2023, Vol. 21, No. 3

Selle kollektsiooni püsiv URIhttp://hdl.handle.net/10492/8782

Sirvi

Nüüd näidatakse 1 - 20 33

Accuracy of waste stockpile volume calculations based on UAV Photogrammetry
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Künnapuu, Rauno; Kokamägi, Kaupo; Liba, Natalja; Estonian University of Life Sciences. Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. Chair of Environmental Protection and Landscape Management; Estonian University of Life Sciences. Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering. Chair of Forest and Land Management and Forest Industry
In environmental supervision, it is necessary to measure waste piles volume to determine whether the activities of the waste manager comply with the established requirements. The aim of this research is to determine whether the model, formed from images collected with low-priced unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) - not with Real Time Kinematic Global Navigation Satellite System (RTK GNSS) capability - is sufficiently accurate to carry out waste-related surveying. Data collection took place in spring 2021 at the Aardlapalu transhipment station in Tartu County. The objects of the research were an unscreened composting pile and a covered composting pile. In the fieldwork, terrestrial laser scanning and photogrammetric flight were carried out. The reference value was the volume of the model formed from the data of laser scan. The volumes of all models formed by the photogrammetric method were within the permissible difference of 10% provided by law. The most accurate results were obtained from the covered composting pile with an overlap of 70% × 70% and 21 ground control points (GCPs). Using these parameters, the absolute error of the model was 1.48 m³ and the relative error was 0.65%. The most inaccurate results were obtained from the unscreened composting pile with an overlap of 80% × 80% and 21 GCP-s. The research confirmed the hypothesis that sufficient accuracy to calculate waste piles volumes can also be achieved by using a cheaper UAV and camera and with software not specially designed for photogrammetry, design, and drawing.
Analysis of environmental conditions in two different Compost Bedded Pack Barn systems for dairy cattle
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Andrade, R.R.; Tinôco, I.F.F.; Damasceno, F.A.; Valente, D.A.; Oliveira, C.E.A.; Oliveira, V.C.; Rossi, G.; Barbari, M.
The objective of this study was to analyse and compare the thermal environment of dairy cattle facilities in an open compost bedded pack barn (CBP) with natural ventilation and closed CBP (without thermal insulation) and climate control system. The research was conducted in a property located in Zona da Mata, Minas Gerais, Brazil. During the summer and for different periods of the day, the following average environmental variables observed inside the facilities were measured: dry bulb temperature, relative humidity and Temperature and Humidity Index (THI). The results were submitted to an analysis of variance to determine the significance of the variables in the different treatments. It was found that the closed and climate control system CBP promoted greater control of the facility's internal microclimate, registering smaller thermal amplitudes and a greater reduction in the animals' exposure time to stressful thermal conditions, compared to the CBP with natural ventilation. However, during summer afternoons, comfort indices indicated moderate stress. It is concluded that the closed CBP, regarding the analysed variables, indicated potential use, provided that a careful study of the climate of the region is carried out before implementation, the factors related to the ambient conditioning and better insulation of the construction are adjusted. The climatic variables inside the open CBP indicated a high stress condition for the animals, suggesting the placement of positive pressure fans and sprinklers properly distributed in the feed alley, to guarantee benefits to the entire area of the animal housing.
Analysis of scrapie resistance and productivity of Latvian dark head breed old type sheep compliant to the conservation program of the genetic resources
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Bārzdiņa, D.; Kairiša, D.
Since 2002, the European Union has implemented a disease surveillance programme for transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) in small ruminants, which can cause very high economic losses to sheep farmers worldwide. In order to detect susceptibility to this fatal sheep disease, surveillance of this disease has been carried out in Europe for several years. Such a programme was introduced in Latvia in 2004 when the country joined the European Union, so Latvia has been monitoring this potential disease for several years. As this fatal disease has not been detected in Latvia, only a few studies have been conducted on scrapie genotypes in the Latvian Dark Head sheep breed and their effect on sheep productivity traits. The aim of the study was to analyse the productivity of the first lambs of Latvian Dark Head sheep in relation to the scrapie genotype. According to the data analysis, a total of 1531 or 97.7% of the ewes with R1, R2 and R3 scrapie genotypes can be used for future sheep breeding. The average age of all ewes included in the Programme was 5 years and the average fertility was 1.8 lambs. Later in the work, 1,335 Latvian Dark Head ewes with 100% bloodiness were analysed and the average fertility of ewes in the R1 and R3 scrapie genotype groups was 1.6 lambs and 1.7 lambs for ewes in the R2 risk group. In the last 10 years, the implementation of the conservation programme of the old type Latvian Dark Head sheep breed has been successful.
