2. Magistritööd

Selle kollektsiooni püsiv URIhttp://hdl.handle.net/10492/2498

Sirvi

Nüüd näidatakse 1 - 20 387

Aastatel 1965-2011 Eesti Maaülikoolis koostatud lihatehnoloogia eriala lõputööde andmebaas
(2012) Tuvikene, Tea; Laikoja, Katrin; Soidla, Riina
Lõputöö eesmärgiks on saada ülevaade aastatel 1965-2011 tehtud lõputöödest. Andmeid koguti nii füüsiliselt säilinud töödest kui arhiivi materjalidest. Arhiivis uuriti Eesti Põllumajanduse Akadeemia rektori käskkirju ja Eesti Põllumajandusülikooli rektori käskkirju. Kokku leiti andmeid 333 lõputöö kohta. Füüsiliselt säilinud töid õnnestus andmete kogumise perioodil leida 216. Andmed koguti exceli tabelisse, millest kanti üle andmebaasi access. Accessi peamiselt sellepärast, et sinna saab lisada lõputöö juurde ka manuse, samuti on seal andmeid lihtne muuta ja lisada. Lõputöö teises osas on antud lühike ülevaade lihatehnoloogia eriala kujunemisest, õppekavadest, omandavatest kraadidest, lihatehnoloogia õppejõududest ning ära on toodud andmebaasi access kasutusjuhend. Kasutusjuhendis on peamiselt näidatud otsingute tegemist ning manuse lisamist. Lõputöö sisaldab 30 lehekülge, 17 tabelit, 14 kirjandusallikat.
Ability of MyotonPRO to detect changes in the muscle tone of immobilized blesbok (Damaliscus pygargus phillipsi) as diagnostic method of capture myopathy
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2019) Kneckt, Sonja Krista Marianne; Semjonov, Aleksandr; Veterinaarmeditsiin
Capture myopathy (CM) is a noninfectious, metabolic condition often associated with pursuit, transport or capture of animals and it is a major contributor to capture-related mortality. Prevention and early diagnostics are beneficial for the outcome, as treatment is difficult. Muscle rigidity is one of the clinical signs observed in CM, but it is difficult to measure objectively and in a non-invasive way. The aim of this thesis was to investigate MyotonPRO myotonometer as a possible diagnostic method for CM. The ability to detect changes in muscle tone of immobilized blesbok was studied by combining etorphine with a tranquillizer: azaperone or midazolam. MyotonPRO was used to measure two different muscles/muscle groups during a 40-minute monitoring period. Muscle tone of longissimus dorsi decreased in both groups during the monitoring period. The overall muscle tone was lower in the azaperone group but the decrease in muscle tone was greater in the midazolam group. It suggests that midazolam has a better effect on muscle relaxation, but that azaperone counteracts the side effects of opioids better and has a stronger anxiolytic effect. There was a positive correlation between muscle tone and body temperature. Pharmacodynamics and direct effects of the immobilization drugs, adaptation, psychological stress and subsequent rise in body temperature are all likely to contribute to changes in muscle tone. The results indicate that MyotonPRO can detect changes in the muscle tone of immobilized blesbok. Further research on the subject is warranted, as the experience on the use of MyotonPRO in veterinary medicine is limited.
Acrylamide content in foods and factors that influence the acrylamide content in heated foods
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2023) Kujala, Jutta; Elias, Terje
Acrylamide (AA) is a thermal processing contaminant found in many fried and heat-treated foods. It is defined as a probable human carcinogen and neurotoxin. Most of the human population is exposed to at least some amount of AA from their diet, making it an important food contaminant to be studied. European Commission has determined benchmark values for wide product groups to control AA concentrations. Benchmark values are values used to control the effectiveness of acrylamide risk reduction measures for different product groups, and exceeding these values does not result in prohibiting the marketing of the foods. The aim of the study was to evaluate the AA concentrations in different food products and to compare these results to the benchmark values set by European Commission regulation (EU) 2017/2158. Also, to give an overview of different mitigation strategies to decrease the AA concentrations. 287 samples were analyzed in the Tartu laboratory of the Health Board with a liquid chromatographic method with tandem mass spectrometric detection. Results were compared to the benchmark values. The results give examples of AA concentrations for commonly consumed foods from Estonian retail markets. It was found that 10.3% of the tested products, which had a benchmark value set by the European Commission, exceeded the recommended AA concentration. Potato chips and French fries categories had the highest number of products exceeding the benchmark value. The results were mostly in line with findings from previous studies around Europe. From baby foods analyzed AA concentrations were found to be lower when compared to a previous study from Estonia. High variations in AA concentrations among the same product group but between individual samples were found. New studies are necessary to study the development of AA concentrations, and larger sample sizes would increase the accuracy of the results.
