2021, Vol. 32, No. 2

Selle kollektsiooni püsiv URIhttp://hdl.handle.net/10492/7155

Sirvi

Nüüd näidatakse 1 - 20 24

Accelerated biothermal composting of manure-compost mixture
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2021) Aliiev, Elchyn; Pavlenko, Sergey; Aliieva, Olga; Morhun, Olesia
The aim of the research was to observe the technological processes of accelerated biothermal composting of manure-compost mixture and to determine the dynamics of its temperature regime. Because of experimental research of conditions of biothermal processes of composting of manure-compost mix the mathematical laws describing dynamics of change of a temperature field in the composting pad of a different configuration for various mechanized conditions are received. It is established that mechanized composting of raw materials provides growth of internal temperatures to the maximum temperature of 65–71 °С (at height of the composting pad of 1.5 m) for 2–3 days after laying of the composting pad. In 15–17 days, the temperature is up to 50 °С, which does not correspond to the thermophilic mode of bacterial activity and the processes gradually pass into the mesophilic mode – up to 40 °С. As a result of experimental studies of biothermal processes of composting manure, it was found that during the fermentation of raw materials in the composting pad without treatment (36 days) the weight of the composting pad (at the composting pad height of 1.5 m) decreased by 20% (raw material moisture decreased by 5%). In the composting pad with mechanical treatment and addition of water, the weight of the composting pad varied from the amount of water introduced, which led to an increase in the moisture content of the raw material. There was a significant decrease in organic matter from 47–50 to 32–35% in the raw material against 50–52 to 40–41%.
Agar gel phenotyping of root traits as rapid and sensitive assay of wheat seedlings response to edaphic factors : on example of cadmium
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2021) Levenets, Tetiana; Smirnov, Oleksandr; Kovalenko, Mariia; Mykhalska, Liudmyla; Schwartau, Victor; Taran, Nataliya
The influence of different concentrations of cadmium on root elongation, exudative activity of roots and seminal root angle of two wheat genotypes: common bread wheat – Triticum aestivum L. (cv. 'Favorytka') and emmer wheat – Triticum dicoccum Schrank. (cv. 'Holikovska') have been studied in the germination stage. Rapid changes in morphofunctional traits upon first three days of exposure to cadmium on early stages of growth have been studied on phenotyping plates with 25, 50 and 100 μM addition to agar-acid/base indicator medium. Significant inhibition of root elongation, exudative root activity and changes in seminal root angle were observed. Exposure to the highest Cd concentration led to a decrease in primal root length by 50%, decrease in root exudative activity by 88% and decrease in seminal root angle by 24 degrees in T. aestivum compared to a decrease by 12%, 83% and 17 degrees in T. dicoccum. Unlike root growth retardation, a decrease in exudative activity was observed on all three Cd concentrations. The root growth performance at starting stage of seedlings ontogenesis proposed as an express and sensitive phenotyping test method for determining plant response to edaphic stressors by cadmium toxicity example.
Biological activity of chernozems typical of different farming practices
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2021) Rieznik, Serhii; Havva, Dmytro; Butenko, Andrii; Novosad, Konstantin
The study aimed to determine the impact of different farming practices (organic and intensive) on the dynamics of potential biological activity of typical chernozem (mollisol). Comparative-profile-genetic, microbiological and mathematical-statistical methods were used for the research. The data obtained during the study of soil biological activity for 2018–2020 were analyzed. The highest popu-lation density of Collembola was observed in the variant of fallow soil in the layer of 10–20 cm (111 indiv. dm3 –1) with the lowest amount of Oribatida (32 indiv. dm3 –1). Under conditions of agrogenic use of soils, the predominance of Oribatida over Collembola was recorded. When using green manure in a soil layer of 0–10 cm, the number of Oribatida is 125 indiv. dm3 –1, while Collembola – 50 indiv. dm3 –1. Agrogenic use of chernozems reduces the number of microscopic fungi. The intensive farming system is the reason for the decrease in the number of all ecological and trophic groups of microorganisms in the 0–10 cm layer while increasing their number in the layer of 20–30 cm. Variants of the organic system of agriculture, especially with the use of green manure, contribute to the increase in the number of actinomycetes and amylolytic microbiota, as well as a short-term sharp increase in the number of oligonitrophilic microbiota. Agricultural use of soils reduces the activity of enzymes such as invertase, protease, dehydrogenase and cellulase. However, the activity of urease and catalase – increases in the soils of the organic system of agriculture. Discriminant analysis of biological activity identified three groups of soils, corresponding to different farming systems. This confirms the possibility of using the studied indicators for soil biodiagnostics.
