2023, Vol. 21, No. 1

Selle kollektsiooni püsiv URIhttp://hdl.handle.net/10492/8644

Sirvi

Nüüd näidatakse 1 - 15 15

Impact of some herbicides on the growth and the yield of common vetch (Vicia sativa L.)
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Juhasz, Cs.; Hadhazy, A.; Abido, W.A.E.; Pal, V.; Zsombik, L.
The production and use of common vetch has great potential, but the lack of approved pesticides makes the success of cultivation difficult and unpredictable. The research was carried out on sandy soil at the Nyíregyháza Research Institute of the University of Debrecen in Hungary in April 2022. Five different herbicides, pendimethalin, metolachlor, flumioxazin, bentazon in doses 5 L ha-1 , 1.4 L ha-1 , 0.06 kg ha-1 , 2 L ha-1 , respectively, and imazamox in four different doses (0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2 L ha-1 ) were applied with the consideration of the ranges specified in the Hungarian legislation. The results showed that the highest NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) values were obtained with flumioxazin compared to the other treatments. The maximum harvested seed yield (194.1 kg ha-1 ) was obtained with the application of flumioxazin compared to the control treatment (132.5 kg ha-1 ). Flumioxazin was also the best as it had the fewest weeds per plot and the lowest phytotoxicity score. Although pendimethalin approached the cleaned and harvested average seed yield of the control plots with 121.3 kg ha-1 , it did not feature prominently in the other indicators. With regard to plant trash after cleaning of vetch seed, the highest plant trash (179.4 kg ha-1 ) was obtained with bentazon. Pendimethalin had the highest percentage ratio between seed yield ha-1 and plant trash ha-1 (61.8%), followed by flumioxazin (60.7%). The results also showed that there was a positive correlation between NDVI values and seed yield and a positive correlation between NDVI values and plant trash, while there was a negative correlation at the 0.01 level between NDVI values and phytotoxicity.
Potential impacts of chitosan on growth, yield, endogenous phytohormones, and antioxidants of wheat plant grown under sandy soil conditions
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) El-Bassiouny, H.M.S.; Abdallah, M.M.S.; Al-Ashkar, N.M.; Bakry, B.A.
A field experiment was carried out in sandy soil, during two winter successive seasons to study the impacts of different concentrations of chitosan (50, 100 & 150 mg L-1 ) on several growth parameters and biochemical changes as well as quantitative and qualitative grain yield. Foliar treatment of chitosan significantly increased the growth parameters concurrently with an increment in the photosynthetic pigments, total soluble sugar, proline, free amino acid total carbohydrates, antioxidant activities, phenol, flavonoids, and some minerals nutrition of wheat plant. Wheat plants treated with chitosan at different concentrations significantly increased different endogenous phytohormones auxins (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellins (GAs), and cytokinins (Cyt), as compared with the untreated plants. Moreover, chitosan concentrations induced significantly increments in grains yield, nutritive values, carbohydrates %, proteins %, antioxidant compounds and macronutrients of the grain yield. Cultivation of wheat plants under sandy soil conditions and treated with foliar application of 100 mg-1 chitosan gave the higher values of the grain yieldas well as the nutritional values contents.
Effect of water deficit on maize seeds (Zea mays L.) during germination
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Kolesnikov, M.; Gerasko, T.; Paschenko, Yu.; Pokoptseva, L.; Onyschenko, O.; Kolesnikova, A.
