2019

Selle valdkonna püsiv URIhttp://hdl.handle.net/10492/5566

Sirvi

Nüüd näidatakse 1 - 19 19

Agri-food comparative advantages in the European Union countries by value chains before and after enlargement towards the East
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2019) Bojnec, Štefan; Fertő, Imre
To identify the European Union (EU) member states strong exports sectors and food chains, the revealed comparative advantage indices from trade data were calculated using the total global trade as the benchmark of comparison. The empirical results show that the level and patterns in the development of the revealed comparative advantage indices for agri-food products for each of the EU countries in the global markets were mixed. The most successful EU member states in agri-food export competitiveness in global markets were the Netherlands, France, and Spain. Differences between the EU member states were also identified for the main agri-food product groups. Latvia, Bulgaria, Estonia, Lithuania, and Luxembourg were the five EU countries that competed most successfully in global grain markets. In terms of fruit and vegetable produce exports Greece, Cyprus, Spain, Lithuania, and Bulgaria were the most competitive EU countries in world markets. With respect to global dairy markets Denmark, Luxembourg, Latvia, Ireland, and the Nether-lands achieved the largest export advantages, although strong export competitiveness was evident for almost all of the EU member states in the global dairy markets. Cyprus, Bulgaria, Ireland, Hungary, and Denmark revealed significant export advantages in global meat markets. New EU-member states, particularly Bulgaria and Latvia, achieved high export advantages in the global markets for the select product groups.
Analysis and evaluation of effectiveness of interventions for prevention of occupational accidents
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2019) Shkrabak, Vladimir; Levashov, Sergei; Shkrabak, Roman; Kaljuga, Vasily; Merisalu, Eda; Kabanen, Toivo; Estonian University of Life Sciences. Institute of Technology. Chair of Energy Application Engineering
Transition to the concept of professional risk management assumes the transfer of focus from measures of response to accidents after they have happened to activities for preventive measures, i.e. risk management of workers' health. The strategy of "reactive" response within the framework of the traditional system of managing occupational safety of workers focused primarily on compensating for the negative consequences of accidents. However, it does not focus on eliminating the systemic causes of their occurrence and, as a result, does not lead to positive changes in reducing traumas and injuries. The results of the analysis of the socio-economic efficiency of this strategy suggest the need for a transition to a different type of occupational safety management – which is "proactive", therefore the priorities are not the management of "occupational environment", but the management of "employee work safety", based on identification and assessment of professional risks. The calculation of the economic efficiency of measures for employee protection and the prevention of industrial injuries on the example of agricultural workers in the Kurgan region was the aim of the present study.
Determinants of training needs of youths in broiler chicken production in Osun State, Nigeria and implications for extension workers
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2019) Olumide-Oyaniyi, Mary Oluwaseun; Ajayi, Adedayo Olufemi
This study identified the factors influencing the training needs of youth in broiler chicken production and drew implications for extension workers in Osun State, Nigeria. Data were collected from 221 youth farmers through a purposive sampling procedure and a snowball sampling technique. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation, regression and factor analytical techniques. Findings reveal that 43.4% of the respondents were between the ages of 26 and 30 years, 26.7% were between the ages of 31 and 35 years, 19.0% were above 36 years of age while 10.9% of the respondents were less than 25 years of age. Majority (60.2%) of the respondents were males while others 39.8% were females. In addition, 40.7% of the respondents had at least three years of broiler chicken production experience, 34.8% had four to six years of experience, 17.6% had seven to nine years of experience and the remaining 6.8% had more than 10 years of broiler chicken production experience. In addition, vast Majority 86.0% of the respondents raise below 200 birds at the time of this research, 8.1% raise between 201 and 300 birds, 5.0% raised above 401 birds while the remaining 0.9% of the respondents raised between 301 and 400 birds. Furthermore, majority (60.2%) of the respondents have not received any training in poultry farming in the past one year while 39.8% of respondents received training between two to five times in the past one year. In addition, respondents were highly in need of training in five standard practices involved in broiler chicken production, which are: growing management / daily routine management, poultry housing, marketing of birds, litter management and equipment. Two groups of factors; income factors (33.2%) and training related factors (21.0%) that were isolated contributed 54.2% to the training needs of youth in broiler chicken production in Osun State, Nigeria.