Case study: Dynamics of sunflower seed movement in the vibrating tray of the infrared dryer and its influence on the drying process
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2021) Bandura, Valentyna; Yaroshenko, Leonid; Fialkovska, Larisa; Kondratyuk, Dmytro; Palamarchuk, Vladyslav; Paladiichuk, Yurij
Analysis of researches on the study of the material particle movement on the vibrating surface of the container machine intended for seed drying in the infrared field is carried out. Comparison of traditional devices for dehydration of raw materials with energy supply of infrared irradiation is performed. It is shown that current tendencies of the development of heat and mass transfer equipment are connected with the use of electromagnetic generators of infrared energy. The purpose of the work is to study the process of movement of sunflower seeds on a vibrating tray dryer. To achieve this goal, a dynamic scheme of the vibrating tray has been proposed and theoretical and experimental studies of the process of grain movement have been carried out. It has been established that when the speed of drive electric motors increases from 950 to 970 rotations per minute, the speed of vibro-transportation increases as well, but when reaching a certain value of speed, under a further increase in speed, the speed of vibro-transportation decreases. Experimental studies have allowed to specify the design parameters of vibrating trays and select rational parameters of the technological process of drying, namely the oscillation frequency of the vibrating tray, which is f = 100 s–1.
Case study: Influence of probiotics-based products on phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi in agrocenosis
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2021) Pysarenko, Pavlo; Samoilik, Maryna; Taranenko, Anna; Tsova, Yurii; Sereda, Maksym
In recent years bacterial diseases of agricultural plants have reached a new level of epiphytoty and they appear as an essential factor that influences crop yield. It is important to use products, which provide the eradication of pathogenic agents and the prevention of their development and propagation. The objective of our study is to define the effect of probiotics, based on Bacillus subtillis, on bactericidal and fungicidal activities, and to develop the recommendations for probiotics application in a biological system of plant protection. The results show that studied solutions Sviteco-PPW, Sviteco-OPL and Sviteco-Agrobiotic-01 affect phytopathogenic bacteria. Sviteco-Agrobiotic-01 either is the most active product, in its native state or diluted. It has demonstrated high antagonizing activity against all studied phytopathogenic bacteria. Hence, Sviteco-Agrobiotic-01 has the best potential to be used in the biological protection system of grain crops, grain legumes, vegetables from the most dangerous and widely spread pathogenic bacteria. Research results don't show a significant effect of studied probiotics on phytopathogenic fungicidal activity.
