Lehitu pisikäpa bioloogia, levik ja ohustatus Eestis
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Kuupäev
2012
Kättesaadav alates
Autorid
Ajakirja pealkiri
Ajakirja ISSN
Köite pealkiri
Kirjastaja
Abstrakt
Käesoleva bakalaureusetöö eesmärgiks oli kaitsekorralduskava tarvis koostada antud liigi bioloogia, ohustatuse ja leiukohtade analüüs Eestis. Samuti uuriti elupaiganõudlust ning kaitstust mujal maailmas.
Lehitu pisikäpp on mükoheterotroofne ning klorofüllita metsataim. Kasvukohtade suhtes on taim väga nõudlik, mis on ta üliharuldaseks teinud nii Eestis kui ka mujal maailmas. Liik eelistab elupaigana varjulisi ja tihedaid metsi, kus on suhteliselt niisked ja mineraalsed ning pisut happelise huumusega mullad. Pisikäpa teeb huvitavaks asjaolu, et enamustes kasvukohtades ei õitse liik igal aastal ja selletõttu võib jääda märkamatuks mitme aasta jooksul enne kui taim jälle õitsele puhkeb. Pisikäpp paljuneb peamiselt vegetatiivselt risoomivõsunditega, mille abil võivad uued taimed tekkida emataimest palju kaugemale.
Pisikäpa levila puudub Euroopa lääne poolsetel aladel, kuid suuremal hulgal kasvab teda kogu Põhja- ja Kesk- Euroopas. Taim on võetud kaitse alla enamustes Euroopa riikides ning paljud kasvukohad asuvad kaitsealadel.
Eesti Maaülikooli soon- ja sammaltaimede (TAA) ning Tartu Ülikooli botaanikamuuseumi (TU) brüoloogilisest herbaariumist saadud andmete põhjal selgus, et Eestis asuvad pisikäpa populatsioonid enamasti parasniiske või niiske veerežiimiga metsades, kus on lubjarikkad mineraalsed, peamiselt leet- ja lammimullad. Pisikäpa praegu teadaolevad populatsioonid asuvad Ida- Virumaal Muraka rabas, Järvamaal Kõrvemaa maastikukaitsealal, Jõgevamaal Kaaveres, Tartumaal Ilmatsalus ning Hiiumaal Kõpu maastikukaitsealal. 2007. aastal leiti üks taim ka üle hulga aja Saaremaalt. Kõige suurema populatsiooniga kasvukoht asub Kõrvemaal, kus ala on pindalaliselt 1500 m² suurusega. Üldiselt on populatsioonid rahuldavas seisukorras, kuid arvukused on igal aastal suhteliselt palju kõikunud. Pisikäpa bioloogiast lähtudes võib see olla tingitud ilmastikumuutustest. Samuti selgus, et kaitse alla tuleb võtta need kasvukohad, mis ei asu siiani veel kaitsealusel maal, milleks on Kaavere ja Ilmatsalu. Suurimaks ohuteguriks lehitu pisikäpale kui metsataimele on eelkõige metsamajanduslik tegevus. Nende seas lage- ja harvendusraie. Samuti kujutab pisikäpale ohtu metsloomade tegevus. Järvamaa populatsiooni läheduses on täheldatud metssigade ja kobraste tegevust, mis võib kahjustada pisikäpa kasvukeskkonda või taime ennast.
Praeguste teadmiste kohaselt on Eestis kasvamas ilmselt alla 100 taime kõigi populatsioonide peale kokku, mis viitab liigi suurele väljasuremisohule siinsetelt aladelt.