Assessment of the greenhouse gas emissions and energy inputs applying different weed control methods for wheat growing
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Zagorska, V.; Ruciņš, A.; Viesturs, D.; Ivanovs, S.
Economic indicators are often used to evaluate and select technologies, determining the production costs of the product. However, according to the EU's green course, the ecological assessment of technologies is increasingly important. The purpose of the article is to comparatively evaluate two winter wheat weed control methods, which are widely used in Latvia, according to two ecological indicators - the amount of the GHG emissions and the energy consumption, to find out whether these indicators can serve as a criterion for the selection of technologies. These two methods are HA (harrowing), in which weeds are controlled by harrowing and herbicides, HE (herbicides), in which weeds are controlled only by herbicides. The methodology for calculating the mentioned indicators was developed by analyzing several studies by other authors. The total GHG emissions generated are calculated as the sum of five components: emissions, generated for the manufacture and delivery of the machinery used; emissions, generated by the fuel, consumed for implementation of the technology; emissions, generated for the production, delivery and installation of fertilizers; emissions, generated for the production, delivery and installation of pesticides, seed production, delivery and installation emissions. Analogously, the total energy consumption is calculated by summing the components The technologies were implemented on a specific farm, with the machinery of this farm, labor, fertilizers and the plant protection products. It has been established that the technologies differ by the calculated ecological indicators within the range of 1.2–2.6%; moreover, these indicators are lower for the technology with the herbicide spraying, and the technology is simpler to implement. Therefore, it is also more widely used. Since the coefficients for the calculation of the ecological indicators can be applied by the methodology of this article, the characteristics of the technique and the doses of fertilizers and the plant protection agents, used on the farms, are known, the ecological indicators can be used as an additional criterion for the selection of technologies on the farms. The ratio of the energy value and energy consumption of the produced product (the output and the input ratio) was also determined, this indicator for technologies HA and HE being, respectively, 8.30 and 8.41. In comparison with the research by the authors in other countries, from the point of view of the amount of the generated CO2-eq emissions and rational consumption of energy, the analysed winter wheat production technologies are evaluated as moderately efficient, but from the point of view of the energy value of the product produced and the ratio of the energy consumption (the output and the input ratio) - as efficient.
Assessment of ‘Complex–co’ preparation efficiency for some cereal crops growth stimulation
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Martirosyan, H.S.; Mikaelyan, A.R.; Asatryan, N.L.; Babayan, B.G.
The problem of obtaining environmentally friendly products, which are free from unwanted compounds that are harmful for human health like residual nitrates is very actual. The solution to this problem should be started from the initial stage of crop cultivation: seed disinfection. For that goal the new organic origin preparation ‘Complex-Co’ was used. In current paper the effect of a new plant growth stimulation preparation of complex influence ‘ComplexCo’, was studied on cereal crops cultivation. It was produced by the acidic processing of winemaking waste product: the natural cream of tartar. Unlike the high risk classical organic and inorganic fertilizers, ‘Complex-Co’ preparation is based on absolutely vital compounds and can be considered ecologically safe. It contains: amino derivatives of natural tartaric acid (TA), coalmine and micro-nutrient elements, which provide the target properties and improve soil behavior. The effect of ‘Complex-Co’ preparation was studied on three common agricultural crops: barley, emmer and triticale. As a result of the experiments and field-trials it was proved as an effective preparation for root and foliar nutrition of crops. After the usage of the elaborated preparation the significant growth stimulation effect was observed for all the tested cereal crops. Also, the disinfection effect of ‘Complex-Co’ preparation was observed for the seeds of the tested plants. The preparation is being recommended for the further research of its effect on various plants cultivation in farms, greenhouses and orangeries.