Acute phase response and milk yield in dairy cows during topical treatment of digital dermatitis
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2024) Kössö, Laura Katariina; Orro, Toomas (advisor); Pirkkalainen, Hertta (advisor)
Digital dermatitis (DD) is a worldwide spread contagious disease of cattle causing painful lesions on the interdigital skin of the animals’ feet. Aetiology of the disease is not fully known yet, but according to current knowledge DD is a polytreponemal disease. DD is treated with topical antibiotic or non-antibiotic substances. Decreased milk yield has been observed together with DD. Lameness related to DD is considered to be one factor resulting in the loss of production and impaired welfare. Acute phase response (APR) is organisms’ way to fight against trauma or pathogens via acute phase proteins (APPs). APPs are activated by cytokines, the protein hormones that have multiple crucial roles in maintaining homeostasis. There has been some evidence of systemic APR in relation with DD. The aim of the thesis was to evaluate the effects of topical DD treatment to the APR during a two-week study period. Also, the effect of DD to milk yield was evaluated. During the study period, fibrinogen was significantly elevated in cows with DD in comparison to the healthy control group. Haptoglobin and serum amyloid-A were not significantly elevated. Milk yield was observed for a 28-day period, but there wasn’t a significant difference between study and control groups. These results indicate that topical DD treatment causes local inflammation which activates APR via fibrinogen.
Ahvena ( Perca fluviatilis L.) kasvust Eesti väikejärvedes
(2013) Mandel, Martin; Krause, Teet; Paaver, Tiit
Käesoleva töö raames mõõdeti kokku pikkuse tagasiarvutamiseks kindlal aastal 462 ahvena kaaneluud, kellest 339 olid emased ning 122 isased. Valimi koostamisel välditi väikejärvi, mis on koormatud kutseliste kalapüügivahenditega, kuna sarnaselt Matsalu lahe uuringus avaldatud tulemustele (Pukk, 2013) eeldati, et suuremahulisel püügil võib teatud mõju olla ka Eesti väikejärvedes. Töö tulemusena selgus, et  Esimese eluaasta lõpuks kasvab ahven Eesti väikejärvede valimis hinnanguliselt keskmiselt 5,8 cm pikkuseks, järgmisel aastal lisandub pikkusele keskmiselt 3,5 cm, kolmandal 3,2 cm ning igal järgneval aastal veel paari millimeetri võrra vähem.  Esimesel kolmel eluaastal on kiireim ahvena kasv semidüstroofsetes järvedes ja aeglaseim liigtoitelises järves.  Kiirelt süveneva kaldaga orujärved paistsid silma eelkõige ahvenate pikema elueaga. Nii püüti 13 aastased isendid Viljandi järvest ja Soodla järvest  Üksiku ahvena pikkuskasvu Eesti väikejärvede valimis kirjeldab pigem sirgjoon ja kasv pidurdub st. muutub kõverjooneks saakloomade puudumisel. Nii pidurdus ahvena pikkuskasv 3.-4. eluaasta vahel Uljaste järves, 5.-6. eluaasta vahel Kahala järves ja 8.-9. eluaasta vahel Kaisma järves, 11.-12. eluaasta vahel Viljandi järves ja 12.-13. eluaasta vahel Soodla veehoidlas. Kaarna ja Kavadi järves oli ahvenate pikkuskasv ühtlik kuni väljapüügini (vanim isend 10 aastane).  Kalendriaastate võrdluses kõikus erinevus ahvena hinnangulises keskmises juurdekasvus 0,5 cm piires.  Eesti väikejärvede valimis oli emane ahven samas vanusklassis keskmiselt 3,2 mm pikem kui isane ahven. Vanimad isendid valimis olid emased ahvenad. Kokkuvõtlikult võib uuritud materjali põhjal järeldada, et ahvenate kasv Eesti väikejärvedes sõltub nii liigisisesest ja liikidevahelisest konkurentsist, mille olulisust on mainitud ka kirjanduses (Horppila et.al., 2010; Frankiewicz, 2012), kui ka konkreetse järve iseärasutest tingitud teguritest, mille olulisust on samuti varasemate kirjandusallikate põhjal mainitud (Ristkok, 1974; Tolonen, 2003; Horppila et.al., 2010, Estlander et.al., 2010).
Ainevahetuslikud vastused glükoosi infusioonile erinevas toitumuses eesti holsteini lehmadel
(2015) Karis, Priit; Jaakson, Hanno; Ling, Katri
Magistritöös kasutatud materjal koguti institutsionaalse uurimistoetuse projekti „Piimalehmade sigimine ja tervis.“ (IUT8-1) raames. Eesmärgiks oli uurida kolm nädalat enne ja kolm nädalat pärast poegimist erinevas toitumuses eesti holsteini tõugu lehmade süsivesikute ja lipiidide ainevahetust iseloomustavate vere metaboliitide dünaamikat vastusena glükoosi infusioonile. Valimisse võeti 44 multipaarset eesti holsteini lehma, kes jagati vastavalt toitumushindele kolme rühma: alamäärases toitumuses (≤ 3,0), optimaalses toitumuses (3,25-3,5) ja ülemäärases toitumuses (≥ 3,75). Intravenoosse glükoosi tolerantsi testi ajal võeti vereproovid sõltuvalt glükoosi infusioonist aegadel: -5., 5., 10., 20., 30., 40., 50., 60. minutil. Vereproovidest määrati glükoosi, esterifitseerimata rasvhapete, β-hüdroksübutüraadi ning triglütseriidide kontsentratsioon. Glükoosi infusioon tõi endaga kaasa lühiajalised muutused loomade ainevahetuslikes seisundites, mille dünaamikad rühmade vahel olid sarnased, kuid erinesid absoluutväärtustes. Lehmade ainvahetus poegimisjärgselt oli intensiivsem, mida näitas glükoosi kiirem kadu verest. Samuti leiti, et ainevahetuse seisund on seotud varulipiidide hulgaga enne poegimist.
