Hoone sisekliimast sõltuvad soojusparameetrid
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Kuupäev
2013
Kättesaadav alates
ainult raamatukogus, only in library
Autorid
Ajakirja pealkiri
Ajakirja ISSN
Köite pealkiri
Kirjastaja
Abstrakt
Antud lõputöös selgub, et soojuslik sisekliima on tihedas seoses hoone energiatõhususega. Inimese mugavustunde tagamiseks on välja töötatud vastavad standardid ja määrused, mille järgimine hoiab kokku kulutusi energiatarbele hoone kasutamise perioodil.
Hoone aastane soojusenergiakulu sõltub nii nõutavast soojuslikust sisekliimast kui ka elamu energiatõhususest. Antud töös on ligikaudsel arvutamismeetodil saadud väikeelamu soojusenergia kuluks ligikaudu 200 kW∙h/m2 aastas, mis on iseloomulik oluliselt rekonstrueeritavale hoonele. Ligikaudsel meetodil arvutatud soojusenergia kulu annab umbkaudsed tulemused hoone energiatõhususe kohta, mistõttu ei ole taoline lahendus tihtipeale rahuldav. Oluliselt usaldusväärsemad tulemused saadakse täpismeetodi rakendamisel, milles kasutatakse konkreetse hoone soojustehnilisi omadusi. Vastavalt töös teostatud arvutustele selgub, et tõstes ruumiõhu temperatuuri ühe kraadi võrra võib see suurendada kulutusi soojusenergiale ligikaudu 5 %. Sellest tulenevalt võib vanemates rekonstrueerimata hoonetes aastane soojusenergia kulu suureneda ligikaudu 20 % olenevalt ruumiõhu temperatuuri tõstmise vajadusest.
Töös olevad arvutused näitavad, et kulutused ruumiõhu temperatuuri tõstmiseks võivad olla vägagi suured, mistõttu oleks mõistlik kaaluda rekonstrueerimist hoonetes, mille energiatõhususarv ületab 200 kW∙h/m2 aastas või on sellele ligilähedane. Lisaks suurtele kulutustele soojusenergiale on tõenäoliselt ruumiõhu temperatuuri kõikumiste ning -erinevuste tõttu rahulolu tundvate inimeste osakaal väga madal.
Vabasoojuse mõju hoone aastasele soojusenergiatarbele sõltub inimeste osakaalust ning nende tegevusest ruumis, akende suurusest ning paiknevusest ilmakaarte suhtes ja elektriseadmete ning -valgustite kogusest. Rahulikus olekus inimene eraldab ümbritsevasse keskkonda ligikaudu 100 W soojust. Arvutuste kohaselt eraldub ligikaudu 150 kW∙h soojust ühelt inimeselt kogu kütteperioodi kohta. Ligikaudse meetodiga leitud seadmete ning päikese vabasoojuse osakaal kogu soojusenergia vajadusest annab oletuslikud väärtused. Sellisel juhul on oluline teada konkreetse hoone ehituslikke iseärasusi ning aastast elektrienergiatarvet.Hoone madalaima aastase energiatarbe saavutamiseks on lisaks sisekliima nõuete järgimisele ning energiatõhusaks ehitamisega vaja kohaldada ka energiasäästumeetmeid.
The aim of the paper is to determine the effects of the indoor-climate of a building on its heating parameters. What is meant by heating parameters is first and foremost the building’s annual thermal energy consumption. Thermal energy is used to both produce heated raw water, as well as to provide a thermal indoor-climate. As temperature is at the center of attention in the paper at hand, more attention is also given to thermal indoor-climate and thermal comfort. PMV (Predicted Mean Vote) and PPD (Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied) indexes are used to evaluate the probable thermal comfort of a fixed group of people. Providing a high-quality indoor climate is closely related to energy efficiency. To achieve thermal comfort in a poorly insulated building, it is necessary to raise the indoor air temperature. Raising the air temperature of a room by 4°C may increase the heating costs by as much as 20% for the whole heating period. The heat radiated by occupants, different appliances and the Sun, lower the thermal energy costs of a building. However, due to the energy efficiency of modern appliances the radiated heat is marginal. The greater the thermal energy storing mass of a building’s structures, the more useful any kind of radiated heat is to a building’s energy consumption. The effectiveness of the heat radiation coming from the Sun for a building’s energy consumption depends on the area of the windows and their position in relation to cardinal directions. When possible, it is recommended to lower the size of heated space of a building to cut down on the consumption of thermal energy. By doing so the efficiency of the heat radiated by occupants, different appliances and the Sun, is greater per square meter. Approximate method or the accurate method can be used to calculate the building’s thermal energy costs. The approximate method is based on the general properties of a building and therefore gives approximated results. The accurate method uses the thermal properties of a specific building and therefore gives acceptable results.
The aim of the paper is to determine the effects of the indoor-climate of a building on its heating parameters. What is meant by heating parameters is first and foremost the building’s annual thermal energy consumption. Thermal energy is used to both produce heated raw water, as well as to provide a thermal indoor-climate. As temperature is at the center of attention in the paper at hand, more attention is also given to thermal indoor-climate and thermal comfort. PMV (Predicted Mean Vote) and PPD (Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied) indexes are used to evaluate the probable thermal comfort of a fixed group of people. Providing a high-quality indoor climate is closely related to energy efficiency. To achieve thermal comfort in a poorly insulated building, it is necessary to raise the indoor air temperature. Raising the air temperature of a room by 4°C may increase the heating costs by as much as 20% for the whole heating period. The heat radiated by occupants, different appliances and the Sun, lower the thermal energy costs of a building. However, due to the energy efficiency of modern appliances the radiated heat is marginal. The greater the thermal energy storing mass of a building’s structures, the more useful any kind of radiated heat is to a building’s energy consumption. The effectiveness of the heat radiation coming from the Sun for a building’s energy consumption depends on the area of the windows and their position in relation to cardinal directions. When possible, it is recommended to lower the size of heated space of a building to cut down on the consumption of thermal energy. By doing so the efficiency of the heat radiated by occupants, different appliances and the Sun, is greater per square meter. Approximate method or the accurate method can be used to calculate the building’s thermal energy costs. The approximate method is based on the general properties of a building and therefore gives approximated results. The accurate method uses the thermal properties of a specific building and therefore gives acceptable results.
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