Bioenergy transition as a strategic mechanism to diversify energy sources in rural areas in Colombia
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Villegas, S.; Rocha-Meneses, Lisandra; Luna-del Risco, M.; Arroyave, C.; Arrieta, C.; Arredondo, C.
The growth in population has resulted in an increase in the consumption of goods and services, which has led to a surge in waste generation and the use of fossil fuels. To mitigate the envi-ronmental issues associated with improper waste management and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels, residual organic matter can be used to produce bioenergy in the form of biogas and biomethane through anaerobic digestion (AD). These biofuels can act as substitutes for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and natural gas (NG) and can be utilized for power and heat generation. In Colombia, the current production of biogas is 4 MW, and the government aims to increase its utilization by promoting the inclusion of biogas and biomethane in the energy matrix through a supportive regulatory framework. Studies suggest that the theoretical energy potential of livestock waste in Colombia is estimated to be 2,673 MW, but the current technological conditions allow for the utilization of only 198 MW, with the pork sector contributing 34%. This study examines the legal context and the present state of biogas in the Colombian energy matrix, while exploring the potential of the Colombian pig farming sector for biogas production. The social, economic, and environmental barriers and opportunities faced by this sector in becoming an energy producer during the transition period are also identified. The findings suggest that biogas presents a sustainable energy solution for rural areas of Colombia where pig farming is a prominent economic activity. Biogas can replace traditional fuels like LPG and firewood for cooking purposes or serve as a complementary source for electricity and thermal energy production in non-interconnected zones. This could mitigate environmental issues and reduce the prevalence of respiratory diseases associated with the use of firewood.
Changes in gray forest soil organic matter pools under anthropogenic load in agrocenoses
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Pavlichenko, A.; Dmytrenko, O.; Litvinova, O.; Kovalova, S.; Litvinov, D.; Havryliuk, O.
The relevance of research is determined by a complex of factors that shape the change in the humus system of gray forest soil dynamics (content, total reserves, values variability of labile and stable humus pools, humification processes direction) under the influence of mineral fertilizers and chemical reclamation in the long-term ecotope conditions. The purpose of the research was to assess the impact of systematic anthropogenic loading on changes in soil organic matter pools. Research methods included long-term stationary studies, laboratory determination of organic matter content and humus group composition, and statistical data analysis. It has been proven that liming practically did not contribute to the increase of the total humus content, however, due to the coagulating effect, certain changes in labile and more stable forms of humus substances occurred in its qualitative composition. It has been established that the cultivation of crops сultivation in crop rotation with a purely mineral fertilizer system did not lead to a significant organic matter accumulation in the soil, despite the increase in crop yield levels under appropriate conditions and the accumulation of a larger vegetative mass of root and post-harvest residues entering the soil, but its losses were significantly reduced. The use of organic components (green manure, by-products) in combination with moderate rates of mineral fertilizers on a liming background (humus content 1.63%), provided a clear tendency to expand humus reproduction by 0.16%, compared to the initial level, and by 15% and 12% more than in the version with no fertilizers and just mineral system. Under such a fertilizing system, there is a tendency to increase more stable humic acids. The increase in humification of organic matter was achieved through the application of fertilizers in limed backgrounds. In this case, the humus formation type exhibited characteristics of humate-fulvate, with a value of 0.9, which is characteristic of soils of forest origin in the northern Forest-Steppe region with the presence of soil-forming factors specific to that territory. The article materials are of practical value for agricultural producers in the development of an innovative strategy for preserving the environment safety, and soil fertility under the influence of elements of energy-saving technologies for crops.