Global climate changes cause the frequent recurrence of droughts, which reduce crop production more than any other environmental factor. This study was conducted to access the effect of water deficit on maize seeds (Zea mays L.) DKC 5143 hybrid during germination. The tasks were to assess the influence of different rank of osmotic stress on the maize lipid peroxidation (LPO), proline content, catalase and aminotransferases activities, and morphometric parameters during the early stages of maize seeds germination. The maize seeds were exposed to five levels of water availability which produced by PEG-1500 solutions (0, 20, 50, 100, 200 g L-1 ). Seeds of maize were germinated on Petri dishes for 7 days under controlled parameters. Amounts of TBARS were increased in maize sprouted seeds by 1.9 times, coleoptiles by 1.4 times, and in roots - by 1.9 times under water deficit. Proline content increased by 9.2 times in coleoptiles and by 6.0 times in 7 days maize roots while PEG-1500 (200 g L–1 ) treatment. An increasing of catalase (CAT), aminotransferases (ALT, AST) activities according to osmotic potential value was also observed. A remarkable development of maize oxidative reaction was associated with a significant reduction in emergence, wet weight and length of water-stressed plants. These results assume that the maize adaptive strategy to osmotic stress during germination was found in the activation of LPO and antioxidant components. The findings provide useful help for correcting the stress state of maize using osmotically active regulators.
Effect of potassium application rate and timing on alfalfa yield and potassium concentration and removal in Tennessee
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Pourebrahimi Foumani, M.; Savoy, H.; Atotey, N.; Yin, X.
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is the most important forage crop in the world and potassium plays a significant role in achieving high yields. A field experiment was conducted during the 2012–2014 growing seasons at the University of Tennessee in Springfield. The experimental design was a split-split plot that included four levels of potassium (K) application rates (0, 67.25, 134.50, and 269.00 kg K2O ha-1 ) as the main plots and two K application times (green-up and split) as the subplots, and harvest dates as sub-subplots. The results demonstrated that the dry matter yield (DM) increased significantly with each increment in K application rate up to 134.50 kg K2O ha-1 ; however, the highest K fertilizer application (269 kg K2O ha-1 ) did not result in a significant yield increase relative to 134.50 kg K2O ha-1 , because some luxury consumption of K occurred at the highest rate due to yield leveling off while K2O uptake continued to rise. Potassium concentration and K removal increased with K fertilizer at rates beyond those that maximized yield, indicating luxury consumption of K. The greatest K concentration and removal were recorded at 269 kg K2O ha-1 in all harvest months. The split application was more beneficial than applying full K at the time of green-up due to higher dry matter, K concentration, and K removal in alfalfa. In conclusion, 134.50 kg K2O ha-1 is adequate for maximizing alfalfa yield; split application of K is sometimes superior to the single dose of K fertilizer in alfalfa production.
Increased biogas production from lignocellulosic biomass by soaking in water
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Jankovičová, B.; Hutňan, M.; Imreová, Z.; Zakhar, R.
Due to its large production worldwide, lignocellulosic biomass represents a substrate with great potential to produce biogas. However, this type of biomass is characterized by a complex and solid structure, which is difficult to decompose by anaerobic microorganisms. Applying the correct pre-treatment method can increase its biodegradability. Lignocellulosic substrate was pre-treated by soaking in water for one day at room temperature to increase biogas production and monitoring of long-term operation of laboratory models of anaerobic reactors for anaerobic digestion of such pre-treated maize waste was employed. Monitoring results in two reactors, R1 with biogas produced from a substrate soaked in water for one day and R0 with the production of biogas from a substrate mixed with water just before dosing into the reactor, were compared showing positive effect of the pre-treatment method. This was expressed by higher values of biogas production and higher methane content in biogas from the substrate soaked in water for one day. The achieved specific biogas productions during four different phases of reactor operation in reactor R1 were in the range of 190–335 mL g-1 of VS (volatile solids) and 101–221 mL g-1 of VS in reactor R0. Methane content of biogas during reactor operation was 49.3–55.2% in reactor R1 and 42.5–45.5% in reactor R0. During long-term operation of another reactor, pre-treated maize waste was used as a co-substrate for maize silage, in the ratio of 1:1 based on VS of the substrates proving as a suitable co-substrate for maize silage, as the achieved average value of specific biogas production during reactor operation at OLR (organic loading rate) = 1.75 kg VS m-3 d-1 was 510 mL g-1 of VS and during first 67 days at OLR = 2 kg VS m-3 d-1 it was 454 mL g-1 of VS.