Dynamic model of seed germination on the example of a genus Dracocephalum L. based on logistic function
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2021) Komarov, Аndrei; Naida, Nadezhda; Nugis, Edvin
The aim of this paper is to present the use of mathematical model for an assessment of seed germination on the example of a genus Dracocephalum L. based on logistic function. An assessment of the quality of seeds and their species specificity was carried out. For this the method of a mathematical model of seed germination and the "Origin Pro" application package was used. The objects of research were samples of species Dracocephalum L. of different geographical origin from the collection of the I.N. Vavilov named All-Russian Crop Research Institute (VIR). Morphometric parameters of seeds of the studied species of the genus Dracocephalum L. were identified, which were divided into two groups. The first group with small seeds (2.7–3.0 mm long and 1.6–2.0 mm wide) included varieties of the species D. moldavica, and the second group – with very small seeds (2.0 mm in length and 1.0 mm wide) of D. multicaule and D. nutans. To assess the quality of seeds, we used both standard static indicators for germination, germination energy and seed vigour which are also assessed by both known the Grodzinsky bio test, and new ones based on dynamic parameters for evaluating seed germination. The dynamic model presented in the work reproduces changes in the initial phase of plant growth through the dynamics of seed germination. That is, the change in the state of a living object in motion in this model. When processing the results, a logistic function was applied that reflects the dynamics of change or accumulation of quantitative signs with the transition to new qualitative indicators. It was revealed that the shortest germination time of half of the maximum number of germinated seeds (intensity of germination) equal to 44.0 hours had the sample K-6 ('Aroma-2'). This indicates vigourous and friendly germination of the seeds of this variety. For sample K-7 ('Aroma-2'), this figure is 60 hours and, therefore, the germination rate is less than that for K-6. Similar in these parameters and the intensity of germination in the sample K-8 'Zeya' equal to 53 hours. Sample K-10 ('Arhat') was characterized by a relatively high germination rate, intensity of germination equal to 46 hours. Samples at 32 (D. nutans) and at 20 (D. multicaule) had approximately the same intensity of germination was equal to 61 and 54 hours, respectively. As a result, comparing the similarly different age characteristics of the seed material, a certain species and variety specificity in the dynamics of growth processes in the seeds of various types of snake head was revealed. The novelty of these studies was the search for new patterns and phenomena in assessing the quality of seeds and their species specificity.
Ecological suitability peas (Pisum sativum) varieties to climate change in Ukraine
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2021) Mazur, Victor; Tkachuk, Oleksandr; Pantsyreva, Hanna; Kupchuk, Ihor; Mordvaniuk, Myroslava; Chynchyk, Oleksandr
The varieties of peas can realize about 50% of their productive potential. One of the main reasons for this is the wrong choice of variety for specific ecological growing conditions. Therefore, the purpose and task of our research are to analyze the current range of peas, included in the State Register of plant varieties suitable for cultivation in Ukraine in terms of their real productivity and resistance to drought and disease in the context of climate change in the direction of drought and temperature rise. Assessment of agroecological stability of pea varieties was carried out by elaboration of the State Register of Plant Varieties Suitable for Distribution in Ukraine for 2020, 2010 and Official Descriptions of Plant Varieties and Suitability Indicators submitted in the official bulletins "Protection of Plant Variety Rights" published in Information and reference system "Variety". The most resistant to disease in Ukraine are varieties of peas 'Verbal', 'Prystan', 'Есо', 'Atanas', 'Haiduk'. Varieties are marked by the highest drought resistance 'Verbal', 'Album', 'Alssas', 'Kampus'. The most productive varieties were peas 'Kosmai', 'Album', 'Haiduk', 'Trendy'. The increase in the average annual air temperature in Ukraine during 2001–2020 by 19.3% (8.2–9.9 °C) led to a decrease in the yield of peas by 13.7%, but an increase in the score of resistance of pea varieties to diseases by 25.0%, the score of drought resistance – by 18.8%. Comparison of indicators of disease resistance, drought resistance and productivity of pea varieties for 2020 and 2010 showed that the score of resistance of pea varieties sown to diseases in the period from 2010 to 2020 increased from 6.3 to 8.4 points, i.e. by 25.0%. Drought resistance of pea varieties in 2020 compared to 2010 increased from 6.5 to 8.0 points, which is 18.8%. At the same time, the grain productivity of pea varieties in 2020 compared to 2010 decreased from 3.57 t ha–1 to 3.08 t ha–1, which is 13.7%.
Economic efficiency of Camelina sativa growing with nutrition optimization under conditions of Precarpathians of Ukraine
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2021) Hryhoriv, Yaroslava; Butenko, Andrii; Nechyporenko, Valentyna; Lyshenko, Margarita; Ustik, Tetiana; Zubko, Vladyslav; Makarenko, Nataliia; Mushtai, Valentyna
The results of research conducted during 2015–2018 in a field experiment on sod-podzolic soils while studying the effect of different fertilizers on productivity of Camelina sativa and oil-bearing crops and, accordingly, economic efficiency and competitiveness of this crop growing have been presented. The dependence of elements of productivity and yielding capacity on the application of mineral fertilizers has been revealed. It has been found that the application of mineral fertilizers had a significant impact on the productivity of Camelina sativa seeds and the cost index and profitability of Camelina sativa seeds, accordingly. Depending on the studied elements in growing technology of little-known in Ukraine crop of Camelina sativa, the main indices of economic efficiency were determined. It has been found that with optimization of plant nutrition, regardless of the increase in cultivation costs, conditionally net profit and profitability level increased. This was facilitated by foliar fertilization with modern restrictive preparations or complex micro fertilizers in critical periods of crop vegetation. Depending on the variant of the experiment, the average conditionally net profit during growing years ranged from 471.78 to 688.48 € ha–1 (1 UAH = 0.032 €), and profitability level ranged from 178.8 to 222.0%.