Compost barn system and its influence on the environment, comfort and welfare of dairy cattle
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Nepomuceno, G.L.; Cecchin, D.; Damasceno, F.A.; Amaral, P.I.S.; Caproni, V.R.; Rossi, G.; Bambi, G.; Ferraz, P.F.P.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the thermal environment on behavioral and physiological parameters of crossbred cows of different productivity levels confined in a compost barn system. For this, air temperature (Tdb) and relative humidity (RH) data were measured using sensors/registers and wind speed (Vair) was recorded with the aid of an anemometer. Subsequently, these data were used to calculate the Temperature and Humidity Index (THI). Bedding material variables (pH and humidity) were also evaluated. The animals were evaluated for physiological variables (respiratory rate – RR and surface temperature – ST), scores (body condition, locomotion and dirt) and behavior. The analyses were carried out on two groups of cows (Group 1: high production vs. Group 2: medium and low production). The average pH of the bedding material was 8.5, within the recommended range. In the case of the physiological responses of the cows, the respiratory rate (RR) of Group 1 indicated better conditions of thermal comfort in the morning vs. the afternoon. The system was efficient in both groups based on body condition score, indicating favorable conditions for the health of the animals. Regarding the behavioral evaluation, Group 1 and 2 were statistically similar and had the longest rumination times, in relation to the other evaluated behaviors. Regarding active periods, medium production were the most active. Regarding idle time, low production spent more time idle than the other animals.
Determination of tomato quality with hyperspectral imaging
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Alsiņa, I.; Dūma, M.; Dubova, L.; Alksnis, R.; Dučkena, L.; Erdberga, I.; Harbovska, T.; Avotiņš, A.
Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) are a widely used vegetable in the human diet throughout the year, both fresh and in various processed products. Tomatoes contain compounds important to human health and are an important source of vitamins, antioxidants, and mineral elements. Performing biochemical analyses is an expensive, environmentally unfriendly and time-consuming process; therefore, a way to determine the biochemical composition of tomatoes using non-destructive methods is being sought. The study includes 45 varieties of tomatoes with different colors - red, pink, orange, brown, yellow, and bicolor tomato fruits. The content of dry matter, soluble dry matter, titratable acidity, lycopene, β-carotene, total phenol, and flavonoids was determined by standard biochemical procedure. Reflectance spectrums of tomato fruits were obtained with Remote Sensing Portable Spectroradiometer RS-3500 (Ltd. Spectral Evolution, Haverhill, MA, USA) at the wavelength 350–2,500 nm with a 1 nm interval. In order to determine the content of various biochemical parameters in tomatoes, the vegetation indices found in the literature were used, and new ones were developed. The research demonstrated that the developed vegetative indices allow to detect lycopene and β-carotene content non-destructively. For the determination of the dry matter, soluble solids and phenolic content, indices designed for detecting water content can be used, but their correlation coefficients with chemical methods are moderately high - 0.65, 0.56 and 0.57, respectively. It was found that the best correlation between biochemically detected parameters and vegetation indices is for lycopene > β-carotene > dry matter> total phenols = titratable acidity ≥ soluble solids > taste index > flavonoids.
Effect of new biologically active feed ingredient - potassium humate on productivity and milk quality of dairy cows
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Nolberga-Trupa, A.; Ruska, D.; Grandbergs, G.
In animal feeding, the use of effective bioactive feed additives of natural origin, which have a stimulatory effect on the digestive and metabolic processes in an animal organism, while maximally maintaining the conditions for a healthy rumen environment, in combination with an environmentally friendly and economically beneficial agricultural production process, is being studied. Humates can play an important role in addressing this problem. Therefore, a study with Holstein-Friesian Black-and-White cows was carried out on the farm ‘Dukati’, Vitinu Parish, Auce Municipality, to understand the effect of potassium humate on the productivity and milk quality of dairy cows. Animals were selected for the research and assigned by the analogy principle to two treatment groups: trial and control; each group consisted of 15 dairy cows. The dairy cows were kept in free stall barns. The animals were provided with all welfare requirements according to the guidelines. During the trial, a decrease in productivity in both groups of cows was observed, but this decrease was slower in the trial group - by 6 kg ECM, compared to the beginning of the trial. During the trial, the milk composition, according to its fat and lactose content, was similar for cows of both groups. The protein content in the milk of the cows of both groups differed (P < 0.05). In the trial cow group, the protein content in milk increased by 0.15%, but the urea content in the milk decreased by 0.96 mg dL-1 , and somatic cell count by 180 thsd mL-1 compared to the beginning of the trial.