Theoretical study of the conditions of the maximum allowable slipping of wheel tractors
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Bulgakov, V.; Chernysh, O.; Adamchuk, V.; Nadykto, V.; Budzanivskyi, M.; Olt, Jüri; Estonian University of Life Sciences. Institute of Forestry and Engineering
The process of tractor wheels slipping is accompanied by two forms of ground deformation: displacement and shearing. From the point of view of preserving the structure of the soil environment, wheel slip should be limited to displacement only. The limit of soil strength [σo] at this deformation can be a standardizing parameter. In this article an analytical dependence is developed, which allows using the parameter [σo] to establish the maximum permissible level of slipping of wheeled tractors. Of the soil parameters, the specified dependence includes the coefficient of sliding friction between the particles of soil medium and the coefficient of wheel rolling resistance on a particular agrotechnical background. Theoretical studies have established that the greater the value of this coefficient, the smaller should be the maximum permissible value of tractor slipping with a more economical effect on the soil environment. Compared to a tractor with a nominal drawbar pull of 14 kN, the use of a heavier tractor with a drawbar pull of 30 kN is possible with higher values of maximum permissible towing. This result is due to the magnitude of the vertical load on the wheel of the heavier tractor, which gives it a greater friction force between the tire wheel and the ground and allows the same contacting traction force to be realized at a lower level of slipping. The results of mathematical modeling using the developed analytical relationships indicate that with increasing the value of the angle of placement (slope) of the tractor wheel to the longitudinal axis of symmetry, the maximum permissible level of its slipping should be less. This will help to reduce the value of deformation (longitudinal shift) of the soil by the tractor during its working movement. When using the ground shear strength limit [σo] у as a limiting parameter for increasing the pitch and height of the tractor tire, as well as the width of the tractor wheel tyre, the maximum permissible level of its towing is more than 15%, which is an undesirable fact.
Production removal of the main nutrient elements from winter wheat and barley crops in the conditions of the Ararat Valley of Armenia
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Harutyunyan, S.S.; Ghazaryan, H.R.; Ghukasyan, A.G.; Osipova, R.H.; Mkrtchyan, A.T.
The aim of the research is to identify the extent of production removal of the main nutrient elements in the irrigated grain-growing lands of Armenia, to optimize the norms of organo-mineral fertilizers, to stabilize the yield of plants and prevent dehumification. The field experiments were carried out in the conditions of the Ararat Valley on winter wheat and barley in 2020–2022. The production removal of nitrogen by 5–7 t ha-1 grain of winter wheat and 9.6–13.3 t ha-1 straw varies between 155–247, P2O5: 60–88, K2O: 134–197 kg ha-1 , and the amounts removed by barley grain 4.5–6.5 t ha-1 and straw 6.9–9.7t ha-1 were 122–194, 49–77 and 106–159 kg ha-1 , respectively. The amounts of nitrogen and potassium production removal from plant crops are about 2 times higher than the doses of applied fertilizers, and the amount of phosphorus is almost balanced by these doses.
Application of environmentally safe chemical reclamation on an innovative basis in Russia
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Ibiev, G.Z.; Savoskina, O.A.; Chebanenko, S.I.; Beloshapkina, O.О.; Zavertkin, I.A.
