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Nüüd näidatakse 1 - 20 41

Adapting agriculture to climate shifts: managing crop water needs for environmental resilience in Sindh, Pakistan
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2024) Qureshi, H.U.; Abbas, I.; Shah, S.M.H.; Qureshi, Z.U.; Al-Qadami, E.H.H.; Mustaffa, Z.; Teo, F.Y.
Sindh is an important hub for the agricultural production in Pakistan. Therefore, this study was aimed to model the air temperature trend in Sindh and its impacts on the seasonal water requirement for Rice, Wheat, and Sugarcane under the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios. In this study, RegCM4 with GFDL-ESM2M was used and the bias correction of RegCM4 simulations was done using Quantile Mapping. As per the analysis, the average annual temperature over the study area may rise by about 1.2 to 1.8 °C and 2.8 to 3.3 °C under RCP 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios respectively. Seasonally, warming is expected to be higher in spring and winter seasons, whereas, diurnally, the daytime temperature may increase by about 1.2 to 1.7 °C and 2.6 to 3.2 °C, while the nighttime temperature may rise by about 1.4 to 2.7 °C and 3.0 to 3.5 °C under the RCP 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios respectively. Consequentially, the seasonal water requirement for Rice in Sindh may increase by about 50–100 mm and 100–200 mm under RCP 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios respectively. For Wheat, the water requirement may rise by about 60 mm and 100 mm, whereas for Sugarcane, it may soar by about 100–150 mm and 150–200 mm under RCP 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios respectively. Conclusively, the rising crop water consumption may cause increased irrigation requirements, low crop water productivity and yield, and rising local water disputes thereby endangering the crop production and water security in the province.
Advancing circular bioeconomy: trends, clusters, and roadmaps in biofuel production and waste valorisation
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2024) Chernysh, Y.; Chubur, V.; Roubik, H.
Today, one of the important tasks of bioeconomy development is waste management based on the principles of environmental management and bioenergy production. In the context of this issue, this review focusses on the analysis of current trends in biofuel production that involve sustainable feedstocks and the valorisation of waste into useful bioproducts in agriculture. The scientometric method included the use of Scopus and Web of Science databases to compare the coverage of the research topic with keyword chain optimization. In addition, bioinformational databases was used to support the involvement of secondary raw materials in the bioprocessing cycle. The implementation of the research objectives resulted in the identification of bioeconomy clusters that emphasize the importance of developing specific regional circular bioeconomy strategies while avoiding ‘one-size-fits-all’ solutions for individual sectoral technologies. An example of bioeconomy development in the world is bioenergy. The structure of bioenergy has been analysed. A roadmap for biotechnology modernisation was proposed using the example of anaerobic waste conversion process as part of the implementation of a circular bioeconomy. The stages of the roadmap for the modernisation of bioenergy technologies were analysed within the framework of the sectoral implementation of the circular bioeconomy. The efficiency indicators for the implementation of bioeconomy in agricultural production have been determined. In addition, an important direction unifying anaerobic technologies with the agricultural sector is the enrichment of digestates with macro and microelements, which is possible due to mineral additives, for example, phosphogypsum. This direction was also considered from the point of view of environmental safety.
The agricultural traffic effects on soil and maize (Zea mays L.) yields under two different tillage systems
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2024) Botta, G.F.; Ezquerra-Canalejo, A.; Romay, C.; Rivero, D.; Hidalgo, R.J.
This study investigated the agricultural traffic effects on soil and maize (Zea mays L.) yields under No-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) during three cropping seasons on an Entic Haplustoll soil. Cone index (CI), dry bulk density (DBD), soil water content (SWC), root dry matter per plant (RDM), seed emergence (SE) and maize yields (MY) were measured. The highest average RDM values were found in CT (60.6 g plant-1), while the highest value in NT was 48.0 g plant-1). After traffic, for the two tillage systems, the obtained CI results followed a similar trend to those of DBD up to 150 mm. From this depth, the values of both parameters increased sharply up to the 450 mm depth level. At 150 to 450 mm average CI and DBD values were higher than 1,680 kPa and 1,472 kg m-3, and 2,610 kPa and 1,677 kg m-3 for CT and NT, respectively. The average yields for the 3 cropping seasons were 9.93 ton ha-1 and 8.26 ton ha-1 for CT and NT, respectively. It was demonstrated that even using medium-weight equipment (479.8 kN), subsoil compaction could not be avoided.