Effect of quality properties of added gluten on the texture and sensory properties of rye and buckwheat breads
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Traksmaa, Anna; Kaleda, Aleksei; Nurme, Britta; Laos, Katrin
Bread producers use vital wheat gluten to enhance the quality of their products. However, commercial isolated glutens could have different properties and therefore influence the properties of the final products. As studies on the quality properties of glutens and their effect on the final baking products are limited, the aim of this study was to characterize commercial isolated glutens and the effect of their addition on the textural and sensory properties of rye and buckwheat breads. Three glutens were tested for water binding capacity (WBC), gluten index (GI), protein sedimentation, and resistance using modified methods. Afterwards, three different bread recipes were developed and commercial glutens were tested in each model bread. The commercial glutens had different physicochemical and viscoelastic properties, which were below the typical values of native glutens (GI was 36‒46%, extensibility- 48‒78 mm). Breads also had different sensorial and textural properties, which diverged more during storage. The sour taste intensity and springiness of the rye bread increased, while its moistness, adhesiveness, and typical odour intensity decreased. Fresh and staled rye toast breads were softer and more porous. The buckwheat bread was the most stable, though it was drier and springier after storage. The effect of gluten was specific to the bread recipe and was uncorrelated with the gluten quality properties individually. However, gluten with the intermediate values of WBC, sedimentation, and extensibility, also resulted in breads with intermediate sensory properties. Thus, it is possible to enhance specific properties of bread using commercial glutens with different quality attributes.
Effect of sapropel fertilizer on the quality of the yield of some field crops
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Zarina, L.; Cerina, S.; Proskina, L.
Sapropel is specific water body sediments containing a high level of organic matter formed from remains of water biota mixed with mineral components. One of the most promising utilisation ways of sapropel is agriculture where it can be used as soil amendment to improve soil physical properties and thus obtain economically viable and high quality yield of field crops. For three years the experiments were conducted at Priekuli Research Centre of the Institute of Agricultural Resources and Economics. Dehydrated sapropel mass from Lake Bizas was studied as soil biological fertilizer to determine its suitability for use in field crop production. Researches were carried out in organic crop rotation, in the fields of potato, winter rye and field bean. Three different doses of sapropel fertilizer were applied. During the three-year period (2020–2022), the yield indicators of the plant species included in the study were evaluated, and the quality of the yield of these species was assessed. The results of research confirm the positive effect of sapropel on yield quality indicators - protein (field beans), starch (potatoes) falling number and 1,000 seed mass (winter rye).
Efficacy of pre-emergence herbicides in controlling Sumatran fleabane (Conyza sumatrensis) in the off-season
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Garcia, F.C.; Albrecht, A.J.P.; Albrecht, L.P.; Barbosa, J.R.; Silva, A.F.M.; Larini, W.F.; Moreno, G.; Barroso, A.A.M.
Pre-emergence herbicides can be effective in controlling Sumatran fleabane (Conyza sumatrensis [Retz.] E.Walker) at soybean and other crops. The goal was to evaluate the effectiveness of sulfentrazone/diuron, imazethapyr/flumioxazin, flumioxazin, diclosulam, s-metolachlor, imazethapyr, clomazone and imazapic/imazapyr in controlling Sumatran fleabane for application in the off-season before soybean planting. Three experiments were conducted in the off season, with 9 treatments. The control of Sumatran fleabane was evaluated at 28, 42 and 49 days after application (DAA), at 49 DAA was performed counting of plants per m2 . In experiment 1, the worst performance was found for s-metolachlor (58.3% final control), in a situation of lower emergence flow of Sumatran fleabane, with equivalence for the other herbicides. In experiments 2 and 3, with greater emergence flow of Sumatran fleabane, clomazone efficacy stood out (≥ 86.3% final control). A micro-encapsulated formulation of clomazone was used, which causes greater intoxication to this weed due to its slow release into the soil, and presents less loss to the environment. In conditions of lower emergence of Sumatran fleabane, sulfentrazone/diuron, imazethapyr/flumioxazin, flumioxazin, diclosulam, imazethapyr, clomazone and imazapic/imazapyr were effective in controlling it. Even in this condition, s-metolachlor was not effective in controlling Sumatran fleabane. The application of clomazone was effective in controlling Sumatran fleabane in the three experiments. Clomazone is characterized as an important herbicide for use in the off season in the management of this weed before soybean sowing.