Effect of VAT rate reduction for fruits and vegetables on prices in Latvia: ex-post analysis
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2019) Nipers, Aleksejs; Upite, Ilze; Pilvere, Irina; Stalgiene, Aldona; Viira, Ants-Hannes; Estonian University of Life Sciences. Institute of Economics and Social Sciences. Chair of Rural Economics
Latvia reduced Value Added Tax (VAT) rate for some fresh fruits and vegetables in 2018. The reduced VAT rate is set at 5%, while the standard VAT rate in the country is 21%. The rate was reduced for a 3-year period, during which it is intended to assess the impacts of the policy and to decide whether to keep the reduced VAT rate after the period ends. This research aims to evaluate whether VAT reduction reduced retail prices of fruits and vegetables. As prices on various fruits and vegetables are quite volatile, we used prices for exactly the same products in neighbouring Estonia and Lithuania as controls. We found that although in the first year after the VAT reduction retail prices decreased considerably, the decrease was smaller than the VAT reduction – the passthrough effect was 88%. However, due to the limited competition in the retail sector, it is important to continue observation in order to draw conclusions about the long-term effect.
Energy efficiency of consumption – methods of analysis and evaluation
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2019) Karpov, Valerij; Zhguliov, Jevgenij; Kabanen, Toivo; Annuk, Andres; Estonian University of Life Sciences. Institute of Technology. Chair of Energy Application Engineering
Technical, economic, and social need to define and control the efficiency of energy usage – consumer energy efficiency implies the necessity to determine the exact contents of this new concept. A deeper analysis of a consumer energy system in order to support the consumer energy efficiency value appropriate for the contents should be carried out to find the factors that affect the value. This article shows that for the purposes of advanced energy consumption analysis, the consumer energy system becomes an integral part of the whole energy system (starting with the energy generation facility) which forms the demand for the produced energy and its usage efficiency. The consumer energy system is so important that in the course of developing and improving the electric supply and consumption systems, it questions the traditional priority of the first component (energy supply) and adaptive dependence of the second one. This article proves, inter alia, that manufacturers can raise their consumer energy efficiency by improving the production technology, using materials with new properties, modernizing the energy equipment, switching to automatic enterprise design systems and using other means commonly known as scientific and technical progress.
Factors influencing adoption of improved potato (Belete) variety: evidence from Ethiopian smallholder farmers
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2019) Feleke, Abel; Regasa, Guta; Muche, Mequanent
Improving the adoption of improved crop varieties is very important to increase income, reduce hunger, sustain food security, and to reduce poverty in sub-Saharan Africa like Ethiopia. Similarly, Belete potato variety is one of the improved varieties that have been utilized by Ethiopian farmers, but this variety was not conjointly adopted in all parts of the country. Thus, this research was intended to analyze factors influencing rural farmers' decision for the adoption of improved potato varieties in Southern Ethiopia. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected from primary and secondary sources. To select the sample respondents, two-stage sampling techniques were employed and finally, 146 households' heads were selected. To get the data survey questionnai-res, interview schedules, Focused Group Discussions, observations and key informant interviews were employed. To analyze the data, both descriptive statistics and econometric model were employed. Accordingly, the econometric model indicated that family labour, access to fertilizer, access to credit service, frequency of extension contacts, participation in training and field day, and educational level were positively and significantly influenced the adoption of Belete potato adoption, however, the market distance was influenced negatively. Therefore, this result implies that researchers, policymakers, extension service providers and other concerned bodies should be given attention to increasing the adoption of improved Belete potato variety.
Influence of moisture depletion and surface drip irrigation style on some soil hydraulic properties and potato crop
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2019) Aldulaimy, Saad Enad Harfoush; Salman, Adil Khairullah; Abood, Mohammed Ali; Hamdi, Ghassan Jaafar
This study aimed to determinate the impact of soil moisture depletion and surface drip irrigation style on some soil hydraulic properties such as infiltration, hydraulic conductivity, application efficiency, and water use efficiency for potato crop. A field experiment was carried out in a site located north east Ramadi, Iraq. The study consists of two factors: the first factor was two levels of moisture depletion percentages 25 and 50%, while the second factor includes two surface drip irrigation styles, which were traditional surface drip irrigation and partial drying surface drip irrigation. Consumptive use for potato plant reached 32.05 cm during the growing season. Results showed a significant influence for the treatments on application and water use efficiencies as well as on infiltration and soil hydraulic conductivity. The combination of the treatments partial drying drip irrigation style and 25% moisture depletion percentage can be recommended to achieve the best irrigation management for potato plant, which improve soil hydraulic properties and meet the best plant response in same time.
