Punase ristiku haigused sõltuvalt viljelusviisist, eelvilja väetamisest ja ilmastiku tingimustest
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Kuupäev
2023
Kättesaadavus
02.09.2023
Autorid
Ajakirja pealkiri
Ajakirja ISSN
Köite pealkiri
Kirjastaja
Eesti Maaülikool
Abstrakt
Liblikõielised on väärtuslikud, sest nad on keskkonda säästvad, taskukohased,
veesäästlikud ja madala süsinikujalajäljega põllukultuurid. Punane ristik on mitmeaastane
liblikõieline kultuur, millel on kogu maailmas suur tähtsus valgurikka söödakultuurina.
Töö eesmärgiks oli välja uurida millised haigused kahjustavad punase ristiku sorti ’Varte’
uuritud kasvuaastatel ja kas esineb viljelusviisist, väetamisest ja ilmastiku tingimusest
sõltuv erinevus?
Katse viidi läbi 2021. ja 2022. aastal Eesti Maaülikooli katsepõllul Eerikal. Uuriti
maheviljeluse (3 erinevat kasvatussüsteemi) ja tavaviljeluse (4 erinevat kasvatussüsteemi)
mõju ristiku haiguste esinemisele. Maheviljeluse kasvatussüsteemideks olid: Mahe 0 –
talviste vahekultuurideta viljelussüsteem, Mahe I – talviste vahekultuuridega
viljelussüsteem ning Mahe II – talviste vahekultuuridega ja komposteeritud veisesõnnikuga viljelussüsteem. Tavaviljeluse kasvatussüsteemid erinesid üksteisest
antud lämmastiku normide poolest: Tava 0 (N0P0K0); Tava 1 (N40P25K95); Tava 2
(N80P25K95); Tava 3 (N120P25K95), neis süsteemides väetati kõiki kultuure, v.a.
punane ristik. Seega oli punasel ristikul eelvilja väetamise mõju.
Põldkatse tulemusena selgus, et punase ristiku sorti ’Varte’ kahjustavad järgmised
haigused: liblikõieliste jahukaste, liblikõieliste pruunlaiksuse, liblikõieliste laikpõletiku,
ristiku-varrepõletiku, ristikurooste, liblikõieliste ebajahukaste.
Liblikõieliste jahukastet esines enam tavaviljeluses, kuid kahel korral puudus oluline
erinevus. Lisaks on ka mõjuv faktor eelvilja väetamine. Liblikõieliste laikpõletiku puhul
võib viljelussüsteem ja eevilja väetamine mõjutada haigus esinemist kuid
kasvatussüsteemide ja väetusvariantide vahel põhjalikke järeldusi teha ei saa väga madala
haigestumise tõttu. Pruunlaiksuse kahjustusmäära intensiivsusel on oluline mõju nii
viljelusviisil kui ka väetamisel. Tavaviljeluse katsevariandid olid vähem nakatunud ja ka
väetatud variantide kahjustusmäär jäi madalamaks. Ristiku varrepõletiku esinemisel on
oluline tegur nii viljelusviis kui ka eelvilja väetamine. Suuremate väetis kogustega
katsevariandid olid vähem nakatunud kui vähem väetatud variandid. Ristikuroostet esines
vähem nii tavaviljeluses kui ka väetatud katse variantidel. Enam väetatud variandid olid
vähem nakatunud kui vähem väetatud variandid. Liblikõieliste ebajahukaste esinemisel
on mõjuv tegur nii viljelusviis kui ka väetamine. Kuna kahjustumäärad olid väga madalad,
siis peab arvesse võtma, et saadud tulemustest põhjalikke järeldusi teha ei saa.
Ilmastikutingimused mõjutasid oluliselt katses esinenud punase ristiku haiguste
kahjustusmäära. Liblikõieliste jahukastet, liblikõieliste pruunlaiksust, ristikuvarrepõletiku ja ristikuroostet esines oluliselt vähem 2021. aastal. Liblikõieliste
ebajahukaste ja laikpõletikku esines vaid 2022. aastal.