In the context of world food crisis, potato production and increasing its yield is an urgent topic of research. In agricultural production, one of the most basic directions of increasing production is the introduction of organic and mineral fertilizers. The purpose of the study is to develop agro-methods for the use of environmentally friendly biopolymers when applying mineral fertilizers for the effective cultivation of potato and to determine production efficiency. To end this purpose, two field experiments and one control variant without the use of biopolymers were used in our study to assess the effect of Nutricharge and Growgreen preparations on the yield of Gala potato variety. To obtain reliable experimental results, several of the following requirements were considered: representativeness, accuracy, and compliance with the principle of single difference. Experiment No. 1 - treatment of ammonium nitrate phosphate fertilizer with Nutricharge at the rate of 3 kg per 1 ha. As a result of the Nutricharge biopolymer application, the biological yield of potato increased by 83.5 c ha-1 . Experiment No. 2 - treatment of mineral fertilizers with Nutricharge and Growgreen, 2.5 L ha-1 . As a result of the biopolymers application, the biological yield of potato in this experiment exceeds the control data by 237.5 c ha-1 . At the same time, the yield in the second experiment turned out to be higher than the yield in the first experiment by 154 c ha-1 . An equally important task in conducting this study was to determine, with the help of economic assessment, the production efficiency of biopolymers application. As a result of economic analysis, we found out that the complex use of preparations allowed to reduce the cost of production of 1 ton of potato in the first experiment by 21%, in the second - by 7.7% compared with the control. Cost reduction and revenue increase in the second experiment allowed to make a profit from 1 ha of 298,020 rubles, and in the first - 221,440 rubles. The obtained research data give us reason to say that the use of biopolymers Nutricharge and Growgreen is effective and their scale should be spread throughout the entire region of the country.
Migration of herbicides in the soil of agrophytocenoses and the possibility of managing the risk of contamination of environmental components
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Larina, G.E.; Poddymkina, L.M.; Belopukhov, S.L.; Baibekov, R.F.; Seregina, I.I.
The migration of residual amounts of sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicides under conditions of washing water regime (sum of precipitation in forest and forest-steppe natural zone within 400–600 mm) in practice of intensive agricultural production has been studied. Vertical moisture transport in the soil determines the number of large pores, voids and cracks, and herbicide mobility depends on solubility of the active substance in water and adsorption equilibrium between the soil solution and the soil solid phase. The herbicide was applied to the soil surface, as is the case in practice. Then, pure water (without herbicide) was fed into the column from above, and the movement of water along the soil profile, as well as the adsorption of the herbicide by the soil and the desorption of the active substance by water, were simulated. The water supply to the column was stopped when the portions of water collected after filtering the water through the column contained less than the detection limit of herbicide residues chromatographically. The percentage content of sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicides residues in the soil solution varied depending on the nature of the active substance (maximum determined for imazapyr and lowest - metsulfuron-methyl) and soil type (more in acidic soil, compared to neutral and slightly alkaline soil). Effective management of pollution risks of the components of the natural environment (soil, surface and groundwater) provides a set of agrotechnological measures to reduce the number of large pores, voids and cracks in the arable layer.
Assessment of the relation between the adaptive potential of oilseed radish varieties (Raphanus sativus l. var. oleiformis Pers.) and chlorophyll fluorescence induction parameters
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Tsytsiura, Y.
The possibility of optimization of the system of varietal identification, particularly of cruciferous crops in the breeding programs an urgent task that needs a scientific solution. A system comparison of a complex model for assessing genotypes for plasticity and stability with indicative basic and derivative indicators of the chlorophyll fluorescence induction curve (CFI) is proposed as a possible solution to this problem. 14 varieties of oilseed radish of different ecological and geographical origin were chosen as the object of research. Widely tested indicators of both methodological approaches were applied, taking into account the agrotechnological aspects of the analysis of oilseed radish plants for uniformity and stability. The varietal specificity of the basic indicators of the induction of chlorophyll fluorescence of oilseed radish in response to changes in the stress level of the years of the research period was established. The determined interval of correlation-regression dependencies at the level of -0.382–(-0.658) (p < 0.05–0.01) between the indicators of genotypic stability (Gp), adaptability (bi), and selection value (Sv) and the basic indicators of the CFI curve such as minimal fluorescence (F0), fluorescence of the 'plateau' zone (Fрl), maximal fluorescence (Fm) and fluorescence stationary level (Fst). Direct correlations were determined at the level of 0.652–0.745 (p < 0.01–0.001) in the same comparison system for maximal fluorescence (Fm), fluorescence rise (dFpl), maximum variable fluorescence (Fv), photochemical efficiency (EP), leaf water potential (Lwp), plant viability index (RFd), efficiency of the initial reactions of photosynthesis (Kprp), coefficient of decline of the fluorescence (Kfd). The indicated pair correlation dependences were confirmed by the results of multiple regression analysis for the value of multiple regression coefficients (R) in the interval of 0.793–0.833 (p < 0.05–0.01). On the basis of the obtained data, an integrated version of the assessment of varieties of cruciferous crops is proposed, which allows optimization of the system of varietal identification, particularly of cruciferous crops, in the breeding programs of their pre- and post-registration study, as well as the system of searching for donors and sources of relevant traits in the breeding hybridization programs at various levels. In terms of further research, it will be promising to apply this variant of the analysis to wild species of cruciferous crops in a single complex with their cultural forms to assess the regularities of the formation of adaptations under the directed trait selection process.
