Karula rahvuspargi maastiku muutused viimasel sajal aastal
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Kuupäev
2016
Kättesaadav alates
Autorid
Ajakirja pealkiri
Ajakirja ISSN
Köite pealkiri
Kirjastaja
Abstrakt
Maastikud meie ümber on pidevas muutumises ja tänapäevane maastik on minevikus
toimunud protsesside tulemus. Ajalooliste kaartide võrdlemine annab võimaluse analüüsida
maastike muutumist ajas ning saada vajalikku informatsiooni traditsiooniliste ja
pärandmaastike kaitse ja tegevuste planeerimiseks. Käesoleva bakalaureusetöö
uurimisülesanneteks on kirjeldada Karula rahvuspargi ala maakasutust viimase saja aasta
jooksul (1913-2010) ning seda mõjutanud tegureid. Selgitada Karula rahvuspargi
maakattetüüpide pindala ja osakaalu muutuseid perioodil 1913-2010 ning selgitada
olulisemate maakattetüüpide üleminekud ja püsivus.
Bakalaureusetöö uurimismeetodiks oli kaardianalüüs (7 eri kaardi põhjal) GIS-programmis ja
andmeid töödeldi statistiliselt tabelarvutusprogrammis. Uurimisülesannete lahendamisel
lähtuti Matsalu ja Vilsandi rahvuspargi ajaloolise maakasutuse uuringus kasutatud
metoodikast ning algandmetena kasutati Keskonnainvesteeringute Keskuse (KIK) projekti
käigus loodud andmestikku.
Tulemustest selgus, et viimase saja aasta jooksul on Karula rahvuspargi maastike avatus
vähenenud kuni kolm korda ‒ põllu- ja rohumaade arvelt. Maastike avatust on vähendanud
metsasuse suurenemine II maailmasõja ajal ja järgselt. Olulist rolli mängib ka Karula reljeefne
maastik, mis on muutnud maaharimise keerulisemaks. Põlised põllud on püsima jäänud
endistele talumaastikele, kuhu on koondunud ka tänapäevane asustus.
Karula maastike säilimisel on oluline koht põllumajanduslikul eluviisil ja selle jätkumisel, et
tagada Karula maastike traditsioonilisus. Koostatud andmebaas ja koostatav pärandmaastike
tsoneering võimaldavad paremini määrata pärandmaastike asukohta, hinnata looduskaitse- ja
kultuuriväärtuste paiknemist ning tõhustada kaitseala kaitsekorraldust.
Landscapes around us are constantly changing and the landscape we have today is a result of different past processes. Comparing historical maps gives the opportunity to analyse the change of landscapes in time and accumulate crucial information so we can better plan activities for the protection of traditional and heritage landscapes. The aim of this thesis is to describe the land use of Karula National Park, and influential factors behind it, over the last hundred years (1913–2010). Also, examine the territories of different landscapes of Karula National Park and the changes in their proportions between 1913 and 2010, and describe the transformations of the most significant land cover types and their stability. The research method of the thesis was map analysis (on the basis of seven different maps) in a GIS-programme and a statistical grid calculation programme was used for data processing. The methodology used in the study of the historic land-use of Matsalu and Vilsandi National Parks was utilized for completing the research assignments and initial data was obtained through a project of the Environmental Investment Centre. The results showed that the openness of the landscapes of Karula National Park has decreased three times over the last hundred years – mainly due to the decrease in arable land and grasslands. The increase in forestation, during and after Second World War, has decreased the openness of landscapes. Relief landscape of Karula has played a significant role as it has made farming more complicated. Indigenous fields have persevered on former farmlands where modern settlement has also now converged. Agricultural lifestyle and its perseverance has an important role to play in maintaining the traditional landscape of Karula. Compiled data-base, and the zoning of traditional landscapes that will be completed in the future, will enable us to locate traditional landscapes more easily, evaluate the positioning of natural protection and cultural objects and make the management of the natural park more effective.
Landscapes around us are constantly changing and the landscape we have today is a result of different past processes. Comparing historical maps gives the opportunity to analyse the change of landscapes in time and accumulate crucial information so we can better plan activities for the protection of traditional and heritage landscapes. The aim of this thesis is to describe the land use of Karula National Park, and influential factors behind it, over the last hundred years (1913–2010). Also, examine the territories of different landscapes of Karula National Park and the changes in their proportions between 1913 and 2010, and describe the transformations of the most significant land cover types and their stability. The research method of the thesis was map analysis (on the basis of seven different maps) in a GIS-programme and a statistical grid calculation programme was used for data processing. The methodology used in the study of the historic land-use of Matsalu and Vilsandi National Parks was utilized for completing the research assignments and initial data was obtained through a project of the Environmental Investment Centre. The results showed that the openness of the landscapes of Karula National Park has decreased three times over the last hundred years – mainly due to the decrease in arable land and grasslands. The increase in forestation, during and after Second World War, has decreased the openness of landscapes. Relief landscape of Karula has played a significant role as it has made farming more complicated. Indigenous fields have persevered on former farmlands where modern settlement has also now converged. Agricultural lifestyle and its perseverance has an important role to play in maintaining the traditional landscape of Karula. Compiled data-base, and the zoning of traditional landscapes that will be completed in the future, will enable us to locate traditional landscapes more easily, evaluate the positioning of natural protection and cultural objects and make the management of the natural park more effective.
Kirjeldus
Märksõnad
bakalaureusetööd, maastikud, maakasutus, muutused, 20. saj., 21. saj. algus, Karula rahvuspark