Efficiency of technology elements for growing winter wheat on typical chernozem
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Litvinova, O.; Dehodiuk, S.; Litvinov, D.; Havryliuk, O.; Kyrychenko, A.; Borys, N.; Dmytrenko, O.
The use of traditional tillage technologies in short-rotational crop rotations increases the cost of agricultural production and has a negative impact on the environment. The research was aimed at establishing and improving the ways winter wheat yield increase in short-rotational crop rotations depending on the efficiency of the main tillage system and fertilizing on typical chernozems s in conditions of unstable moisture in the Forest Steppe of Ukraine. The research was conducted at the Department of Agrochemistry National Scientific Centre Institute of Agriculture of National Academy of Agricultural Scienses at the Panfil Research Station of the National Scientific Center Institute of Agriculture of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences in a stationary technological experiment, on typical low-humus chernozem in 2 short rotation crop rotations with the following crops rotation: crop rotation 1 - winter rape (Brassica napus L.), winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L), grain maize (Zea mays), spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L); crop rotation 2 - soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill), winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L), sunflower (Helianthus annuus), spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L). The article presents the results of research in two short-rotation crop rotations with the placement of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L) after winter rape (Brassica napus L.) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) against the background of two tillage systems: ploughing (25–27 cm) and no-till (direct sowing). The impact of different methods of soil cultivation and fertilizing systems on the humus content and nutrient regime of typical chernozems in the agrocenosis of winter wheat was determined. It was established that in winter wheat, placed after winter rapeseed and soybeans, there is a tendency to increase the humus content under zero tillage up to 15% relative to the control (without fertilizers) and from 5–14% relative to moldboard tillage (25–27 cm ploughing). The most effective in nutrient accumulation was fertilizing system N(90)P2О5(90)K2О(90) applied after rape and after soybean. Respectively, the content of mobile phosphorus compounds increased by 10–18% and potassium by 1.3–2.0 times compared to the control (without fertilizers) with the advantage of no-tillcultivation technology. The given comparative assessment of the yield formation of winter wheat when growing it after different pre-crops showed that the average yield of winter wheat grain in both cultivations on the control option for the soybean pre-crop was 3.55 t ha-1 and 4.00 t ha-1 for rape. The highest increases in grain yield on average over the years of research were provided by the fertilizing system of 50–54% (N(90)P2О5(90)K2О(90)) for growing winter wheat after soybeans and 39–47% (N(90)P2О5(90) K2О(90)) on the winter rape pre-crop with the advantage of moldboard tillage (ploughing) in crop cultivation technologies. The fertilizing system with the introduction of N(16)P2О(16)K2О(16) has the prospect of spreading because, in terms of the formation of typical indicators of chernozem fertility and the yield of winter wheat grain, it approaches technologies with the introduction of N(120)P2О5(90–60)K2О(100–90) with significant cost savings for mineral fertilizers.
Energetic analysis in compost dairy barn: a case study in southeastern Brazil
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Cruz, E.F.L.; Hernández, R.O.; Damasceno, F.A.; Tinôco, I.F.F.; Andrade, R.R.; do Nascimento, J.A.C.; Rossi, G.; Becciolini, V.; Barbari, M.
Energy efficiency aims to optimize the energy consumption of the processes, activities, and machinery of the farm, ensuring the comfort, handling, and safety of the animals. The purpose of the study was to identify the energy consumption demanded by the activities performed at the Compost Dairy Barn facility, located in Itaguara, Minas Gerais, Brazil and to propose energysaving alternatives, applying the Energy Audit Methodology described by the Institute for Energy Diversification and Saving (IDAE in Spanish) from Spain. The energy assessment at the facility allowed us to recognize unnecessary energy expenses in machinery uses, variations in milk production in relation to environmental conditions, waste disposal, and to propose improvement alternatives to reduce energy consumption expenses. Waste production data of 1577.7 kg per year was obtained, which corresponds to the bedding and feeding areas, and 175 kg of waste for the feeding area. Data on the temperature and humidity of the bedding area were collected to determine which of the five months of research is the most demanding in terms of energy. To maintain the animal’s welfare, tracing the times of substantial use of machinery (e.g., fans, tractors) at the facility and calculating Equivalent Temperature Index (ETI) was necessary. The highest percentage consumption of energy was represented by tractors in bedding maintenance and supply, by around 95.03%. The energy analysis of the farm showed a reduction in energy consumption of 45.03%, compared to the initial consumption percentages of the overall livestock activity.