Germplasm diversity of sunflower volatile terpenoid profiles across vegetative and reproductive organs
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Bahmani, K.; Giguere, M.; Dowell, J.A.; Mason, C.M.
Cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus) is the fourth most important oilseed crop globally and is known to have experienced multiple genetic bottlenecks during domestication and improvement. Homogenization of crop germplasm may limit breeding efforts to improve pest and pathogen resistance or optimize other biotic interactions like pollinator attraction. Such interactions are often strongly influenced by plant phytochemistry, especially volatile compounds like terpenoids. Here we use solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry (SPME GC-MS) to evaluate volatile phytochemistry across leaves, involucral bracts, disc florets, and ray floret petals in a collection of twelve inbred lines selected to represent a cross-section of sunflower germplasm diversity. Results indicate considerable compositional diversity of volatiles among lines, though substantial reduction in total volatile abundance relative to wild H. annuus. From leaves and bracts to disc florets and petals, we observe a strong increase in the proportion of monoterpenoids relative to sesquiterpenoids accompanying the transition to reproductive structures, with consistently over 85% monoterpenoids in disc florets and petals. This pattern is driven by substantially higher production of monoterpenoids (especially alpha-pinene and sabinene) in reproductive structures. Sesquiterpenoid production is roughly similar across organs, and in leaves varies among lines from 21–55% of volatiles, dominated by cadinene-type sesquiterpenoids. This work suggests that the compositional diversity of volatile terpenoids within cultivated germplasm may be sufficient for many breeding applications, though for breeding increased volatile production the use of wild H. annuus and other wild Helianthus germplasm may be necessary.
Evaluation of seven barley genotypes under water stress conditions
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Vasilaki, C.; Katsileros, A.; Doulfi, D.; Karamanos, A.; Economou, G.
The evaluation of seven barley genotypes under water stress conditions using drought tolerance indices was investigated during two agronomical seasons in the experimental field of Agricultural University of Athens in Greece. The experimental design was a split-plot layout in four blocks. Four different levels of irrigation were implemented, with the method of escalated distance from the source of water (drip irrigation line). The experimental plots were protected from rain since the experiment was conducted under a rainout shelter. Measurements of water potential index of the plants were conducted, as well as stomatal resistance and stomatal resistance index of leaves, and grain yield of genotypes. A decrease in water potential index (15–25%) and grain yield (35–54%) was observed in all genotypes as soil moisture decreased. On the other hand, stomatal resistance and stomatal resistance index (26–69%) of leaves increased. Grain yield had a strong relationship with the indices of water potential and stomatal resistance of leaves. Grain yield of all genotypes is affected under water stress conditions, with the six-rowed genotypes being more adaptive than the two-rowed ones. It can be concluded that indices of water potential and stomatal resistance of leaves can be effectively used in the evaluation of genotypes under water stress conditions.