Alpakade aretus ja embrüosiirdamise kasutusele võtmise võimalikkus Eestis
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2023) Valdner, Anett Michelle; Jaakma, Ülle; Kavak, Ants
Viimaste aastate jooksul on alpakade pidamine Eestis muutunud populaarsemaks, mistõttu alpakade aretuse teemal on üha sagedamini pöördutud veterinaararstide poole. Alpakakarja suurendamiseks kasutatakse ainult loomulikku paaritamist, sest nii veterinaararstidel kui ka alpakakasvatajatel puuduvad teadmised alpakade biotehnoloogiliste sigimismeetodite kasutamisest. Teoreetiliselt on biotehnoloogilisi sigimismeetodeid võimalik kasutada alpakade geneetilise aretusväärtuse tõstmiseks ilma loomade transportimiseta, parandades sellega loomade heaolu ja vähendades haiguste leviku riski. Praegu on kunstliku seemendamise tehnoloogia alpakadel alles algusjärgus ja raskesti kättesaadav. Embrüosiirdamise tehnoloogiaid ei kasutata Euroopas alpakakasvatustes aktiivselt, ent mujal maailmas üksikutes farmides kasutatakse seda aretusprogrammi osana. Ülevaate saamiseks alpakade aretusest ja selle arengusuundadest Eestis viidi läbi ülevaateuuring Eesti alpakakasvatajate seas. Uuringu valimisse kaasati 9 uuringu küsimustele vastanud alpakafarmi (vastanute osakaal 60%). Uuringus koguti andmeid praegusel ajal kasutatavate sigimismeetodite kohta ja lisaks uuriti aretajate huvi biotehnoloogiliste sigimismeetodite, eelkõige embrüosiirdamise tehnoloogiate vastu. Valdav osa Eesti alpakafarmidest on väikesed farmid, milles on vähem kui 15 looma. Enamik vastanutest (77,8%) peavad alpakasid hobiloomadena, millele järgnevad loomade pidamine villa tootmiseks (33,3%) ja tõulooma aretuseks (33,3%). Paaritusmeetoditest on kasutusel võrdselt nii vabapaaritus kui ka käestpaaritus. Emase alpaka seksuaalse vastuvõtlikkuse testimine on Eestis enim kasutatav tiinuse tuvastamise meetod. Transrektaalset ultraheli meetodit, mis on levinud teistel põllumajandusliikidel, alpakadel ei kasutata. Valdav enamus alpakakasvatajatest (77,8%) olid huvitatud biotehnoloogiliste sigimismeetodite kasutamisest. Embrüote importimise ja siirdamise teenuse eest oldi nõus tasuma kuni 1200€ ning embrüote loputuse ja siirdamise teenuse eest kuni 900€. Uuringu tulemused peegeldavad suurt huvi alpakade embrüosiirdamise vastu Eestis ja vajadust veterinaararstide järele selle valdkonna teadmiste omandamiseks. Sobiva embrüosiirdamise meetodi õppimiseks ja selle kasutusele võtmiseks Eestis, osales autor praktilisel koolitusel Cas-Cad-Nac farmis (Perkinsville, Vermont, Ameerika Ühendriigid). Õpitud metoodika põhineb üksikovulatsiooni protokollil, mis on lihtsam ja odavam kui superovulatsiooni protokollide kasutamine. Nimetatud metoodika suurendab ka võimalust saada kvaliteetsemaid embrüoid. Autor usub, et uurimus on kasulik kõikidele inimestele, kes on huvitatud alpakade aretusest ja alpakade embrüosiirdamise tehnoloogiatest.