The effect of a lateral airflow created on nozzle tip on the spray droplets deposition
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2021) Bulgakov, Volodymyr; Olt, Jüri; Pascuzzi, Simone; Gadzalo, Jaroslav; Ivanovs, Semjons; Adamchuk, Valerii; Panasyuk, Volodymyr; Ihnatiev, Yevhen; Estonian University of Life Sciences. Institute of Technology
Improved application efficacy of a plant protection products by using a pneumatic device to change the dispersion of spray droplets is depended on the intensity of crosswind. The laboratory investigations of the spraying process of plants by means of the nozzles of a pneumatic system determined the quality indicators of pressure in the injection process of 0.4 MPa – the droplet coating density of 19–46 pcs cm2 –1 for the weighted mean droplet diameters (WMD) in the other experimental variants was within 304–543 μm. These indicators were compared with those for the standard, anti-drift and air injection nozzle types in which the droplet coating density was 23–59 pcs cm2 –1 and the weighted mean droplet diameters (WMD) were in the range of 350 to 485 μm. An analytical dependence was obtained of the influence of the lateral airflow and air pressure in the pneumatic system upon the amount of the deposited spray liquid.
The effect of adding solid and chelated liquid iron on the growth and yield of broad bean
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2021) Al-Zubaidi, Mohammad Salman Kareem; Bader, Basem Rahem; Abood, Mohammed Ali; Hamdi, Ghassan Jaafar; Al-Afraji, Hassan Rashid Jassim
A field experiment was carried out within the randomized complete block design in the agricultural season 2020–2021. The experiment included two factors, the first factor was solid chelated iron (S0, S1, and S2 at concentrations 0, 100, and 200 ppm, respectively), which was added to the soil. The second factor was liquid chelated iron (L0, L1, and L2 at concentrations 0, 2, and 4 ml L–1 respectively), which was spraying on the plants. The results showed that the stem diameter, number of pods, and total yield were significantly affected by adding the 100 ppm iron solid chelated treatment (18.36 mm, 25.74 pod plant–1, 5.01 Mg ha–1 respectively). While 200 ppm treatment had the highest plant height (30.10 cm, yield (771.35 g plant–1), seeds (6.18 per pod). The treatment of 4 ml L–1 liquid chelated iron treatment had the highest plant height (128.55 cm), biggest stem diameter (18.63 mm), highest pods per plant (25.45), yield (755.98 g plant–1), total yield (4.80 Mg ha–1), pod length (24.87 cm), pod weight (28.14 g) and the number of seeds per pod (7.88). The use of the interaction between solid and liquid chelated iron improves the vegetative growth and yield of broad beans.
Effect of different levels of nitrogen and farmyard manure on the growth and yield of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2021) Thapa, Parbati; Shrestha, Ram Kumar; Kafle, Kishor; Shrestha, Jiban
The application of nitrogen (N) and farmyard manure (FYM) greatly affects the growth and production of spinach. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of various levels of nitrogen and farmyard manure on the growth and yield of spinach. This study was conducted in the research field of the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Lamjung, Sundarbazar, Lamjung, Nepal from November 2019 to January 2020. The treatments were: 0 kg N ha–1, 30 kg N ha–1, 60 kg N ha–1, 60 kg N ha–1 + 10 t FYM ha–1, 60 kg N ha–1 + 20 t FYM ha–1, 90 kg N ha–1 and 120 kg N ha–1. These treatments were laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The results showed that higher N levels gave better results for all parameters studied. The increasing N fertilization rates increased the vegetative characters and yield of spinach. The maximum plant height (22.68 cm), leaf width (6.69 cm), number of leaves (12.93), fresh weight of leaves (17.07 g) and leaf length (14.94 cm) were recorded with the application of the highest level of nitrogen (120 kg N ha–1). The spinach yield (3.2 t ha–1) was the highest with the application of 120 kg N ha–1. However, the growth and yield traits were not significantly differed with the application of 60 kg N ha–1 + 20 t FYM ha–1. Therefore, this study suggests that spinach production can be maximized by the application of 60 kg N ha–1+ 20 t FYM ha–1.
