and collected experimental data. The experiments are comparing the extent of colonization in plant roots infected with AM fungus. The empirical side of current thesis is divided into two parts: field and pot experiment. Conventional and organic management were used in the field experiment. Different amounts of mineral fertilizers, organic fertilizer and cover crops were used. The aim of field experiment is to study the AM colonization in the roots of potato variety “Reet.” The aim of the pot experiment is to give an overview of the inoculum potential (IP) of AM fungi in the soil originating from the field experiment. By comparing the results of field and pot experiment, some general conclusions about the field conditions and cultivation practices influencing the AM fungi in field conditions can be made. The AM extent of colonization in the roots of potato variety “Reet” was very low and this was most likely due to low compatibility of potato with AM because of specificity between plant and fungus. The other negative factors were most likely intensive tillage of field soil, low concentration of organic C and relatively long period of fallow in the conventionally managed side of field experiment. The data from pot experiment indicates that first AM fungi responded positively to growing amounts of mineral fertilizers due to improved plant growth and then reacted negatively to too high amounts of fertilizers. Also, the organically managed sites showed higher extent of colonization in roots compared to the roots originating from the sites with low mineral fertilizer input. In addition, the IP of organically managed sites was higher. This suggests the positive effects of cover crops and organic fertilizer towards AM.
Kirjeldus
Märksõnad
arbuskulaarne mükoriisa, kartul, süstlehine teeleht, Solanum tuberosum, Plantago lanceolata, bakalaureusetööd