Varutava toorpiima koostis ja kvaliteet Eestis
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Kuupäev
2026
Kättesaadavus
03.09.2026
Autorid
Ajakirja pealkiri
Ajakirja ISSN
Köite pealkiri
Kirjastaja
Eesti Maaülikool
Abstrakt
Toorpiima kvaliteeti hinnatakse piima koostise ja mikrobioloogiliste näitajate põhjal. Kvaliteedi tagamisel mängivad olulist rolli nii seadusandlus, regulaarne kontroll kui ka tootjate teadlikkus.
Bakalaureusetöö eesmärk oli teha kirjanduse baasil ülevaade toorpiimast piimatööstuse toorainena, koostist ja kvaliteeti mõjutavatest teguritest, koostise mõjust piimatoodete kvaliteedile, kvaliteedi hindamise süsteemist Eestis ja maailmas. Töö praktilises osas kasutati Eesti Põllumajandusloomade Jõudluskontrolli AS andmebaasi andmeid, mille põhjal uuriti Eestis varutava toorpiima koostise ja mikrobioloogilisi näitajaid aastate lõikes ja aastate siseselt.
Suur andmebaas võimaldas hinnata piima koostise näitajaid, mikroorganismide ja somaatiliste rakkude arvu ning nende muutusi ajas suure valimi alusel, andes usaldusväärse ülevaate Eesti toorpiima kvaliteedist. Samuti võimaldas analüüs võrrelda saadud tulemusi kirjanduses toodud kvaliteedinäitajatega ning hinnata kvaliteedinäitajate muutumist nii aastate lõikes kui ka aasta siseselt.
Tulemused näitasid, et piima koostise ja mikrobioloogilised näitajad erinevad aastate lõikes ja sesoonselt. Piima koostise ja mikrobioloogiliste näitajate tulemusi võrreldi Eesti õigusaktides ja kirjanduses toodud piirväärtustega ja vastasid nõuetele.
Uurimistulemused näitasid, et Eesti toorpiima kvaliteet on väga hea ning vastab kehtestatud nõuetele ning on sobilik erinevate piimatoodete valmistamiseks. Aastate lõikes ja aasta siseses analüüsis esines erinevusi nii piima koostise kui ka mikrobioloogiliste näitajate osas. Edaspidi võiks põhjalikumalt uurida piima koostise erinevuste mõjutegureid farmide, karja suuruse ja tootlikkuse lõikes.
Raw milk quality is evaluated based on milk composition and microbiological indicators. Legislation, regular monitoring, and producers’ awareness all play an important role in ensuring milk quality. The aim of this bachelor’s thesis was to provide a literature-based overview of raw milk as a raw material for the dairy industry, the factors affecting its composition and quality, the impact of composition on dairy product quality, and quality assessment systems in Estonia and worldwide. In the practical part of the study, data from the database of Eesti Põllumajandusloomade Jõudluskontrolli AS were used to investigate the composition and microbiological indicators of raw milk collected in Estonia across different years and seasons. The large database made it possible to evaluate milk composition indicators, microorganism counts, somatic cell counts, and their changes over time based on a large sample size, providing a reliable overview of the quality of Estonian raw milk. The analysis also enabled comparison of the obtained results with quality indicators reported in the literature and assessment of variations in quality indicators both between years and within years. The results showed that milk composition and microbiological indicators varied between years and seasonally. The results of milk composition and microbiological indicators were compared with the limit values established in Estonian legislation and reported in the literature, and they complied with the requirements. In conclusion, the quality of Estonian raw milk is very good, meets the established requirements, and is suitable for the production of various dairy products. Differences in both milk composition and microbiological indicators were observed between years and within years. Future studies, should analyse in more detail the factors influencing differences in milk composition according to farms, herd size, and productivity.
Raw milk quality is evaluated based on milk composition and microbiological indicators. Legislation, regular monitoring, and producers’ awareness all play an important role in ensuring milk quality. The aim of this bachelor’s thesis was to provide a literature-based overview of raw milk as a raw material for the dairy industry, the factors affecting its composition and quality, the impact of composition on dairy product quality, and quality assessment systems in Estonia and worldwide. In the practical part of the study, data from the database of Eesti Põllumajandusloomade Jõudluskontrolli AS were used to investigate the composition and microbiological indicators of raw milk collected in Estonia across different years and seasons. The large database made it possible to evaluate milk composition indicators, microorganism counts, somatic cell counts, and their changes over time based on a large sample size, providing a reliable overview of the quality of Estonian raw milk. The analysis also enabled comparison of the obtained results with quality indicators reported in the literature and assessment of variations in quality indicators both between years and within years. The results showed that milk composition and microbiological indicators varied between years and seasonally. The results of milk composition and microbiological indicators were compared with the limit values established in Estonian legislation and reported in the literature, and they complied with the requirements. In conclusion, the quality of Estonian raw milk is very good, meets the established requirements, and is suitable for the production of various dairy products. Differences in both milk composition and microbiological indicators were observed between years and within years. Future studies, should analyse in more detail the factors influencing differences in milk composition according to farms, herd size, and productivity.
Kirjeldus
Bakalaureusetöö
Toiduainete tehnoloogia õppekaval
Märksõnad
bakalaureusetööd, piimandus, koostisnäitajad, mikrobioloogilised näitajad, sesoonsed ja aastate vahelised muutused