Effect of feeding broilers with phytogenic feed additives containing diets on blood biochemical and haematological constituents
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2021) Azodo, Nonye Lilian; Jiwuba, Peter-Damian Chukwunomso; Mbah, Nchedo Thecla; Ezeoke, Franscisca Chinwendu
The intense pressure on the poultry sector to promote safe chicken meat and egg has sparked interest in the use of natural and consu-mer-accepted phytogenic feed additives. The majority of literature on the benefits of turmeric (Curcuma longa) and Negro pepper (Xylopia aethio-pica) is focused on layers and there is no evidence of turmeric and Negro pepper interactive effects. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of turmeric and Negro pepper mixture on serum biochemical and haematological constituents of broiler chicks fed for 48 days. A total of 96 one-day-old Arbor acres chicks of mixed sexes were used for the experi-ment. The birds were randomly assigned to four treatment groups and repli-cated three times in a completely randomized design. The milled turmeric and Negro pepper were mixed in the ratio of 50:50 (50%) and used in the formulation of turmeric and Negro pepper mixture (TNPM) diets. The four experimental diets were formulated to contain 0.00, 0.50, 1.00, and 1.50% dietary levels of inclusion of TNPM at the starter phase and 0.00, 1.50, 3.00, and 4.50% inclusion levels at the finishing phase respectively. Blood samples were collected from the brachial wing vein on the 24th and 48th days of the experiment and were evaluated for serum biochemical and haematolo-gical constituents. At the starter phase, red blood cells (RBC) was signifi-cantly (P <0.05) improved at a 1.50% dietary level of TNPM. Haemoglobin (Hb) was better (P <0.05) in 0.50 and 1.50% inclusion levels. Mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and White blood cells were enhanced (P <0.05) among the treatment groups compared to the control. Total pro-tein, albumin, uric acid and cholesterol concentrations were reduced signi-ficantly (P <0.05) in 1.50% inclusion. Alkaline phosphatase value was significantly (P <0.05) lower in birds fed 1.00% TNPM. At the finishing phase, packed cell volume was significantly (P <0.05) higher in 1.50 and 3.00%. RBC was significantly (P <0.05) higher in birds fed 1.50 and 4.50% TNPM. Hb and mean cell volume values were significantly (P <0.05) higher in 1.50% when compared to 0.00%. MCHC was better (P <0.05) among birds fed 1.50% in comparison with those fed 0.00 and 4.50%. WBC was generally improved (P <0.05) among the treatment groups. Total protein and cholesterol values were higher (P <0.05) in the control. Albumin was higher (P <0.05) in 0.00 and 1.50%. Globulin produced a significantly (P <0.05) lower value in 1.50%. Aspartate aminotransferase produced significantly (P <0.05) higher value in T2. It was concluded that up to 1.50 and 4.50% of TNPM could be included in starting and finishing broiler diets without any detrimental effect on serum biochemical and haematological constituents.
