Efektiivne kalajääkide kasutamine uudsete toormaterjalide saamiseks, mida on võimalik kasutada nii kanga kui haavakatete valmistamiseks

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Date
2022Author
Kisand, Anu
Käiro, Kairi
Silm, Maidu
Reissaar, Rihard
Kogermann, Karin
Martens, Märt-Erik
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Kala- ja koorikloomajäägid sisaldavad väärtuslikke biopolümeere, millest käesolevas projektis
käsitletakse kollageeni ja kitiini. Projekti eesmärgiks oli välja selgitada, kas on võimalik kala- ja
koorikloomajääkidest saada kvaliteetset toorainet, mida on võimalik kasutada haavakatete ja
nahalaadse tekstiili tootmiseks. Kalajääkidest eraldasime želatiini (kollageenne biopolümeer), mille
omadusi hinnati haavakattematerjali ning nahalaadse tekstiili valmistamise seisukohast. Samuti
andsime hinnangu vähijääkidest eraldatud kitiini ja sellest toodetud kitosaani kvaliteedile.
Projektis osalesid juhtorganisatsioonina Eesti Maaülikool ning partneritena Tartu Ülikool ning Gelatex
Technologies OÜ; samuti tegime koostööd Eesti kalatöötlemisettevõtetega projektiks vajalike
kalajääkide kogumiseks. Eesti Maaülikooli töörühm (projekti vastutav täitja Anu Kisand; Kairi Käiro,
Maidu Silm, Rihard Reissaar; nõustajana prof. Rajeev Bhat) viis läbi kalajääkidest toormaterjalide
eraldamine, Tartu Ülikooli Farmaatsia Instituudi teadurid ja üliõpilased Karin Kogermanni juhtimisel
viisid läbi saadud toormaterjalide karakteriseerimise ning neist toormaterjalidest
haavakattematerjalide valmistamisega seotud uuringud, Gelatex Technologies OÜ meeskond Märt-
Erik Martensi juhtimisel viis läbi želatiinist nahalaadse tekstiilmaterjali valmistamisega seotud
uuringud. Toormaterjalipartiide valmistamine Eesti Maaülikoolis toimus tihedas koostöös
projektipartneritega: tuginedes partnerite tagasisidele varasemate partiide karakteriseerimis- ja
töötlemistulemuste kohta optimeeriti järgnevate partiide valmistamise meetodeid.
Käesolevas projekti lõpparuandes käsitleme nii kala- ja koorikloomajääkidest toormaterjalide
valmistamise etappe kui ka saadud materjalide omadusi ning kasutatavust haavakatete ja nahalaadse
kanga tootmisel.
Loodame, et käesoleva projekti tulemused julgustavad bio- ning ringmajandusest huvitatud osapooli
kaasa mõtlema kalajäätmete väärindamise edendamise suunas.
Projekti läbiviimiseks vajaliku toetuse eraldas Maaeluministeerium Euroopa Merendus- ja
Kalandusfondi rakenduskava 2014-2020 meetme 1.1 „Kalapüügi innovatsioonitoetus” vahenditest
rakendusüksuse PRIA kaudu. Projekt kestis 29.10.2019-15.02.2022. Utilization of fish waste for production of raw materials
applicable in wound dressing and textile industry Fish processing industry results in considerable amount of waste materials as processing residuals.
Insted of discarding, alternative use and refining of these waste materials would enhance the gross
gain from the raw material, and, simultaneously, reduce the cost on waste treatment.
Among other constituents, fish industry processing residuals contain valuable biopolymers like
polypeptide collagen and polysaccharide chitin, thus they could serve as source materials for gelatin
and chitosan production. Gelatin is derived from collagen and can be used in multiple applications
including nanomaterials, pharmacy, cosmetics, food industry etc. For example, electrospun nanofiber
mats with antibacterial agents as drug delivery systems provide opportunities for the eradication of
bacterial infections as well as wound healing (Preem et al, 2019). Gelatin is one of the most important
natural biomaterials for the design and construction of electrospun nanofiber-based dressings, due to
its excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability, and great exudate-absorbing capacity (Li et al.,
2022). As another example of gelatine application, fabrication of leather-like textile based on gelatine
nanofiber mats can be considered as environmentally sustainable alternative to direct skin processing
involving toxic substances. Chitin, in turn, is a source material for production of chitosan, a compund
with variety of emerging commercial applications in material industry, agriculture, biomedicin,
pollution treatment etc.
The aim of the project was to elucidate the potential of selected residual byproducts of local fish
industry for preparation of high-quality gelatin suitable for production of nanofiber materials for
wound dressing and leather-like textile applications. Additionally, we conducted a minor study on
chitin purification from crayfish shells, and subsequent chitin processing for chitosan yield.
In the course of current project we produced fish gelatin from the skin of freshwater bream (Abramis
brama), originated from Lake Peipsi, Estonia. The bream skins were obtained as industrial fish filleting
residues. Gelatin production parameters were optimized to gain high-quality gelatin suitable for
production of nanofibers for both wound dressing application and production of textile material. Both
the produced gelatin and resultant nanofiber materials were characterized for physical and chemical
properties, while wound dressing material was additionally tested for pharmaceutical requirements. 62
Business card pockets were crafted as an example of an accessory made of leather-like gelatin-based
textile and specimens of wound patch were fabricated to illustrate the potential wound dressing
application of the fish gelatin produced from residual waste of Estonian fish industry.
Current report in Estonian presents the overview of the project outcomes. Detailed results will be
published in international scientific journals. In Appendix of the report, an overview of the alternative
applications and future scope and of the fish gelatin is presented in English.
The project was conducted by Estonian University of Life Sciences in cooperation with project partners
University of Tartu (Institute of Pharmacy) and Gelatex Technologies OÜ. Project implementation
period was 29.10.2019-15.02.2022. The project was funded by European Maritime and Fisheries Fund
(EMFF) for 2014–2020.