Alumiste hingamisteede bakterid ja seos kliinilise haigusega piimaveise vasikatel
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2024) Anniste, Kendra; Mõtus, Kerli (juhendaja); Orro, Toomas (juhendaja)
Veiste hingamisteede haigus (ingl bovine respiratory disease - BRD) on üldine termin, mis hõlmab mitme eri etioloogia ja lokalisatsiooniga hingamisteede haigusi. Haigust võivad põhjustada mitmed tegurid, sealhulgas stressist tingitud vastupanuvõime vähenemine, viiruslikud ja bakteriaalsed patogeenid ning immuunvastusest sõltuvad tegurid. BRD diagnoosimine on produktiivloomadel suur väljakutse, kuna puudub üks kindel kuldstandard. Lõputöö eesmärkideks oli uurida, milliseid baktereid leidub Eesti piimaveisekarjade vasikate alumistes hingamisteedes ning analüüsida nende seost kliinilise haiguse esinemisega. Uuringusse kaasati 150 piimaveise vasikat 15 karjast, kellelt koguti trahhea-bronhiaal lavaaži proovid ning hinnati hingamisteede haiguse kliiniliste tunnuste esinemist. Kogutud proovidele teostati bakterioloogiline uuring ja Mycoplasmopsis bovis’e tuvastamiseks kasutati polümeraasi ahelreaktsiooni meetodit. Vähemalt üks bakter tuvastati 59,3% vasikatel. Kõige sagedamini tuvastatud alumiste hingamisteede bakterid olid Pasteurella multocida (34,7%), Mycoplasmopsis bovis (13,3%), Mannheimia spp. (7,3%), Streptococcus spp. (8,7%) ja Gallibacterium anatis (6,0%). California hindamissüsteemi järgi oli kliiniliselt haigeid vasikaid 21%. Alumistest hingamisteedest isoleeritud bakterite seost kliinilise haiguse esinemise osas analüüsiti logistilise regressioonanalüüsi mudelitega. Gallibacterium anatis esinemine seostus vasikatel kliinilise haiguse esinemisega (ŠS = 6,6, 95% UV 0,1–11,2). Trendi näitav seos kliinilise haigusega tuvastati ka Trueperella pyogenes’e puhul (ŠS = 3,6, 95% UV 0,7–18,7). Lõputöö tulemustest saab järeldada, et kliinilise hingamisteede haigusega seondusid eelkõige sekundaarsed bakterid, mistõttu üksnes kliiniliste haigustunnuste hindamisega tuvastatakse haigestunud vasikad haiguse hilisemas faasis.
Analysis of clinical endocrine cases in cats with focus on diabetes and hyperthyroidism
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2023) Casenave-Péré, Hélène; Tiirats, Toomas
The aim of this paper is to determine whether there are any differences in signalment, diagnostics and treatment for the two main feline endocrinopathies: diabetes mellitus (DM) and hyperthyroidism (HT) in 2 different clinics. 1 is located in Normandy, France, and 1 is in Tartumaa, Estonia. This is a retrospective case study comprising of 46 cases; 14 cases of DM (7 in each clinic) and 32 cases of HT (4 in France and 28 in Estonia). While studying the patients’ files, the date of diagnosis for each endocrinopathy was determined and the following parameters were selected: age, breed, gender, diagnostic and treatment methods. Weight and whether or not diabetic remission was achieved was also assessed in DM cases; laboratory test results were analyzed for HT cases. Exactly 30% of these cases are DM cases. Male neutered Domestic Shorthair cats of 10-11 years of age are the typical patient, here. Moreover, the average patient was 4.8kg at the time of diagnosis. Polydipsia (PD) and/or polyuria (PU) was observed by owners in 71.4% of cases, followed by lethargy (in 50% of cases). The main observation here is the same rate of remission despite using 2 different types of insulin: lente insulin in France and glargine insulin in Estonia. As for HT, which represents 70% of our cases, the patient is on average 13.7 years and comes in for weight loss, vomiting and inappetence. All patients are treated medically with methimazole. As regards signalment, the cases of this study generally support the statements found in literature. The main difference in DM were remission rates according to the insulin used. In HT, dynamic function tests and treatment plans other than medical seem to exist only in theory, i.e. in literature.
Analysis of elevated temperature readings in dairy cattle using time-series analysis with subcutaneous temperature sensor data
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2024) Kosonen, Casper; Niine, Tarmo (advisor)
Monitoring temperature is an important part of monitoring the overall health status of cattle. Increasing herd sizes cause problems to farmers, because among other problems, restraining and measuring individual cows’ temperature is becoming extremely labor-intensive and difficult. Technologies like the subcutaneous temperature sensors are being studied to ease monitoring this aspect of welfare in cattle. Our hypothesis was that there would be increased volatility in the subcutaneous sensor data during periods of elevated environmental temperatures. Secondary objective was to analyze circadian rhythm dynamics between two farms with different housing systems during the whole observation period. In current study, 6 bull calves (Farm 1) and 11 calves (Farm 2) with implanted subcutaneous temperature sensors were observed throughout the summer. The observation period for the Farm 1 bull calves was 48 days from July until August in 2020, and for the Farm 2 calves 78 days from June until August in 2022. The bull calves lived in an outside group pen while the calves were housed in an uninsulated indoor barn. Environmental data was collected on temperature and humidity, and temperature humidity index (THI) was calculated at each farm during the whole observation period. Generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) models with one lagged value (1h) were used to assess the subcutaneous (SC) temperature volatility. The autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (ARCH) test was performed to assess the performance of GARCH model. The results showed that the humidity in the indoor housing system was more erratic and frequently high, while in the outside pen, humidity showed lower values and a daily seasonality. GARCH model results showed that alpha was very low and beta very high which indicates that in the context of calves’ body temperature, the persistence of volatility was high, but recency was low. The ARCH test showed that the accuracy of GARCH model was poor for some calves from each farm. The circadian rhythm of the bull calves had temperature peaks during the day and lowest points during the night, while the calves had peaks during the evening and lowest readings in the morning.