Effect of probiotic supplement on nutrient digestibility and production traits on broiler chicken
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2021) Poberezhets, Julia; Chudak, Roman; Kupchuk, Ihor; Yaropud, Vitalii; Rutkevych, Volodymyr
The aim of the research was to investigate feed nutrient digestion and slaughter indicators of broiler chickens fed a probiotic supplement based on lactic acid bacteria. The experiment lasted for 42 days. Four groups of one-day-old broiler chickens of the Ross-308 cross were selected by the method of analogous groups, each group contained 50 birds. Broilers were kept in group cages considering all zoohygienic requirements. The control group consumed a basic diet (BD), i.e., a complete feed. The experimental groups were additionally fed different doses of a probiotic supplement (by percentage mass of feed). The broiler chickens fed the probiotic supplement had increased digestibility of dry matter, protein, fibre and nitrogen-free extractives (NFE) compared with the control group. The application of probiotic supplement in broiler feeding increases the availability of essential amino acids, i.e. lysine, histidine, arginine, threonine, valine, methionine, isoleucine compared with the control. The absorption of Ca, P, Mg, and Mn increased with the probiotic supplement. The probiotic supplement application in the diet of broiler chickens increased the pre-slaughter live weight by 16.7%, the un-gutted body weight by 15.0% and gutted body weight by 17.3%. Probiotic supplement had a positive effect on the digestibility of feed nutrients, increased the absorption of amino acids and minerals in the body broiler chickens.
Effect of seed pre-treatment with plant growth compound regulators on seedling growth under drought stress
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2021) Jia, Peipei; Melnyk, Andrii; Zhang, Zhiyong; Butenko, Sergey; Kolosok, Volodymyr
The experiment aimed to evaluate the effect of different compound regulators on the germination rate, seedling morphology of two mustard (Brassica juncea L.) cultivars ('Felicia' and 'Prima') under simulated drought stress with PEG-6000. The eight commercial growth compound regulators (ALBIT, VERMISTIMD, ANTISTRESS, AGRINOS, REGOPLAN, BIOFOGE, STIMULATE, and FAST START) were pretreated seeds at recommended doses. The application of growth regulators promoted the growth of seedlings under drought stress but had no obvious effect on the germination rate of the two varieties. The root fresh weight, total root length, leaf area, stem length, and stem volume in 'Felicia' significantly increased with ANTISTRESS treatment by 24.28, 3.30, 24.70, 19.40, and 30.90%. In addition, the number of lateral roots reached the maximum with AGRINOS and REGOPLAN treatment compared with plants without regulators under drought conditions, which were 135.55 and 121.20%, respectively. For 'Prima', the application of FAST START had a remarkable effect on root fresh weight, total root length, lateral root number and primary root length, root surface area, leaf area, and stem volume by 17.62, 18.12, 211.20, 53.75, 28.57, 15.90, and 32.30%, respectively.
Effect of shading net, planting methods and bio-extract on production of muskmelon
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2021) Obaid, Abdulraheem A.; Al-Alawy, Hassan H.; Hassan, Kadhum Daley; Hamdi, Ghassan Jaafar
Growing vegetable transplants under shade nets are currently becoming more popular to protect high intensities of light and high temperature. This study was undertaken to evaluate the influence of shading net at 30% shading and an unshaded control, methods of the planting, direct sowing, transplanting, and foliar application of a biozyme fertilizer at 0 and 0.5 ml L–1 production, and quality of muskmelon. These treatments were laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) and were arranged in a split‑split plot with three replications. Results showed that 30% shading treatment produced the highest leaf chlorophyll content (57.07 SPAD) and TSS (13.05%). Direct sowing gives a higher value for fruit weight (3583 g), most yield per plant (3772 g) and most total yield (3772 g). Transplanting produced the highest fruit per plant (1.58 fruit). The 0.5 ml L–1 fertilizer treatment had the least time to maturity (92.08 days). The interaction between shading treatment, establishment methods and biozyme fertilizer improve the fruit quality and yield of muskmelon.
Evaluation of common bean (Phaseolous vulgaris L.) genotypes against anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum Sacc. and Magn.)
