Meemesilaste perede areng ja õietolmu korje rapsipõldudel ja õunapuuaedades
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Kuupäev
2020
Kättesaadavus
28.08.2025
Autorid
Ajakirja pealkiri
Ajakirja ISSN
Köite pealkiri
Kirjastaja
Eesti Maaülikool
Abstrakt
Mesilased on kiletiivaliste seltsi kuuluvad putukad, kes külastavad õietolmu ja nektari
kogumiseks erineva õie ehitusega taimi. Meemesilased eelistavad enda lühemate suiste tõttu
just madalapõhjalisi õisi. Sellest olenevalt on ka tolmeldajatel välja kujunenud kindlad
korjekäitumise eripärad, mis sõltuvad mitmetest faktoritest: korjetaimest, selle omadustest
ning füsioloogilistest näitajatest, kui ka väliskeskkonnast. Vaatamata tolmeldajate olulisusele
on nende arv viimase poole sajandi jooksul langenud peamiselt Põhja-Ameerikas ja Euroopas,
kus tegeletakse intensiivse põllumajandusega.
Käesolevas töös kasutati 48 mesitaru, mis asetati rapspõllu äärde või õunaaeda. Katseperioodi
alguses ja lõpus toimus visuaalne hindamine, kus märgiti üles emakuppude olemasolu või
nende puudumine, samuti raamide katvus mesilastega, kinnise haudme ja suiraga. Lisaks
eelnevale toimus õietolmu kogumine, millest laboris valmistati ette proovid ja määrati
õietolmu liigiline kuuluvus: raps, õunapuu, muud taimed.
Töö eesmärgiks oli uurida, kas meemesilased käivad korjel kultuurtaimel, mille äärde nad on
viidud. Teiseks eesmärgiks oli uurida õunaaeda ja rapsipõllu äärde viidud mesilasperede
arengut.
Käesolevast tööst selgub, et mesilasperede areng oli ühesugune mõlema kultuuri äärde
paigutatud mesitarudes. Selle iseloomustamiseks võib olla nii sülemlemise esinemine kui
mitteesinemine. Sülemlemine tähendab, et peredel tekkis ruumipuudus, ning üks osa
töölismesilastest koos vana mesilasemaga lahkus tarust. Mitte-sülemlevates peredes toimus
samuti areng, sest uuritud näitajad tõusid. Töö tulemustest selgub, et meemesilased ei
eelistanud taru läheduses olevaid kultuure, vaid käisid kaugemal korjelendudel. Rapsipõllu
äärde asetatud mesitarude mesilased eelistasid õunapuu õietolmu korjata ning õunaaeda viidud
mesilased eelistasid muude taimede õietolmu. Tuleb mainida, et valitud rapsipõllud ja
õunaaiad ei paiknenud maastikus paarikaupa, vaid mesilased pidid meeldivat kultuuri
kauemalt otsima.
Töö tulemused on kasulikud eelkõige mesinikele, mõistmaks meemesilaste korjekäitumise
eripärasid. Samuti võib arvata, et meemesilased eelistavad kultuure külastada õitsemisfaasi
keskel ning tolmeldamine kindla kultuuri õitsemisperioodi alguses ja lõpus võib olla liialt
madal, nagu käesolevast tööst selgus.
Bees belong to the order Hymenoptera who collect pollen and nectar from plants with different floral structures. Honey bees, due to their shorter mandibles, prefer low-bottomed flowers. Because of this, pollinators have developed nectar and pollen foraging preferences which depend on several factors: the pollinating plant, its properties, and physiological parameters, as well as the external environment. Despite the importance of pollinators, their numbers have decreased over the last half-century - mainly in the North America and Europe, where intensive agriculture is practiced. In the present work, 48 hives were placed next to the oilseed rape fields or apple orchards. The experimental period took place in the beginning and at the end of the blooming during which visual assessments took place. The presence or absence of queen cells, as well as the coverage of the frames with bees, capped brood and beebread was estimated. In addition, samples of pollen were collected from which samples were prepared in the laboratory to determine species affiliation: oilseed rape, apple tree, other plants. The main objective of this study was to investigate whether honey bees are foraging crops by which they are taken for pollination. Additionally, the second aim was to study the development of bee coloniesin these locations. The findings show that the development of bee colonies was positive and the similar in beehives placed next to both cultures. The enlargement of the colonies is characterized either by the presence of swarming or absecnce of it. Swarming means that the colonies had a lack of space and a part of the worker bees left from the hive with the old queen bee. we observed also increase in non-swarming colonies, all the assessed parameters increased. The outcomes of the work show also that honey bees did not prefer crops in the vicinity of the hive and rather went on further foraging flights. Bees in hives placed near oilseed rape fields preferred to forage pollen from the apple trees further away, and bees placed in apple orchards preferred pollen from other plants. The results of this work are especially useful for beekeepers to learn about the peculiarities of honey bee foraging behaviour. Moreover, it can be determined that honey bees prefer to visit crops in the middle of their flowering phase while pollination at the beginning and end of blooming of the particular crop is low as shown by the present study.
Bees belong to the order Hymenoptera who collect pollen and nectar from plants with different floral structures. Honey bees, due to their shorter mandibles, prefer low-bottomed flowers. Because of this, pollinators have developed nectar and pollen foraging preferences which depend on several factors: the pollinating plant, its properties, and physiological parameters, as well as the external environment. Despite the importance of pollinators, their numbers have decreased over the last half-century - mainly in the North America and Europe, where intensive agriculture is practiced. In the present work, 48 hives were placed next to the oilseed rape fields or apple orchards. The experimental period took place in the beginning and at the end of the blooming during which visual assessments took place. The presence or absence of queen cells, as well as the coverage of the frames with bees, capped brood and beebread was estimated. In addition, samples of pollen were collected from which samples were prepared in the laboratory to determine species affiliation: oilseed rape, apple tree, other plants. The main objective of this study was to investigate whether honey bees are foraging crops by which they are taken for pollination. Additionally, the second aim was to study the development of bee coloniesin these locations. The findings show that the development of bee colonies was positive and the similar in beehives placed next to both cultures. The enlargement of the colonies is characterized either by the presence of swarming or absecnce of it. Swarming means that the colonies had a lack of space and a part of the worker bees left from the hive with the old queen bee. we observed also increase in non-swarming colonies, all the assessed parameters increased. The outcomes of the work show also that honey bees did not prefer crops in the vicinity of the hive and rather went on further foraging flights. Bees in hives placed near oilseed rape fields preferred to forage pollen from the apple trees further away, and bees placed in apple orchards preferred pollen from other plants. The results of this work are especially useful for beekeepers to learn about the peculiarities of honey bee foraging behaviour. Moreover, it can be determined that honey bees prefer to visit crops in the middle of their flowering phase while pollination at the beginning and end of blooming of the particular crop is low as shown by the present study.
Kirjeldus
Magistritöö
Põllumajandussaaduste tootmise ja turustamise õppekaval
Märksõnad
magistritööd, meemesilane, ristõielised, roosõielised, korjekäitumine, sülemlemine