Anesteesiast tingitud tüsistuste esinemissagedus ja notsitseptsiooni hindamine tervetel emastel kassidel ovariohüsterektoomia ajal
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2021) Krehhova, Kristina; Semjonov, Aleksandr
Sagedamad intraoperatiivsed tüsistused on hüpotensioon, ebanormaalne kehatemeratuur (hüpotermia ja hüpertermia), ebanormaalne südame löögisagedus (tahhükardia ja bradükardia), rütmihäired ja hüpoventilatsioon. Tüsistused on sageli seotud kasutatud ainete, protseduuri iseloomu ja looma terviseseisundiga. Võimalike tüsistuste avastamiseks tuleb looma protseduuri ajal jälgida. Kirurgiliste menetlustega kaasneb valu. Anesteseeritud loomal väljendub valu hemodünaamilise ebastabiilsusena (südame löögisageduse kiirenemine ja vererõhu tõus). Mitme kirurgilise menetluse puhul soovitatakse kasutada multimodaalset analgeesiat. Notsitseptsiooni blokeerimiseks kasutatakse preventiivset analgeesiat. Antud lõputöö raames on uuritud ovariohüsterektoomia jooksul tekkinud intraoperatiivset vistseraalset valu, sellega toimetuleku võimalusi, anesteetilist lähenemist ja anesteesiast tingitud tüsistuste esinemissagedust tervetel emastel kassidel. Munasarja-kandesideme ligeerimine on ovariohüsterektoomia kõige valulikum moment. Uuritud kirjanduse kohaselt kasutatakse optimaalse intraoperatiivse analgeesia saavutamiseks opioide (butorfanool, buprenorfiin, metadoon), mida saab kombineerida mittesteroidsete põletikuvastaste ainetega. Ka mõned teised raviained (medetomidiin, ketamiin) on analgeetilise toimega. Munasarja-kandesideme venitamisel ja ligeerimisel on lisaanalgeesia tagamiseks võimalik kasutada lokaalanesteetikume (pinnaanesteesia lidokaiiniga) ning opioide (fentanüül). Tänapäeval on palju uuritud ka maropitandi analgeetilist toimet. Lõputöö tulemusena selgus, et opioidi (butorfanool) kasutamise korral esineb vähem valu. Munasarja-kandesideme ligeerimisel on täheldatud südame löögisageduse kiirenemist ja vererõhu tõusu. Kõige sagedasem tüsistus on hüpotermia, mida on esinenud teatud ajahetkedel enamikul kassidel.
Anesthetic medications used in non-intubated anesthesia procedures of rabbits in the Small Animal Clinic of the Estonian University of Life Sciences during the years 2018-2022
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2024) Halvari, Meri; Tõnise, Kristin (advisor)
Ensuring safe anesthesia for rabbits is challenging and requires a thorough understanding of the available anesthetic medications and their effects on vital functions. This descriptive study aimed to provide an overview of the anesthetic medications administered to nonintubated rabbits and to describe variations in heart rate and respiratory rate across different anesthesia protocols during various procedures. Some of the most common injectable medications used in rabbit anesthesia are opioids, ketamine, alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists, and propofol. Using a retrospective design, this study reviewed anesthetic records from 104 rabbits anesthetized between 2018 and 2022 in the Small Animal Clinic of the Estonian University of Life Sciences. The collected data included the anesthetic medications used, the procedures performed, and the respiratory and heart rates recorded during the procedures. The findings suggest that distinct anesthetic medications may influence the respiratory and heart rates of rabbits in varying ways. Notably, the administration of buprenorphine could potentially impact respiratory and heart rates. Other unexplored factors likely contributed to fluctuations in the rabbits' respiratory and heart rates. Pain emerged as a potential contributing factor to heart rate changes. Further studies are needed to investigate additional physiological parameters and their responses to different anesthetic medications in rabbits. Also, extending research carried out on laboratory rabbits to include pet rabbits would prove advantageous.
Animal species scavenging on wild boar carcasses on island Hiiumaa (Estonia)
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2021) Häkkä, Susanna Suvi Siviä; Viltrop, Arvo
Understanding the importance of wildlife in disease distribution dynamics has increased. Wildlife is a significant source of infections for livestock, companion animals and even for humans. Among wildlife, there are several modes of disease transmission, one being through scavenging. Scavenging behaviour is very common among vertebrates in both avian and mammalian species and it is an important part of ecosystem. Scavenging is not only beneficial, but it can also pose a health risk by ingesting pathogens and toxic by-products of microbial metabolism. Potential role of scavenging in disease transmission has been studied marginally. Wild boar is a facultative scavenger. There has been a steep increase in the wild boar population in Europe. Wild boar has been noted being an important host of agents of some diseases such as African swine fever, bovine tuberculosis, tularaemia, and brucellosis. Differences in scavenging behaviour of wild boar has been noted around Europe: in some areas, cannibalism has been detected whereas in other areas only interspecies scavenging in wild boar has been shown. The general objective of this study was to describe scavenging behaviour of wildlife on wild boar carcasses in Hiiumaa (Estonia). Specific aims were to find out, which animal species are in contact with or scavenge wild boar carcasses and to investigate if intraspecies scavenging occurs among wild boar in Hiiumaa. With help of camera traps 17 vertebrate species were identified in proximity of wild boar carcasses placed in the forest, out of which 11 were in direct contact with the carcass. Common raven (Corvus corax), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides), and wild boar (Sus scrofa) were the four most common species in contact. There were no clear signs of cannibalism among wild boar observed in this study.