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2021) K.C., Sujata; Manandhar, Hira Kaji; Shrestha, Sundar Man; Acharya, Basistha; Shrestha, Jiban
Twelve genotypes of common bean were evaluated against anthracnose under natural epiphytotic conditions. This study was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research field of Agriculture Research Station (ARS), Vijaynagar, Jumla, Nepal from June to September 2018. The area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) and disease severity were calculated. In laboratory conditions, artificial inoculation was carried out on detached leaves of twelve genotypes using a pure culture suspension of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (1.2× 106 conidia ml–1) in a completely randomized design with three replications. The results showed that bean genotypes varied significantly for disease severity both in the field and laboratory conditions. In the field, bean genotypes showed resistance to highly susceptible reactions. Their AUDPC value ranged from 120.55 to 502.31. The lowest mean AUDPC value was recorded in KBL-1 (120.55) followed by KBL-3 (123.79) and KBL-2 (124.44). Similarly, the lowest severity value was recorded with KBL-1 (0.51), KBL-2 (0.52) and KBL-3 (0.53). Detached leaf assay in laboratory experiment showed that the lowest mean AUDPC was found in KBL-2 (16.67) and KBL-3 (16.67). Therefore, KBL-2 and KBL-3 could be utilized as resistant varieties to anthracnose disease under Jumla and similar field conditions.
The forecasting of polyphenolic substances in sweet cherry fruits under the impact of weather factors
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2021) Ivanova, Іryna; Serdyuk, Мarina; Malkina, Vira; Tymoshchuk, Tetiana; Kotelnytska, Anna; Moisiienko, Vira
It has been proved that during the period of research the weather factors had dominating effects on the formation of phenolic substances fund for the fruits of early and late groups of cultivars. The cultivar features affected the accumulation of the phenolic substances in the fruits of a group of cultivars of a medium-term ripening. It has been established that the fruits of 'Kazka' cultivar (203.17 mg 100 g–1) were selected from among the cultivars of an early-term ripening according to the average phenol substances content. The fruits of 'Rubinova Rannia' (175.27 mg 100 g–1) are characterized by the optimal variation indices as well as by the average content of polyphenolic substances. From the technological point of view, the most perspective from among the cultivars of medium- and late-terms of ripening was: 'Uliublenytsia Turovtseva' (226.85 mg 100 g–1), 'Udivitelna' (288.55 mg 100 g–1). The results of experimental analysis for the fruits of early- and late-terms of ripening as well as their dispersion analysis allow us to forecast the content of the phenolic substances by the average indices but not separately for every pomological cultivar. Based on designed regression models, the analysis of the degree of impact of each weather factor on the rate of the phenolic substance has been made. The humidity index (the average monthly amount of rainfalls in May) had maximal effects on the accumulation of phenolic substances fund for the cherry fruits of three terms of ripening. The humidity indices of the last months of fruits formation (May and June) had the greatest effects on the accumulation of phenolic substances for a test group of plants of all terms of ripening.
Genotype and nitrogen effects on grain yield and yield-related traits of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2021) Paudel, Ganga; Bhatta, Maya; Mahato, Mohan; Joshi, Darbin; Shrestha, Jiban
Genotype and nitrogen application are important determinants of grain yield in maize. This experiment was carried out in split-plot design with two factors (maize hybrids as the main factor and nitrogen rates as the sub factor) arranged in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The maize hybrids including Rampur Hybrid-2, Rampur Hybrid-4 and Rampur Hybrid-6 were main plots, and four nitrogen rates of 0, 140,160, and 180 kg N ha–1 were sub-plot. Results revealed that hybrids had significant effects on the days to 50% tasselling, cob circumference, number of kernel rows per cob and grain yield. Similarly, nitrogen rates had significant effects on all parameters except on the days to 50% tasselling and silking. The highest values of cob length (18.31 cm), no of kernel rows per cob (13.22), no of kernels per cob (33.36), cob circumference (13.90 cm) was recorded from the plot fertilized with 180 kg N ha–1. Rampur Hybrid-2 produced the highest yield (6.19 t ha–1), whereas the lowest yield was found in Rampur Hybrid-6. Similarly, 180 kg N ha–1 produced a significantly higher yield (7.06 t ha–1) which was followed by 160 kg ha–1 (6.71 t ha–1), 140 kg ha–1 (6.30 t ha–1) and the lowest yield (3.93 t ha–1) with 0 kg N ha–1. Therefore, among the hybrids evaluated, Rampur Hybrid-2 could be an appropriate hybrid variety for the cultivation at Dang district and similar conditions in Nepal. This study suggests that maize production can be maximized by cultivating Rampur Hybrid-2 with the use of 180 kg N ha–1 in the inner Terai region of Nepal.