Juhtumianalüüs: Energiakulu analüüs põllumajandustoodangu väärindamisel talus autoklaavi abil
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2019) Palge, Veli; Grigor, Andres; Eesti Maaülikool. Tehnikainstituut. Energiakasutuse õppetool
The purpose of this article is to analyze the causes and distribution of autoclave energy consumption between the various stages of the technological process and identify ways to reduce energy costs. It was found that the recovery of waste heat is the most effective way to reduce energy consumption.
Pulsavi meetod töötaja töö raskusastme ja energeetilise koormatuse määramiseks ja hindamiseks
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2019) Reppo, Boris; Kuzmin, Jüri; Eesti Maaülikool. Tehnikainstituut. Biotehnoloogiate õppetool
Human-centred evaluation of technology and work techniques requires the determination of the workload category and the internal workload, which is the internal response of the worker to exposure to external load factors in the work environment. The aim of this paper is to present a method for a human-centred analysis of the work process. The method requires the worker's physiological data, which is used to process their wirelessly transmitted heart rate. The processed heart rate is combined with a video feed and displayed in real time on a computer. This allows monitoring the worker's actions and the corresponding workload category, total energy expenditure, work-related energy expenditure, and base metabolic rate. Using the method does not interrupt the work process and it is possible to save the data for further analysis. The method has been recognised as an invention and is protected with patent EE 05807 B1.
Retraction: Determination of efficiency in the design phase of the enterprise by the method of finite relations
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2019) Karpov, Valerij; Nemtsev, Artem; Kabanen, Toivo; Annuk, Andres; Estonian University of Life Sciences. Institute of Technology. Chair of Energy Application Engineering
The manuscript "DETERMINATION OF EFFICIENCY IN THE DESIGN PHASE OF THE ENTERPRISE BY THE METHOD OF FINITE RELATIONS" by Valerij Karpov, Artem Nemtsev, Toivo Kabanen and Andres Annuk was submitted to Agraarteadus on 3 November 2019, accepted on 15 November 2019 and published on In Press on 29 November 2019. In December 2021, we received expressions of concern from the Academic Ethics Commission of the Estonian University of Life Sciences about similarities with the article entitled "Determination of efficiency in the design phase of the enterprise by the method of finite relations" ("Opredelenie jenergeticheskoj jeffektivnosti na jetape proektirovanija predprijatija metodom konechnyh otnoshenij") [In Russian] https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/opredelenieenergeticheskoy-effektivnosti-na-etape-proektirovaniya-predpriyatiyametodom-konechnyh-otnosheniy/pdf by Valerij Karpov and Artem Nemtsev submitted to Bulletin of MSTU, vol. 18, no. 4, 2015, pp. 709– 718 (Vestnik MGTU, tom 18, # 4, 2015 g. str. 709–718). The expert of the Academic Ethics Commission of the Estonian University of Life Sciences analysed articles for similarities. The analysis revealed that the two articles reported the same experiments and the same results. Small divergences existed in the list of authors, in the Introduction, and the References. These divergences, however, are minor and were explained by the corresponding author. The corresponding author admitted that he was not aware of a previously published article. As a result, the article in Agraarteadus, accepted at a later date, is considered a duplicate publication. On this basis, we have decided to retract the article.
Review : vermicompost, its importance and benefit in agriculture
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2019) Olle, Margit
Vermicomposting is described as "bioxidation and stabili zation of organic material involving the joint action of earthworms and mesophilic micro-organisms". Under appropriate conditions, worms eat agricultural waste and reduce the volume by 40 to 60%. Vermicompost produced by the activity of earthworms is rich in macro and micro nutrients, vitamins, growth hormones, enzymes such as proteases, amylases, lipase, cellulase and chitinase and immobilized microflora. The enzymes continue to disintegrate organic matter even after they have been ejected from the worms. Reduced use of water for irrigation, reduced pest attack, reduced termite attack, reduced weed growth; faster rate of seed germination and rapid seedlings growth and development; greater numbers of fruits per plant (in vegetable crops) and greater numbers of seeds per year (in cereal crops) are only some of the beneficial effects of the vermicompost usage in agricultural production. Earthworms and vermicompost can boost horticultural production without agrochemicals. In spite of the benefits associated with vermicompost, its use is not widespread yet. This review attempts as increasing awareness of this local soil amendment.