Analysis of the relationship between the weather index of fire danger and occurrences of rural fires. Case study: centro region of Portugal
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2024) Fernandez, P.; Bugalho, L.; Pedro, N.
The aim of this study was to design an approach for establishing a plausible relationship between FWI and the monthly average burned area (ABA) and the average number of ignitions (ANI) supported by geographic information systems (GIS). The application of these results will allow the projection of burned areas in forest fires in the future, making mitigation actions possible. This approach was applied to the region of Central Portugal, and to achieve the aims of the study, the following steps were completed: (1) geoprocessing the spatial data of the daily FWI indices, burned area and number of fire ignitions and (2) developing statistical regression models capable of reproducing the variability in burned area and ignition occurrence series from FWI data during the 2001–2017 period. The predicted equations for the burned area as a function of the FWI presented high coefficients of determination for most of the considered periods, thus allowing the projection, with a high degree of confidence, of the monthly burned area values according to the various future climate scenarios. The prediction of the average number of ignitions from the FWI values class proved to be effective for establishing highly adjusted forecast models for July and August. In the spatial analysis at the district level, the ABA and ANI estimation equations were obtained from the FWI values with determination coefficients above 0.90 for most of the districts. Significant differences were observed between the districts in the number of ignitions analysed.
Assessment of salt resistance of some potato varieties by biochemical and RFLP markers
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2024) Badalyan, M.V.; Aloyan, T.V.; Dilanyan, V.T.; Kharatyan, S.A.; Martirosyan, H.S.; Sahakyan, A.J.; Sahakyan, N.A.; Melikyan, A.Sh.
Continuous changes in climate, desertification, reduction of arable land, increase in salted land, in the conditions of continuous growth of the population, the problem of providing food and food security to humanity arises, the solution of which is one of the challenges of the 21st century that requires universal efforts. At the same time, abiotic stresses, which are the cause of 50% of global yield losses, are the motivation for the creation of new stress-resistant varieties of crops using modern technologies. The salt resistance of that idea as a physiological manifestation with a polygenic component is characteristic in the modern processes of selection management. This work presents studies of salt tolerance of three valuable varieties of potatoes cultivated in Armenia, using biochemical and DNA-markers. Classical agronomic, molecular-biological, genetic-mathematical methods are used in the researches. In order to induce salt stress and provocation background in plants, 50, 100 and 150 mmol solutions of NaCl were used. The results have shown that 11S-globulin of all varieties are polymorphic, forming different electrophoresis spectra and protein formulas. It is also evident that plants with different spectra of the same varieties react differently to salt stress. The DNA restriction regions of the saltresistant variants are significantly longer than those of the non-salt-resistant forms. Thanks to the biochemical and RFLP markers, it has been possible to establish salt tolerance loci, to identify and list plants with a salt-tolerant spectrum of the same variety, which can be nominated as new salt-tolerant varieties for breeding stock producers.
Assessment of the Resilience of the Organic Food System
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2024) Aleksejeva, L.; Zihare, L.; Pelse, M.
The organic food system is a component of sustainable food systems, which contributes to achieving the goals of the Farm to Fork strategy. The current statistical data reveal the first indications of failing to achieve strategic goal 9 of the CAP Strategic Plan for 2023–2027 and the goal of the Farm to Fork strategy in Latvia. This creates a need for a comprehensive assessment of the organic food system. The present research aims to identify the need to increase the resilience of the organic food system in Latvia. One of the decision analysis methods - SWOT analysis - was employed to comprehensively assess the organic food system. It was concluded that in order to increase the resilience of the organic food system in Latvia, it is primarily necessary to stimulate the demand for organic food by the public catering industry through GPP (green public procurement) procedures. An equally important need is to stimulate the supply of organic food (to contribute to both the transition to organic farming and the resilience of current economic operators in the organic farming scheme, as well as to foster organic processing). To mitigate the threats, policy makers need to review support rates applicable to organic farming, as well as promote knowledge transfer between all food supply chain actors.