Fixed-time artificial insemination in the bovine ‘Lydia Brava dos Açores’ using frozen semen
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Faria, N.; Pacheco-Lima, J.; Valadão, L.; Moreira da Silva, M.H.; Moreira Silva, F.
The present study was designed to evaluate the use of estrus synchronization and fixedtime artificial insemination (FTAI) after synchronization of ovulation in the bovine Lidia cattle called ‘Brava dos Açores’. For such purpose, a total of 70 females was submitted to FTAI after a CIDR®-Cosynch synchronization protocol, in which on Day 0, a progesterone-impregnated internal controlled release drug (CIDR®) was inserted intravaginally, and GnRH was administered intramuscularly. After 5 or 7 days, respectively for heifers or cows, PGF2α was administered and the CIDR® removed, being the artificial insemination performed after 60 hours only once using straws containing 50 million mL of spermatozoa per straw. Before starting synchronization, all animals were vaccinated against several diseases, and only females negative for IBR/BVD, Trichomoniasis, Brucellosis, Leucosis and Campylobacteriosis were selected to be used in the experiment. Pregnancy diagnoses were performed, by ultrasonography. During the experiment, females took a routine course, to reduce the stress during the different procedures such as to place and remove the implants and the artificial insemination, because as they are known to be quite nervous, it can seriously impair seriously the results. In general, 64% of the cows became pregnant vs 40% for heifers, which can be considered satisfactory considering the nature of inseminated cattle. It can be, thus, concluded that the animal’s correct management, as well as the use of the presented protocols are fundamental to achieve the success of this technique, so that the use of these protocols and animal’s management when inseminating this type of animals is strongly recommended.
The impact of training on safety performance in agriculture: A scoping review
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Vaher, Ragne; Merisalu, Eda; Estonian University of Life Sciences. Institute of Forestry and Engineering. Chair of Biosystems Engineering
The aim of the study was to analyse the effectiveness of occupational health and safety (OHS) training methods on safety behaviour of farmers and agricultural workers based on literature results. The scoping review intends to find out the main gaps in teaching methodology influencing safety performance of employers and employees in agriculture. A systematic search of literature with help of predefined search strings (agriculture, education, effectiveness, farmer, farm worker, intervention, safety, training) in two literature databases (Scopus, EBSCO) was carried out. It was analysed, how effectively different training methods improved safety awareness and performance of farmers, students and employees. The strength of the evidence on training’s effectiveness was assessed for existence of control or comparison group, pre- and post-testing, follow-up testing, statistical significance testing, clear methodology description and thorough study overview were presented. In the primary literature research, 276 articles were identified. A total of 224 articles were left after the exclusion of redundant publications. After the abstracts’ screening 52 publications met the eligibility criteria. After the full text screening by two independent researchers additionally 33 studies were excluded, and in total 19 studies entered into the data charting process. The articles were assessed as medium (n = 8) and high (n = 8) in terms of strength of evidence. According to the review results, the training methods used in the agricultural sector have shown as effective due to the safety awareness and risk behavior among the trainees improved, but new OHS knowledge after training need to be engaged and regularly updated.
Influence of altitude and lactation period on composition and physical properties of milk in crossbred Sharri sheep
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Ramadani, Xh.; Kryeziu, A.; Kamberi, M.; Zogaj, M.