The purpose of this thesis was to describe the biology and distribution of Epipogium aphyllum in Estonia for a management plan and also to give a review of distribution and habitat elsewhere in the world. E. aphyllum is mycoheterotrophic herb, which is lacking chlorophyll. It grows usually in the deep shade of dense woodland. For habitat Epipogium aphyllum prefers mineral soils which is enriched by limestones and slightly acidic humic layer. A wet winter followed by a warm summer is thought to trigger flowering. The occurrence and timing of flowering are very unpredictable. It is very common, that it does not flower every year. That is why in Great Britian Epipogium aphyllum is called Ghost Orchid. Mainly the flowering occurs in the end of July or early in the August. Fruiting plants are rare, therefor it mainly reproduces vegetatively via bulbils attached to the underground stolons. E. aphyllum occupies a wide range of habitats in North- and Central- Europe. In Estonia, distribution is mainly in Ida- Virumaa, Järvamaa, Tartumaa and Hiiumaa. In 2007 the plant was also found in Saaremaa after many years. It is protected by law in most European countries. It also belongs to the species in CITES- the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, which purpose is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. Records from the Estonian University of Life Sciences herbarium of vascular plants and mosses (TAA) and from the University of Tartu Botanical and Mycological Museum (TU) herbarium showed that E. aphyllum populations is usually found in moist or wet forest which lay in mineral soils. In Estonia the current populations are in Ida- Virumaa, Järvamaa, Jõgevamaa, Tartumaa and Hiiumaa. In 2007 it was found in Saaremaa after a long period of time. The largest habitat of Epipogium aphyllum is in Kõrvemaa, where the area of population is about 1500 m². In general, the populations are in satisfactory condition, but each year the number of plants have fluctuated quite a lot. It also showed that the habitats, which are not under protection, should be taken. The biggest threat factor for E. aphyllum is forestry activities, namely clear cutting and thinning. Wild animals are also considered as a threat to E. aphyllum, because its habitat is in the forest. On the basis of current monitoring, it is speculated that there are probably less than a hundred plants in populations all over Estonia, which refers to extinction of the species in Estonia.
The purpose of this thesis was to describe the biology and distribution of Epipogium aphyllum in Estonia for a management plan and also to give a review of distribution and habitat elsewhere in the world. E. aphyllum is mycoheterotrophic herb, which is lacking chlorophyll. It grows usually in the deep shade of dense woodland. For habitat Epipogium aphyllum prefers mineral soils which is enriched by limestones and slightly acidic humic layer. A wet winter followed by a warm summer is thought to trigger flowering. The occurrence and timing of flowering are very unpredictable. It is very common, that it does not flower every year. That is why in Great Britian Epipogium aphyllum is called Ghost Orchid. Mainly the flowering occurs in the end of July or early in the August. Fruiting plants are rare, therefor it mainly reproduces vegetatively via bulbils attached to the underground stolons. E. aphyllum occupies a wide range of habitats in North- and Central- Europe. In Estonia, distribution is mainly in Ida- Virumaa, Järvamaa, Tartumaa and Hiiumaa. In 2007 the plant was also found in Saaremaa after many years. It is protected by law in most European countries. It also belongs to the species in CITES- the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, which purpose is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. Records from the Estonian University of Life Sciences herbarium of vascular plants and mosses (TAA) and from the University of Tartu Botanical and Mycological Museum (TU) herbarium showed that E. aphyllum populations is usually found in moist or wet forest which lay in mineral soils. In Estonia the current populations are in Ida- Virumaa, Järvamaa, Jõgevamaa, Tartumaa and Hiiumaa. In 2007 it was found in Saaremaa after a long period of time. The largest habitat of Epipogium aphyllum is in Kõrvemaa, where the area of population is about 1500 m². In general, the populations are in satisfactory condition, but each year the number of plants have fluctuated quite a lot. It also showed that the habitats, which are not under protection, should be taken. The biggest threat factor for E. aphyllum is forestry activities, namely clear cutting and thinning. Wild animals are also considered as a threat to E. aphyllum, because its habitat is in the forest. On the basis of current monitoring, it is speculated that there are probably less than a hundred plants in populations all over Estonia, which refers to extinction of the species in Estonia.
Kirjeldus
Märksõnad
orhideelised, lehitu pisikäpp, bioloogia, levik (biol.), ohustatud liigid, kasvukohad, kaitsealad, seire, Eesti, bakalaureusetööd