Anti-Müllerian hormone and carnitine concentration in the serum of Holstein cows
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2019) Teppo, Pihla Alina Margarita; Kavak, Ants; Mark, Elina; Veterinaarmeditsiin
Ovum pick up (OPU) and in vitro fertilization has become a popular way of producing genetically superior cattle. The quality of oocytes has a big impact on the outcome of this procedure. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) concentration in serum has been used as a marker for morphologically healthy follicles in ovaries. L-Carnitine has been proven to work as a marker for certain diseases in cattle up to four weeks before clinical signs of disease appear. The aim of this study is to compare AMH L-carnitine concentration, body condition score, pregnancy status and oocyte quality, to determine the factors that affect the number of follicles punctured, cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) aspirated and the quality of them. The OPU procedure was used to get oocytes from 24 Holstein cows, 9 non-pregnant (NP, 46-48 days postpartum) and 15 pregnant (P, 44-85 days). On the day of OPU blood samples were obtained and BCS was evaluated. AMH concentration was analyzed with ELISA and L-carnitine with mass spectrometry. Results demonstrate that there is a positive correlation between the quality of the oocyte and the serum AMH concentration (r= 0.73, p=0.059). The pregnant animals had more morphologically healthy ovaries since they had a higher percentage of retrieved oocytes out of follicles aspirated (51.7%) compared to the non-pregnant animals (31.6%) and higher AMH concentration. In pregnant animals the AMH average is 0.28ng/ml and in nonpregnant animals 0.23ng/ml (p=0.255). L-Carnitine concentrations had a negative correlation (r=- 0.35, p=0.091) with the follicle count.
Antimicrobial effect of plant powders in raw and cooked minced pork
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2019) Latva-Somppi, Minna Liisa Kaarina; Roasto, Mati; Meremäe, Kadrin; Veterinaarmeditsiin
In present study the aim was to study microbial growth inhibiting effect of selected plant powders by counting microorganism’s general numbers in raw and cooked minced pork at the end of defined shelf-life. Plants used in study were siberian rhubarb (Rheum rhaponticum), black currant (Ribes nigrum), blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea var edulis), black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). The most efficient microbial growth inhibiting effect compare to control were found for rhubarb petioles and the combination of sodium chloride with sodium nitrite. Among the combinations of two different plant additives, the most efficient combination of the additives in raw minced pork were 1% rhubarb petioles in combination with 1% tomato. Compared to the other findings, the number of microorganisms in raw minced pork with 1% rhubarb petioles combined with 1% tomato increased most slowly for 6 day of storage. The inhibitory effect in cooked minced pork was also observed on the several other plant additives. The most efficient antimicrobials both in raw and cooked minced pork were tomato, rhubarb petioles, gallic acid, rutin and sodium chloride + sodium nitrite.
Antimicrobial resistance of E. coli and Enterococcusspp. isolated from swine and cattle in 2016-2020 in Estonia
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2022) Valve, Neea; Aasmäe, Birgit
Antimicrobial resistance is recognized as one of the major global health threats globally. It is a problem relating to “One Health” concept, therefore monitoring the resistance in bacteria from food-producing animals is necessary. The objective of this thesis was to investigate and describe the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis isolated from healthy and diseased pigs and cattle in Estonia during 2016 to 2020. Commensal E. coli and Enterococcus spp. were collected from caecal samples of fattening pigs at slaughter and resistance was determined using microdilution method. E. coli from diseased animals was isolated from clinical submissions of pigs and cattle and resistance was determined using disc-diffusion assay. Both bacteria studied were found to have developed resistance against multiple antibiotics. Commensal E. coli isolates had highest resistance against tetracycline (19,4%), ampicillin (17,9%), trimethoprim (16,4%) and sulfamethoxazole (14,9%). E. coli isolates from clinical submissions of pigs had highest resistance against amoxicillin (38,1%), tetracycline (23,8%) and trimethoprim (13,1%). E. coli isolates from clinical submissions of cattle had highest resistance against tetracycline (62,3%), ampicillin (49,3 %), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (40,6%) and enrofloxacin (37,7%). E. faecalis had developed highest resistance against tetracycline (72,3%), erythromycin (46,8%) and chloramphenicol (25,5%). E. faecium had highest resistance against erythromycin (41,5%), quinipristin/dalfopristin (25,5%) and tetracycline (23,4%). Isolates from healthy pigs had higher susceptibility rates and lower multidrug resistance rates than isolates from diagnostic submissions. No significant changes occurred during the study years. Resistance against critically important antibiotics is generally low in commensal bacteria.