The aim of this study was to compare the changes in chemical composition and physical properties of raw milk from crossbred ‘Sharri’ sheep as a function of altitude (1,200 m - variant A and 1,600 m - variant B) and lactation period. Milk composition (total solids - TS, milk fat–MF, solids non-fat-SNF, protein - P, lactose - L, ash, freezing point - FP, titratable acidity - TA, active acidity - AA, and density - D) were analysed once per month during the period of June, July, August, and September of 2021. Sheep milk at 1,600 m altitude showed significantly higher values (P < 0.05) for all analysed parameters and lower values for FP compared to milk from 1,200 m altitude, except SNF, FP and AA, which were not statistically significant. The analysed milk during the four months of lactation period has significantly increased (P < 0.05) in TS (from 15.65 to 25.46%); MF (6.49 to 10.80%); SNF (9.16 to 14.66%); P (4.46 to 6.94%); L (3.96 to 6.52%); ash (0.74 to 1.20%); TA (9.90 to 14.53 °SH); whereas changes in FP value (-0.611 to -0.709 °C), AA (6.68 to 6.76) and D (1.035 to 1.053 g cm-3 ), have been statistically non-significant. The interactions between altitude*lactation period on milk composition (TS, MF, SNF, P, L, ash) of crossbred ‘Sharri’ sheep and physical properties (FP, TA, AA and D) were nonsignificant.
IoT and measurement of fermentation process of rice wine
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Vošahlík, J.
The article deals with the fermentation process of rice wine and obtaining data during fermentation with the help of IoT, developed and implemented stirrer. Stirrer was printed by 3D printer. The process of converting D-glucose into ethanol together with the oxidation of reduced coenzymes is called fermentation. Ethanol fermentation takes place anaerobically, i.e., without access to air with the help of yeast. The fermentation process is gradually being improved with the help of acquired sensor data and the gradual possibility of automation. The main objective of this paper is to develop an experimental environment for measuring rice wine fermentation processes with the help of IoT. During the fermentation of rice wine, there are measurable attributes that can be measured with the help of sensors. These attributes affecting the final product quality, positively but also negatively (pH, temperature, humidity, etc.). It is therefore necessary to select a given sensor that can monitor the attributes and then devices that can then manage and evaluate it. the correct selection and use of sensors and computing equipment, the acquisition and processing of data and the application of the resulting values to fermentation procedures, the resulting product quality increases.
Isolation and study of a bioactive extract enriched with anthocyanin from red grape pomace (Cabernet Sauvignon)
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Shakiryanova, Z.; Khegay, R.; Gayibov, U.; Saparbekova, A.; Konarbayeva, Z.; Latif, A.; Smirnova, O.
Grape pomace is a natural product rich in dietary fibers, polyphenols and anthocyanidins. By their chemical composition, secondary products from grape processing are valuable raw materials for obtaining a variety of new products. Recently, in food biotechnology, fermented and unfermented grape pomace have undergone a deeper study of the role of additives in dry powders or extracts. The quality and biological value of natural food products are determined by their chemical composition and a whole complex of integral organoleptic properties that depend on this composition. Natural anthocyanin dyes not only give color to vegetable raw materials, but also have a well-known physiological activity, in particular, coloring and antioxidant. Purified natural dyes have recently been increasingly used to improve the consumer properties of food products, in biologically active additives, in pharmaceutical preparations for the treatment and prevention of various diseases. At the same time, the composition of anthocyanins, even for the same variety of plant raw materials, is complex and variable; it depends on climatic conditions, on the maturity of berries, root crops, and the quality of agricultural work. Anthocyanins easily undergo a number of transformations depending on the conditions of extraction and analysis. The originality and novelty of the isolation and production of biologically active extracts with antiradical properties from by-products of local wineries in ecologically safe areas of southern Kazakhstan lies in the fact that natural environmental conditions: high temperatures and low humidity which contribute to the formation of biologically active substances with increased concentrations. Current research was aimed at the deep study of extracts from grape pomace rich - anthocyanins. Red grape pomaces of Vitis vinifera L. Cabernet Sauvignon were extracted using a solvent-based (SE) method with concentrations of 70% v/v and solid/liquid ratios of 1:10, followed by incubation at three different temperatures of 30 °C, 40 °C, and 50 °C for 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, and 4 h. All solvent extracts showed higher amounts of anthocyanin pigments. The maximum yield was obtained by using the optimal time of extraction (2 h at 50 °C), with the highest total anthocyanin recovery obtained by means of 70% ethanol. The anti-radical and toxic effects of the obtained extract (anthocyanin) were studied.

Sirvi

Sirvi 2023, Vol. 21, No. 3 Pealkiri järgi

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