Legumes are valuable crops because they are environmentally friendly, affordable, water efficient and have a low carbon footprint. Red clover is a perennial legume crop of great importance worldwide as a protein-rich forage crop. The aim of this study was to find out which diseases damage the red clover variety ´Varte´ in the studied growing years and whether there is a difference depending on the cultivation method, fertilization and weather conditions? The experiment was conducted in 2021 and 2022 at the experimental field of Estonian University of Life Sciences in Eerika. The effect of organic farming systems (three different farming systems) and conventional farming systems (four different farming systems) on the incidence of clover diseases was studied. The cultivation systems of organic farming were: M0 - cultivation system without winter catch crops, MI - cultivation system with winter catch crops and MII - cultivation system with winter catch crops and composted cattle manure. Conventional farming systems differed from each other in terms of given nitrogen norms: T0 (N0P0K0); T1 (N40P25K95); T2 (N80P25K95); T3 (N120P25K95), in these systems all crops were fertilized except red clover. Thus, red clover had the effect of fertilizing pre-crops. Field observations showed that the red clover variety ‘Varte’ are affected by following diseases: northern anthracnose (Aureobasidium caulivorum), common leaf spot (Pseudopeziza trifolii), legume yellow leaf blotch (Leptotrochila medicaginis), legume powdery mildew (Erysiphe trifolii), clover rust (Uromyces fallens) and legume downy mildew (Peronospora trifoliorum). Legume powdery mildew occurred more in conventional cultivation, but there was no significant difference in the two cases. In addition, pre-crop fertilization is also an influential factor. In the case of common leaf spot the cultivation method and pre-crop fertilization can affect the occurrence of the disease, but comprehensive conclusions cannot be drawn between cultivation method and fertilization variants due to the very low incidence of the disease. The intensity of the damage rate of legume yellow leaf blotch has a significant effect on both cultivation method and fertilization. Conventional farming variants were less infected, and the damage rate of the fertilized variants also remained lower. Both the method of cultivation and fertilization of the pre-crop are important factors in the occurrence of northern anthracnose. Test variants with higher amounts of fertilizer were less infected than less fertilized variants. Clover rust was less common in both conventional cultivation and in the fertilized test variants. More fertilized variants were less infected than less fertilized variants. Both the cultivation method and fertilization are influential factors in the occurrence of legume downy mildew. Since damage rates were very low, it must be considered that no comprehensive conclusions can be drawn from the obtained results.
Legumes are valuable crops because they are environmentally friendly, affordable, water efficient and have a low carbon footprint. Red clover is a perennial legume crop of great importance worldwide as a protein-rich forage crop. The aim of this study was to find out which diseases damage the red clover variety ´Varte´ in the studied growing years and whether there is a difference depending on the cultivation method, fertilization and weather conditions? The experiment was conducted in 2021 and 2022 at the experimental field of Estonian University of Life Sciences in Eerika. The effect of organic farming systems (three different farming systems) and conventional farming systems (four different farming systems) on the incidence of clover diseases was studied. The cultivation systems of organic farming were: M0 - cultivation system without winter catch crops, MI - cultivation system with winter catch crops and MII - cultivation system with winter catch crops and composted cattle manure. Conventional farming systems differed from each other in terms of given nitrogen norms: T0 (N0P0K0); T1 (N40P25K95); T2 (N80P25K95); T3 (N120P25K95), in these systems all crops were fertilized except red clover. Thus, red clover had the effect of fertilizing pre-crops. Field observations showed that the red clover variety ‘Varte’ are affected by following diseases: northern anthracnose (Aureobasidium caulivorum), common leaf spot (Pseudopeziza trifolii), legume yellow leaf blotch (Leptotrochila medicaginis), legume powdery mildew (Erysiphe trifolii), clover rust (Uromyces fallens) and legume downy mildew (Peronospora trifoliorum). Legume powdery mildew occurred more in conventional cultivation, but there was no significant difference in the two cases. In addition, pre-crop fertilization is also an influential factor. In the case of common leaf spot the cultivation method and pre-crop fertilization can affect the occurrence of the disease, but comprehensive conclusions cannot be drawn between cultivation method and fertilization variants due to the very low incidence of the disease. The intensity of the damage rate of legume yellow leaf blotch has a significant effect on both cultivation method and fertilization. Conventional farming variants were less infected, and the damage rate of the fertilized variants also remained lower. Both the method of cultivation and fertilization of the pre-crop are important factors in the occurrence of northern anthracnose. Test variants with higher amounts of fertilizer were less infected than less fertilized variants. Clover rust was less common in both conventional cultivation and in the fertilized test variants. More fertilized variants were less infected than less fertilized variants. Both the cultivation method and fertilization are influential factors in the occurrence of legume downy mildew. Since damage rates were very low, it must be considered that no comprehensive conclusions can be drawn from the obtained results.
Kirjeldus
Magistritöö
Põllumajandussaaduste tootmise ja turustamise õppekaval
Märksõnad
magistritööd, liblikõieliste jahukaste, liblikõieliste pruunlaiksuse, liblikõieliste laikpõletik, ristiku-varrepõletik, ristikurooste, liblikõieliste ebajahukaste