Short communication: the effect of silicon on the organically grown leaf lettuce growth and quality
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2019) Olle, Margit
The purpose was to assess the effect of silicon on the leaf lettuce production. The experiments in the greenhouse were carried out in the spring 2014 at the Estonian Crop Research Institute. Treatments: 1) stabilized silicic acid treatment; 2) control. Si treatment (2 mL L–1 of silicic acid): First spray, when 1 true leaf was present; second spray was two weeks after spray 1; third spray was two weeks after spray 2. The pH of spray solution was 5.5. pH of spray solution was 5.5. Control plants were treated with water. The plants were 26% higher in Si variant. The width of leaf lettuce was 32% larger in Si variant. In leaf lettuce the phosphorus content was 14% higher, the content of calcium was 32% higher, the content of magnesium was 12% higher in Si variant than in control.
Short communication: The improvement of the quality, and nutrient content of leaf celery transplants by effective microorganisms
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2019) Olle, Margit
Effective microorganisms (EM) comprise a mixture of live natural cultures of microorganisms isolated from fertile soils that are used to improve crop production. The purpose was to assess the influence of EM on the growth and nutrient content of leaf celery transplants. Two treatments were compared: 1) EM treatment comprised of seed soaking in EM 1:500 solution, sowing in EM treated peat and watering the plants weekly with EM solution. 2) Control treatment included similar treatments with water. Leaf celery transplants grown with EM were significantly shorter and had thicker stems than those grown without EM. The contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium increased in transplants grown with EM compared to those grown without EM. The contents of nitrates and magnesium did not show statistically significant differences. Conclusion: EM improves the growth and increases nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium contents of leaf celery transplants.
Short communication: The influence of vermicompost based substrates on basil growth and nutrient content
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2019) Olle, Margit
Vermicompost produced by earthworms is rich in macro- and micronutrients, vitamins and growth hormones, which are all needed for successful plant growth. The influence of vermicompost based growth substrates on basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) growth and nutrient content was assessed. Treatments were: 1. 30% vermicompost, peat, sand, dolomite stone; 2. 25% vermicompost, peat, gravel, perlite; 3. 25% vermicompost, peat, gravel, light gravel, 4. commercially available growth medium, or 5. 20% vermicompost and organic matter rich clay soil. Basil growth was best with treatments 1 and 2. Nutrient content of basil was best in treatment 3. The best growth substrate for basil production is treatment 1, based on growth results, while based on nutrient analysis when basil is used in medicine, the right treatment is 3: 25% vermicompost, peat, gravel, light gravel.
Theoretical background for increasing grip properties of wheeled tractors based on their rational ballasting
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2019) Bulgakov, Volodymyr; Nadykto, Volodymyr; Kyurchev, Serhiy; Nesvidomin, Viktor; Ivanovs, Semjons; Olt, Jüri; Estonian University of Life Sciences. Institute of Technology
The correct selection of the level of mechanical ballasting for wheeled tractors is among the most important issues for increasing their utilisation efficiency, in particular, increasing their grip properties. The shortcoming of the earlier undertaken investigations was that they virtually did not take into account the allowed maximum pressure of the tractor’s wheels on the soil. At the same time, little attention was paid to the impact of the maximum load-carrying capacity of the wheel tyres. The aim of the paper is to eliminate these deficiencies. Because of the authors’ efforts, the new technique has been developed, which differs in that it employs the requirement of the tyre’s ecofilic properties. The implementation of this requirement implies setting the maximum allowed level of the tractor wheels’ pressure on the soil and taking into account the maximum load-carrying capacity of the wheel tyres as well as the vertically applied load on each of the tractor’s axes under the simultaneous action of both the horizontal and vertical components of the tractive resistance of the employed agricultural implement. The practical effectiveness of the new approach is shown by the example of determining the possibility and level of ballasting the specific wheeled tractor operating as part of a ploughing unit.
Tööõnnetuste levimus eesti põllumajanduses aastatel 2008–2017
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2019) Enn, Anni; Merisalu, Eda; Eesti Maaülikool. Tehnikainstituut. Biomajandustehnoloogiate õppetool
Occupational accidents in agriculture are a problem all over the world. The costs of accidents are high to the employer and to the national economy as a whole. Work-related ill-health and injury is costing the European Union 3.3% of its GDP. In Estonia, the estimates of the costs of work accidents (WA) in 2012 showed €2.4 billion per year and due to permanent lost workability €25 billion costs in total for society. Even if the most sectors become more automated, there are also self-employed farmers, who cannot always use the newest technologies. At the same time, family members and farm workers are facing risks higher than in most other occupations. Many accidents involve the handling of machinery or animals. The objective of the study was to analyse fatal and non-fatal work accidents by demographic parameters, severity, type, causes and body location of injuries in Estonian agriculture in 2008–2017. Method. The database of accidents in agriculture was obtained from the Estonian Labour Inspectorate and the data by absolute numbers, percentages and incident rates have described. Results. The total number of accidents at work in agriculture was 1696, which formed 4% from the total economic sector. The average incident rate in the past decade was 678 accidents per 100 000 workers. Predominantly minor accidents and usually among male workers have taken place. There are mainly 3 types of injuries – wounds and superficial injuries (40.4% of the total), bone fractures (25.6%) and concussion and internal injuries (16.2%). The most common causes of work accidents are lack of internal control (20.3%), poor instruction (18.5%) and other factors (18.1%). The most often locations of the injuries throughout the years were upper or lower limbs (35.7% and 33.0% respectively). The biggest number of accidents was taken place at Järva county.