Assessment of the structural-aggregate composition of podzolized chernozem under various agrogenic impacts and post-agrogenic state
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2024) Bulgakov, V.; Gadzalo, I.; Kropivnyi, V.; Demydenko, O.; Holovach, I.; Ihnatiev, Ye.; Trokhaniak, O.; Olt, Jüri; Estonian University of Life Sciences. Institute of Forestry and Engineering
Identify the main patterns of transformation and establish normative parameters of changes in the structural and aggregate composition of low-humus podzolized chernozem (type of soil, known as ‘chernozem’ in Ukrainian, which translates to ‘black soil’) in the Central ForestSteppe of Ukraine in the transition period to the no-till system and minimal tillage in the agrocenosis of 5-field grain generally accepted approaches to assessing soil structure and modern statistical methods of compiling information analysis data. The generally accepted research methods were used: field, laboratory, mathematical methods, comparative and computational. The study uses fractal comparative analysis, which is a sensitive tool for assessing the distribution of structural units and water-stable aggregates in the soil. Over the past 6 years, the experimental plots have been organized with a 5-field grain-row crop rotation using three different primary tillage systems: systematic plowing, surface tillage, and transitional tillage (minimal tillage on the background of systematic plowing six years ago). It was found that the structural-aggregate state of the 0–30 cm layer of Chernozem under surface tillage was in better condition in terms of aggregate water stability over the seasonal cycle and provided better conditions for further transition to the no-till system in crop rotation compared to surface tillage after systematic plowing. According to fractal indicators, the state of water-resistant structure in the spring is assessed as unstable, although the surface treatment of qualitative and quantitative indicators of water resistance is better compared to plowing. In the summer, a fractal assessment of the state of the waterproof structure showed that regardless of the method of tillage, its condition has deteriorated to a greater extent. Thus, the fractal dimension was at the level of D > 2, which indicates the edge of the unstable state of the waterproof structure, but the Hurst index was H ≤ 0, which indicates the process of destruction of waterproof aggregates. Based on the definitions, we can say that from the systematic application of surface tillage agrophysical condition of 0–30 cm layer of chernozem in terms of structural condition and water resistance of the structure was in better condition compared to plowing and transitional tillage, which should be regarded as the end of the transition period (6 years) before the application of the No-till system in unchanged design in 5-field crop rotation.
Changes in work environment parameters in relation to the comfort and factors influencing productivity of office workers: comprehensive literature review
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2024) Kalkis, H.; Vanadzins, I.; Kaluznaja, D.; Poznaka, A.; Elksnis, A.; Krumins, A.
The implications of indoor air quality on human health are well-documented and extensively studied in several researches, encompassing an augmented susceptibility to airborne infections and enduring consequences attributed to diverse chemical pollutants. The repercussions of insufficient air parameters within occupational environments on employee health and productivity are predominantly correlated with perceptions of comfort, satisfaction, the incidence of occupational diseases, and the concentration and decision-making levels. The aim of the study is to develop a causal model of air quality and productivity parameters, based on theoretical analysis, which can be used to assess changes in work environment parameters and their impact on the comfort and productivity of office workers. The theoretical analysis highlighted the significance of employee productivity and the growing importance of well-being in assessing workers' productivity. Factors such as temperature, humidity, airflow, and especially CO2, were identified as crucial in creating a conducive working environment that influences employee productivity. The research results in the developed indoor air quality parameter matrix as causal model and emphasises the complexity of the relationship between work environment parameters and employee productivity.
Development and case study of an Industry 5.0 ready human-centric related brewing plant
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2024) Schlechter, T.; Kopylov, P.; Wegen, J.; Manfredi, K.; Nicoletti, L.; Padovano, A.; Cardamone, M.; Francalanza, E.; Seidl, M.