Effect of fertilizers on growth and productivity of saffron: a review
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Hourani, W.
Saffron management involves a systematic approach to nutrient management. Controlling the amount, form, combinations and timing of nutrients delivered to plants is a prerequisite for getting optimum yield and quality potential of saffron. Therefore, nutrient use efficiency and integrated nutrient management is a crucial tool for balanced fertilization and sustainable crop production. The impact and the need of organic and inorganic fertilization for saffron growth are discussed along with the possibilities of increasing qualitative and quantitative parameters by the integration of multiple fertilizers. The goal of this review is to give an overview of saffron nutrition management in order to maximize saffron growth and yield.
Potato varieties resistance study to wart Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilbersky) Percival and late blight Phytophthora infenstans (Mont) de Bary
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Zelya; Asakaviciute, R.; Andriychuk, T.; Zelya, H.; Skoreyko, A.; Kuvshynov, A.; Razukas, A.
The results of research on the selection of potato varieties and breeding material from Institute for potato study NAAS and Institute of Agriculture of Carpathian Region NAAS are presented in this paper. There were selected 12 potato varieties of Ukrainian breeding with high resistance level: ‘Aria’, ‘Glazurna’, ‘Knyagynya’, ‘Zheran’, ‘Zhytnytsia’, ‘Podolyanka’, ‘Skarbnytsia’, ‘Slavyanka’, ‘Chervona Ruta’, ‘Fantasy’, ‘Schedryk’ and ‘Chortytsia’ (1.2–2.4 points (R1) and 2 varieties (‘Dyvo’ and ‘Povin’ - 3.4 and 3.0 points (R2)) by the research results for potato assessment to wart in 2020–2021 by the results of field and laboratory studies for determining Ukrainian breeding potato varieties resistance to wart Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilb) Perc. There were chosen 6 varieties with relatively high resistance degree to late blight Phytophthora infenstans (Mont) de Bary (7.2–8.5 points): ‘Aria’, ‘Dyvo’, ‘Zhytnytsia’, ‘Knyagynia’, ‘Podolyanka’ and ‘Slavyanka’ by the choice. The evaluation results allow to put them into the State Register of plant varieties suitable for dissemination in Ukraine. These potato varieties recommend for implementation in potato disease sources and usage as a parent form for crossing as sources of potato resistance to wart and late blight.
Combined effect of soil practices and chemical treatments on weeds growth, soil features, and yield performance in field wheat crop under Mediterranean climate
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Guedioura, I.; Rahmoune, B.; Khezzaren, A.; Dahoumane, A.; Laouar, N.
Soil management techniques influence the biological and physicochemical properties of the soil and lead to changes in soil quality and cover and thus on crop profitability and yield. In this study, the effects of short-term tillage and no-tillage methods combined with a chemical treatment using Glyphosate on weed abundance, selected soil physical properties and yield components were evaluated in durum wheat under Mediterranean climatic conditions. The no-tillage (NT) treatment resulted in higher weed community density during wheat cultivation and moisture consumption than the conventional tillage treatment. The tillage practice and the application of Glyphosate showed a very high efficiency on weeds. Furthermore, the results obtained showed a significant variation and effect of the treatments on the soil characteristics. The application of the no-tillage technique induced a small increase in soil moisture at the seed germination stage (25.6%), while at the last sampling a small increase was recorded in the CT treatment (9.5% for CT and 8.8% for NT). The results of the soil porosity, showed during the whole test period high values in the conventional technique (with or without herbicide application); but for the resistance to soil penetration, the results showed higher values in the no-till technique. Finally, the effect of the tillage system on crop yield was evaluated. In our study, the results showed that significant increases in the number of heads per m2 (351.3 heads per m2 ), the number of grains per head (45.8) and the weight of 1,000 grains (41.2 g) were obtained with the tillage treatment combined with glyphosate application. When comparing the two tillage methods, the highest values were always revealed with the tillage technique.

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