Antimicrobial sensitivity of campylobacter spp. isolated from fresh broiler chicken meat of Estonian retail level
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2022) Valli, Marikki Heidi; Roasto, Mati; Meremäe, Kadrin
Campylobacter spp. are causing most of the human bacterial enteric infections in European Union, and broiler chicken meat is the most important source of Campylobacter jejuni. Present study aimed to determine the antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter spp. isolated from fresh broiler chicken meat of Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian origin purchased at Estonian retail level, and among human Campylobacter isolates. Minimal inhibitory concentrations for tested antimicrobials were determined by using the EUCAMP2 method. Campylobacter isolates were tested against erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, streptomycin, gentamicin and nalidixic acid. Very high resistance (100%) to fluoroquinolones was determined for Lithuanian and Latvian origin Campylobacter isolates originated from fresh broiler chicken meat at Estonian retail level. Among clinical (human) isolates the resistance to fluoroquinolones was 86.7%. High resistance to tetracycline was determined for Lithuanian origin broiler chicken meat and Estonian human isolates, respectively 76.9% and 80.0%. The proportion of streptomycin resistant strains was high for Latvian and Lithuanian origin broiler chicken meat Campylobacter isolates, respectively 68.8% and 42.3%. The overall proportion of multidrug resistance among studied Campylobacter isolates was 26.2%. All isolates were sensitive to gentamicin. Low resistance to erythromycin was found. All studied Estonian broiler chicken meat isolates were sensitive to all studied antimicrobials. High resistance among Lithuanian and Latvian origin broiler chicken meat Campylobacter isolates, and among clinical isolates is public health concern. To reduce antimicrobial resistance, the control of the use of antibiotics at broiler chicken meat farm level should be more effective, and antibiotics cannot be used in preventative and metaphylactic treatments, also in growth promotion purposes.
Aretusstrateegiate analüüs eesti holsteini tõu kasumlikkuse suurendamiseks kahes Eesti piimafarmis
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2024) Ausmees, Linda; Viinalass, Haldja (juhendaja); Põlluäär, Tõnu (juhendaja)
Piimakarjakasvatusest on saanud üks peamisi tootmisharusid Eesti põllumajanduses. Eesti holsteini tõugu veised on kõrgete aretusväärtustega ning lisaks ka ühed kõrgema piimatoodanguga Euroopas. Igal karjakasvatajal on erinevad karja aretuseesmärgid, kuid olulisem on terve, kõrge toodangu ja pika tootliku eaga kari, mis toodab võimalikult palju kasumit oma omanikule. Karjale valitud aretusprogramm peab olema kooskõlas tootmiskeskkonna ning nii kulu- kui ka tuluallikatega. Käesoleva magistritöö eesmärgiks oli analüüsida kahes ettevõttes tehtud aretusalaseid otsuseid, võrrelda kahe ettevõtte piimaveiste jõudlus- ja taastootmisnäitajaid ja analüüsida holsteini tõu kõrge piimatoodangu mõju veiste sigivusele. Uuringusse kaasati kaks Kirde-Eestis asuvat sarnaste tingimustega farmi, mille mõlema peamiseks tegevusvaldkonnaks on piima tootmine. Farmis 1 on 520 ja Farmis 2 408 lüpsilehma. Farmide andmed saadi Eesti Põllumajandusloomade Jõudluskontrolli AS-st ja farmide karjahaldustarkvaradest. Analüüsiti piimajõudluse- ja sigimisnäitajaid, karjast väljamineku põhjusi ning noorloomade üleskasvatamiskulusid. Eraldi vaadeldi erinevate aretusstrateegiate kasutamist ning piimahinna mõju. Ettevõtetes on aretustöö tulemusena paranenud olulised aretusnäitajad ja karja sigivus. Piimatoodangu tõus ei ole avaldanud negatiivset mõju karja sigimisnäitajatele.