This article explores the transformative potential of learning factories in mecha- tronic systems development. Learning factories offer a dynamic, collaborative environment that bridges the gap between academia and industry, creating a mutu- ally beneficial ecosystem. The LEONARDO project aims to develop innovative teaching methods, materials and tools for human-centric industrial engineering and management education leveraging on an industry 5.0 replica of a brewing system. Brewing as a process can be considered as highly complex, while brewing as a procedure serves as a ‘sexy vehicle’ for appealing student’s interest in industry5.0 applications and human-centric production. The brewing process is and will increasingly be more automated and highly supervised. For the latter, modern implementations of sensors such as electronic nose, electronic tongue, and infrared spectroscopy are required to be installed on the brewing equipment. To efficiently use the sensor outputs, the produced signals need to be merged locally and pro- cessed adequately, researched and investigated deeply by the authors up-front with the results to be summarized. Furthermore, to enable the physical bridging of various involved institutions across Europe, connecting the relevant sites virtually presents another technological challenge. Adequate IoT equipment needs to be selected and included in the whole setup as well. Furthermore, an emphasis needs to be made on the human-centric approach, as well as data visualization. Each of the aforementioned pieces of technology need a thorough investigation along with a decent focus in integrating the puzzle pieces into the big picture which is the brewing plant. In this paper we describe the interaction along with the system integration strategies of the listed fields to enable a future proof industry 5.0 ready brewing plant, focusing on the human-centric approach demanded in the industry5.0 feature description.
Does the level of resistance to Acanthoscelides obtectus of bean genotypes (Phaseolus spp.) change according to the seed production environment?
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2024) Jiménez-Galindo, J.C.; Castellanos Pérez, G.; de la Fuente, M.; Malvar, R.A.; Ramírez-Cabral, N.; Padilla Chacón, D.
Bean weevil (Acanthoscelides obtectus) cause considerable losses in warehouses in dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L). Phaseolus acutifolius varieties could be used for genetic studies and genetic improvement of common beans. Tepary bean varieties resistance was studied produced with irrigation and under drought conditions to A. obtectus. Previously, we studied A. obtectus colony from Spain with some of these bean varieties. In the present research, we studied a different A. obtectus colony from México. The varieties T-amarillo, PS-AZH-15 and T-cafe beans showed a lower ovopositation. T-amarillo, T-negro and T-cafe increased the duration of the insect biological cycle. In the varieties T-cafe, T-negro and T-amarillo increased larvae mortality before burrowing the seed in percent and reduced the number of first generation adults. Little grain weight loss is caused by small number of emerged adults, in the varieties T-amarillo, PS-AZH-15, T-cafe and T-negro. According with adult’s number of first generation and grain weight loss in percent T-amarillo showed resistance and tolerance to A. obtectus infestation and it could be used as source of resistance for P. vulgaris breeding. No significant differences were found according to the seed production environment for any traits studied except for initial seed weight. Resistant varieties maintain their lethality regardless of the seed production environment. Probably A. obtectus is genetically different according to the area and is adapted to the varieties produced in each country or region.
Effect of electric vehicle mass change on energy consumption and the range
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2024) Berjoza, D.; Jurgena, I.; Millers, R.
The use of industrially produced electric cars has increased significantly in the last 13 years. The year 2010 can be considered the initial stage of mass production of electric cars when the manufacture of the Mitchubishi I–MiEV and the Nissan LEAF was started. For modern electric cars, the battery mass can reach up to 770 kg. If the electric car is intended for long distances, the large mass and capacity of the battery is justified because it is put to good use. If the electric car is mainly used in urban driving mode, an increase in the mass of a heavy battery can reduce the range or energy consumption per km. To identify the effect of change in the mass of an electric car on the amount of electricity consumed, experimental studies were carried out with a converted electric car Renault Clio. A 10 kWh battery with a mass of 125 kg was used for the electric car. A road experiment was conducted in Jelgava city on a route that included streets of different traffic intensity with two different loads for the electric car. With an additional load for the electric car, the mass increase was simulated as if the mass of the battery was doubled. The road experiment showed that on the same city route, an increase in the mass of the electric car increased energy consumption by 5.8%, which in turn increased operating costs.