Ülevaade : Eesti aastamuld 2019 on madalsoomuld
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2019) Kõlli, Raimo; Tõnutare, Tõnis; Eesti Maaülikool. Põllumajandus- ja keskkonnainstituut. Mullateaduse õppetool
By the Estonian Soil Sciences Society for the Year 2014 Soils the Leached soils, for 2015 – Limestone rendzinas, for 2016 – Bog soils, for 2017 – Typical podzols, for 2018 – Pseudopodzolic soils, and for 2019 – Fen soils (M) were elected. As the Year Soil of 2019 was not previously introduced in the Journal of Agricultural Science, in the actual overview was necessary to treat their classification, ecological conditions of their forming and functioning, hydro-physical and ecological properties, association of them with other soil species, distribution and conversion their names into WRB system. In the review, the main morphological properties of fen soils and the principles of their dividing into soil species (identified by soil genesis) and varieties (divided on basis of peat decomposition stage) are treated. Besides that, the fen soils' productivity, peculiarities of their paludification processes, distribution in Estonia and the data about their chemical properties are presented. In the overview, as well, the estimations of organic carbon stocks and assessments of annual organic carbon fluxes in peaty soil cover are presented and discussed. In the final part, the problems connected with environmentally sustainable use in agriculture and forestry and protection of fen soils are treated.
Ülevaade: Põllumajandusliku masinapargi arengud Eestis ajavahemikul 2010–2018
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2019) Olt, Jüri; Ilves, Risto; Küüt, Arne; Eesti Maaülikool. Tehnikainstituut. Biotehnoloogiate õppetool
The aim of the current research is to provide an overview of the trends in the park of agricultural machinery in Estonia during the period 2010–2018. For this purpose, data obtained from the registers of Agriculture and Transport of Statistics Estonia have been used. The article outlines, firstly, changes in the number of agricultural holdings by the size of arable land and growing area of grain, secondly, changes in the number of tractors and grain harvesters, including the number of new tractors and harvesters sold over the years, thirdly, the preferences of holdings for tractors and grain harvesters, and fourthly, the categorization of new tractors and grain harvesters by the manufacturing company in the given time period. What is more, developments concomitant with trends in the park of agricultural machinery have been described.
Ülevaade: Ülevaade väävli kui talinisule olulise toiteelemendi mõju uuringutest Eestis
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2019) Järvan, Malle
Due to several objective reasons, the sulphur (S) deficiency in agricultural crops in Europe came to the fore in the last decades before the turn of the century. This work gives an overview of the Estonian long-year research concerning winter wheat responses on the S fertilization. This study presents a versatile influence of S application – beginning with the influence on the yield formation, grain yield quantity and quality, followed by the one on the biological quality of wheat proteins, and on the bread-making properties of flour and dough, and ending with the one on the quality indices of baked breads. Field experiments were conducted at two locations on calcaric Cambisol and Podzoluvisol. On the background of N100 or 120 kg ha-1, S was given as granular NS-fertilizers or foliar applied with Sulfur F3000 or with fungicide Thiovit Jet. Flour and dough properties for bread-making were determined by using a farinograph Brabender. The baking tests were carried out in laboratory conditions. The influence of S on the grain yield and quality, and bread-making properties of wheat depended on the year and location. As the average of experiments, the S application significantly increased the grain yield (r = 0.960). The increasing yields were accompanied by decreasing contents of protein and wet gluten. However, due to S application the biological quality of proteins was increasing, because the contents of some essential amino acids were increasing. The significant positive (r = 0.938) effect of the S application on the Gluten index was revealed, which is a good predictor for the baking quality of wheat flour. In addition, some significant positive effects of the S application on the rheological properties of dough and quality indices of baked breads were demonstrated. Thus, the S addition by nitrogen fertilization in parallel with increasing yields improved several bread-making parameters of wheat flour.

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