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Begomovirus infection in tomato fruit

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Pisipilt

KuupƤev

2017

KƤttesaadav alates

Autorid

Just, Kadri

Ajakirja pealkiri

Ajakirja ISSN

Kƶite pealkiri

Kirjastaja

Eesti MaaĆ¼likool

Abstrakt

In an era of globalization and increased food trade, and considering the implementations of climate change on establishment of pathogens into new areas, it is of importance to monitor traded plant material for the presence of plant pathogens. Tomato is economically one of the most important vegetable crop worldwide and it is susceptible to more than 200 plant diseases. Among viruses infecting tomato, Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV, genus Begomovirus) is most destructive. It is transmitted by insect vector Bemisia tabaci as well as by infected seeds and can cause up to 100% yield loss. Both B. tabaci and TYLCV are quarantine pests in EU. However, they are widespread in tomato-production areas in southern Europe and B. tabaci occurs in greenhouses in temperate areas. Additionally, they are both disseminated by traded plant material. Thus, there is a risk that both begomoviruses and B. tabaci may spread and establish towards more northern areas. The current thesis was therefore designed to determine if infectious begomoviruses are present in tomato fruit imported to northern Europe. In addition, the aim of this thesis was also to monitor the TYLCV infection process in tomato fruit. Presence of infective TYLCV in imported tomato fruit in Estonia and Sweden as well as quantification and localization of TYLCV in tomato fruit was reported here for the first time. Among imported tomato fruit batches tested in Estonia and Sweden, 20% in total were infected by TYLCV. The amount of TYLCV increased with developmental stage of the fruit and virus localized to phloem tissue of tomato fruit. In addition, virus hybridization signals were also found in the embryo of seeds. This study shows that improvement of border inspection and existing phytosanitary control measures is needed. Tomato growers should pay attention on the possible inadvertent transmission of TYLCV via seed derived from infected fruit.
Praegusel globaliseerumisajastul, mil toimub ulatuslik toiduainete, sealhulgas kƶƶgiviljade import ja eksport, on vƤga oluline taimematerjaliga levivate kahjustajate jƤrelevalve. Tomat on maailmas majanduslikult Ć¼ks kasumlikumaid kƶƶgiviljakultuure, mis on samas ligikaudu 200 taimehaigusele vastuvƵtlik. Viirushaigustest on maailma mastaabis Ć¼ks ohtlikumaid begomoviiruste perekonda kuuluv tomati kollase keerdlehisuse viirus (Tomato yellow leaf curl virus, TYLCV), mis pƵhjustab kuni 100% saagikadu. Viirust kannab edasi tubakakarilane Bemisia tabaci ning see levib ka seemnetega. Nii TYLCV kui ka tubakakarilane kuuluvad Euroopa Liidus karantiinsete taimekahjurite A2 nimekirja. Sellest hoolimata levib TYLCV-ga nakatunud taimematerjal laialdaselt, ja tubakakarilane esineb LƵuna- ja Kesk-Euroopas nii avamaal kui ka katmikistandustes ning pƵhjapoolsematel aladel kasvuhoonetes. SeetƵttu on oht, et TYLCV vƵib stabiliseeruda ka PƵhja-Euroopa katmikaladel. Lisaks on nakatumise Ƥratundmine keeruline, sest nakatunud tomati viljal ei esine vƤliseid haigustunnuseid. Doktoritƶƶ eesmƤrk oli uurida, kas Eesti ja Rootsi jaekaubanduses mĆ¼Ć¼gil olevad Vahemere ja LƤhis-Ida piirkonnast imporditud tomativiljad on begomoviirustega nakatunud, kontrollida viiruse nakatamisvƵimet ja selgitada vƤlja TYLCV nakkusprotsess tomativiljas. Uurimistƶƶ tulemusena leiti esmakordselt Eesti ja Rootsi kaubandusvƵrgust TYLCV-ga nakatunud tomativiljad ning avaldati nende DNA jƤrjestused. Uuritud proovidest olid 20% viirusega nakatunud. Esimest korda tehti kindlaks, et TYLCV paikneb tomativilja floeemikoes. Uuringutest selgus, et vilja valmimise kƤigus viiruse hulk selles suureneb ning imporditud tomativiljas olev viirus on nakkusvƵimeline. Kuigi teati, et TYLCV esineb seemnete embrĆ¼os, siis kƤesolevas tƶƶs tƤpsustati mikroskoopiliste fotodega esmakordselt selle paiknemine. Tƶƶ tulemustest jƤreldub, et vƤltimaks selle viiruse tulevasi vƵimalikke epideemiaid, on tingimata vajalik tƵhustada nii imporditud tomatiseemnete kui ka -viljade seiret. Tomatikasvatajatel tuleks meeles pidada, et kasutades poest ostetud tomativiljade seemneid, eksisteerib oht levitada TYLCV-d kohalikus tootmises.

Kirjeldus

A Thesis for applying for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Agriculture

MƤrksƵnad

tomat, importkaubad, taimeviirused, taimehaigused, viirushaigused, dissertatsioonid, tomato, foreign goods, plant viruses, plant diseases, viral diseases, dissertations

Viide

Kollektsioonid