Is Estonian barley ready to tackle climate change-induced water regimes?
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2021) Sepp, Siim Samuel; Tamm, Ülle; Loit, Evelin
The objective was to examine the effect of drought and flood on barley plants' biomass and growth rate in early vegetative development while comparing the stress adaption of different varieties. A greenhouse trial was conducted in the Estonian Crop Research Institute (ECRI) in 2021, where five Estonian grown spring barley varieties were grown in optimal, drought and flood treatments for six weeks to measure plants' projected leaf area (PA) and relative growth rate (RGR) through phenotyping. Both drought and flooding stress have a strong negative impact on plant biomass in early vegetative growth phases, causing PA at the end of the trial to decrease 26% and 49% respectively. Meanwhile, RGR throughout the trial decreased 6% in drought treatment and 16% in flood treatment. This indicates the greater impact of flood stress on plant's growth compared to drought stress. Genetic variation related to adaption to extreme water regimes in varieties is rather low, especially in drought stress conditions. In drought treatment, the variation coefficient (CV) was 14%, and in flood treatment 25%. Even as most varieties' PA and RGR varied between treatments, the difference between varieties in specific stress treatments was minimal. Estonian grown spring barley varieties are susceptible to extreme water regime related stress caused by potential climate change. This indicates the importance of assessing water-related stress tolerance in breeding material, adapting more accurate innovative evaluation approaches, and integrating climate-resilient genetic material into breeding programs, to hedge the risk caused by unfavourable growth environments in Estonian barley production.
Justification of the mechatronic system for pigsty microclimate maintenance
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2021) Yaropud, Vitalii; Hunko, Iryna; Aliiev, Elchyn; Kupchuk, Ihor
The main parameters of the microclimate of pig farms are regulated by the norms of technological design. Naturally, such micro-climate parameters at real energy prices require high costs, but these are the most favourable conditions for the life of suckling piglets. According to the presented analysis, the problem of research is the need to provide a micro-climate in the room for comfortable keeping of pigs, which is currently achieved through high energy. The purpose of the development is to increase the efficiency of the microclimate of pig farms by using a mechatronic control system, rational use of utilized air energy and soil thermal potential with reduced energy costs of the ventilation system. The problem is solved by creating such a mechatronic system to ensure the microclimate of pig farms, which can: switch the direction of airflow to ensure the operation of the system in winter and summer; to control the movement of air, which must be disposed of according to the parameters of its quality; to provide a local microclimate in each place where animals are kept; rational use of soil thermal energy as a source of alternative energy; to carry out automatic pumping of the water necessary for humidification of air, and its utilization. The article presents the results of research of parameters of the developed mechatronic system of providing microclimate of pig premises, which were carried out in three stages: research of heat exchanger of side-evaporating type; substantiation of the ventilation system of polluted air intake; substantiation of the ventilation system for injecting clean air taking into account it's geothermal heating/cooling. The advantage of the proposed mechatronic system of the microclimate of pig farms is that it allows increasing the efficiency of microclimate by rational use of energy of utilized air (due to the use of side-evaporator type heat exchanger based on Maisotsenko cycle) and soil heat potential (geothermal energy) at low operating costs of the ventilation system through the additional provision of mechatronic elements. The presented results of numerical simulation of the indirect evaporative heat exchanger allow us to state that the cooling effect obtained in indirect evaporative channels can be quite high in comparison with traditional air conditioning patterns. The presented heat exchanger based on the Maisotsenko cycle (M-cycle) of considered heat carrier flow scheme is characterized by its high cost-effectiveness, low specific cost, small operational costs and structural simplicity, which is confirmed in the works. The models obtained in the Star CCM +software package can be used for optimization analysis of air-cooling with variations in the Reynolds number, humidity, channel length and geometric dimensions of channels. Because of analytical investigations of the contaminated air intake ventilation system, the method was developed and on its basis – the algorithm was implemented for the determination of geometrical arrangement of holes in the air duct of the mechatronic system for pigsty microclimate maintenance.

Sirvi

Sirvi 2021, Vol. 32, No. 2 Pealkiri järgi

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