Arktika paalia (Salvelinus alpinus) kasvatamine Eestis
(2012) Kruusamägi, Ats; Päkk, Priit
Arktika paalia Salvelinus alpinus, on levinud Põhjapoolkera külmades arktilistes vetes. Ta on hinnatud vääriskala ja tema kasvatamine Rootsi, Soome jt maade kalakasvandustes on algjärgus. Eestis on arktika paaliat kasvatatud alates 1990-ndatest aastatest erinevatesse kasvandustesse imporditud silmtäpis marjast või noorkalana. Kalakasvatustehnoloogilised kogemused tema paljundamise ja vastsete kontrollitud tingimustes kasvatamise kohta meie oludes puuduvad. Käesoleva töö eesmärk oli Simuna Ivaxi kalakasvandustes kasvatatud arktika paalia paljundamise tulemuste põhjal hinnata selle kala noorjärkude kasvu ja ellujäämist Eesti tingimustes. Arktika paalia paljundamiseks kasutati 2005-ndal aastal Soomest Saimaa kalauurimis- ja kasvatuskeskusest Mõdriku kalakasvandusse ühesuvistena toodud ja 2009-ndaks aastaks suguküpsuse saavutanud kalu. Paljundamise, inkubeerimise ja kasvatamise andmed koguti novembrist 2009 kuni märtsini 2012 kahes OÜ Simuna Ivax kalakasvanduses. 2009-nda aasta novembris saadi Mõdriku kalakasvanduses juhuslikult valitud suguküpsetelt 41 emaselt mari ja 44 isaselt paalialt niisk. Mari viljastati ja inkubeeriti Äntu kalakasvanduses. Emaskalade viljakuse näitajad kõikusid laiades piirides, 430-2585 marjatera 1 keha kilo kohta. Samuti kõikus niisa kogus, kuid spermide aktiivsus oli stabiilselt hea (2,5). Mitme emase mari viljastati portsjonitena koos mitme isase seguniisaga ja pandi inkubeeruma haudeaparaatidesse. Temperatuuril 4,1 oC kestis inkubeerumine 107 ööpäeva. Mari jõudis silmtäpi staadiumi 41. päevaks ja koorumine algas 100. päeval peale viljastamist. Marja inkubeerimisaegse suremuse kõrgtase jäi esimese inkubatsioonikuu algusesse, kus kadu oli ligi 2500-3500 marjatera (ca 2 %) ööpäevas, mis kuu lõpupoole langes ja jäi püsima 1000 piirimaile (1 %) ööpäevas. Kokku suri 88 päeva jooksul 120 000 marjaterast 86 800, mis teeb 72 % kogu viljastatud marjast. Eelvastsete rebukoti tagavara hakkas ammenduma 67 päeva peale koorumist, samal ajal lasti vastsed haudekastidest suuremasse vanni ja neid hakati kuivsöödaga sööma õpetama. Kasvatamisaegset noorkalade kadu hinnati surnud isendite arvu põhjal. Suremus oli katse alguses eelvastsete rühmas 14 tk päevas, mis vähenes kala kasvades. Vastseeas (vanus kuni 80 päeva) püsis keskmine suremus 7 isendit päevas. Maimude eas oli suremus 3-4 isendit päevas. Jõudes keskmise kaaluni 1 gramm, kalade hukkumine praktiliselt lõppes (1 surnu viie ööpäeva jooksul). Noorkalad transporditi 8 grammistena edasiseks kasvatamiseks Äntust Mõdrikusse, kus suuri probleeme pole esinenud. Paaliate õpetamine kuivsööta tarbima pikka harjutamisaega ei nõudnud. Probleemiks oli ebaühtlane kasv ja kannibalism. Arktika paalia paljundamine ja kasvatamine Eesti tingimustes on võimalik, kui on olemas sobivad kasvatustingimused, millest olulisim on hapnikurikas, puhas ja külm (alla 15 oC) vesi. Maimud kasvasid Simuna Ivaxi kasvanduses 1 grammiseks 160 päevaga, mis on 100 päeva kauem kui Johnston’i (2002) poolt kirjeldatud 60 päeva. Maimude aeglast kasvu ja marja suurt suremust esimestes katsetes võib seletada vähestest kogemustest tingitud vigadest võtetes, sh noorte, juhuslikult valitud ja vähekvaliteetsete sugukalade kasutamisega. Välistatud pole inbriidingu mõju marja ellujäämusele ja noorkalade elujõule. Et tagada väiksem marja kadu inkubeerimisel, peaks kalakasvataja olema hoolsam erinevate veeparameetrite jälgimisel ja fikseerimisel ning võimalikult vähe oma tegevusega inkubeerivat marja häirima.
Assessing surgically implanted temperature sensors to measure body temperature in dairy calves during individual- and group period
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2022) Breukers, Thomas; Niine, Tarmo
Monitoring cattle welfare in ever increasing herd sizes brings challenges to the cattle producers. Measuring core temperature of cattle rectally is one of the main ways to determine the health status of the animal, but requires restraining of the animal, and needs to be done manually. New techniques to measure temperature are being developed one of them being subcutaneous temperature measuring sensors. Our hypothesis was that there should be significant difference in correlation between individual- and group pen periods hourly temperature measurements, and as calves are homeothermic animals and have circadian rhythm the second hypothesis was that daily temperature measurements (taken hourly) would have non-stationary nature. To assess the microchips in dairy calves, 10 calves each had 3 temperature sensors surgically implanted, one in the neck, one in front of the shoulder and one behind the elbow and had continuously their temperature measured for 68 days from November to February in common husbandry environment. Measurements between individual- and group pen periods were compared to each other using lag scatter plots to check significant differences between them, and Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test was used to determine the stationarity of the temperature measurements by day. The temperature readings showed seasonality demonstrated with the lag scatter plots, and they showed fluctuation throughout the day, both in individual-and group pens. The individual period showed less correlation and more randomness compared to the group pen period, which could be due to the inflammatory period post-implantation. Out of all the ADF tests performed 7.5% were stationary, and 92.5% were non-stationary, indicating that mostly (92.5%) temperature measurement depends on the time of the day, however there were small proportions of days (7.5%) where daily temperature did not seem to follow the expected circadian rhythm. The hypothesis could mostly be proven using ADF test, as the data was mostly non-stationary. The use of subcutaneous temperature sensors in dairy calves as welfare monitoring devices needs further research and considering other factors which might affect calves body temperature.

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