Effect of fermented purple sweet potato flour on physiological conditions and intestinal conditions of broiler chickens
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2024) Widiastuti, E.; Febrianti, D.; Wahyuni, H.I.; Yudiarti, T.; Agusetyaningsih, I.; Murwani, R.; Sartono, T.A.; Sugiharto, S.
The study investigated the effect of fermented purple sweet potato flour (PSPF) on intestinal and physiological health of broilers. A 189-day-old broiler chicks were divided into T0 (diet based on corn and soybean meal), T1 (diet containing 15% unfermented PSPF), and T2 (diet containing 15% fermented PSPF). Samples collection and measurement were conducted at day 35. The T2 chicks had greater (p < 0.05) weight gain than T1, but did not differ from T0. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was better (p < 0.05) in T2 than in T1. The mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were higher (P < 0.05) in T2 than in T0 and T1 groups. Haemoglobin tended (p = 0.08) to be lower in in T2 than in T0 and T1 groups. Heterophils were higher (p = 0.05) in T2 than in T0 and T1 groups. Total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were higher (p < 0.05) in T0 than in T1. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) tended (p = 0.06) to be lower in T1 than that in T0. Total protein and globulin were higher (p < 0.05) in T0 than that in T1 and T2. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to coliform ratio in the ileum was higher (p < 0.05) in T2 than in T0. LAB counts tended (p = 0.08) to be greater in T2 than in other chickens. T1 tended (p = 0.09) to have a smaller number of lactose negative Enterobacteriaceae (LNE) in caecum as compared to that of T0 chicks. T2 tended (p = 0.09) to have a lower crypt depth than T0. In conclusion, feeding fermented purple sweet potato flour contributes for the better growth, feed conversion, immune defence, bacterial population and morphology of the small intestine.
Effect of genotype x external environment interaction on the number of the kernel per ear of barley
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2024) Radic, V.; Komljenovic, I.; Nastic, S.; Petkovic, B.
Genotype, external environment and their mutual interaction are determining or limiting a yield and barley tolerance to stressful conditions. This paper presents the results of a two-year study of nine selected genotypes at two localities. Aim of the investigation was determine which of the genotypes in the given production conditions gives the best results in the height and stability of yield. Based on the analysis of variance, Duncan 's test and interaction relations, a large variability between the examined genotypes was determined under the influence of different agroecological conditions of the locality, years of testing and their mutual interactions. All genotypes in this study achieved high yields. The highest total average yield from both localities and both years of testing was achieved by genotype 3 (8,767.99 kg ha-1), and the lowest genotype 7 (6,075.85 kg ha-1), which is significantly higher than the average yield in production in our country (3,150 kg ha-1). This showed that, with the selection of quality genotypes, the application of quality agrotechnics in appropriate agroecological conditions, a higher yield can be achieved.
Efficient maize cultivation: pre-sowing seed inoculation system - optimal nozzle pressure and diameter
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2024) Shelest, M.S.; Shuliak, M.L.; Butenko, A.O.; Bakumenko, O.M.; Zubko, V.M.; Datsko, O.M.; Masyk, I.M.; Yatsenko, V.M.; Sirovitskiy, K.H.; Rieznik, S.V.
Inoculation, as a technological operation, is currently underestimated, yet it has repeatedly proven its effectiveness. Its application in production or scientific research typically leads to improvements in yield, grain quality, or plant biometric parameters under study. However, the inoculation process itself is not standardized by any legislative act, so farmers rely solely on recommendations from manufacturers of inoculants and carry out this operation using, so to say, makeshift means. Therefore, a system of at-planting inoculation has been developed, which involves conducting this operation directly in the field. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate the parameters of pressure and nozzle diameter that would provide the optimal amount of inoculant on the seeds and would be as close as possible to the manufacturer's recommendations. To conduct the study, a system model was created in which nozzles with diameters of 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 mm were investigated under pressures of 3, 4, 5 and 6 atm. The optimal amount of working solution per 1 ton of seeds was calculated for conducting the operation in the usual way, and the amount of liquid reaching 1,000 maize seeds was determined. Thus, the optimal pressure and nozzle diameter were identified. With a pressure of 3 atm in the system, none of the nozzles provide the required amount of working fluid. A similar situation occurs with a nozzle diameter of 0.2 mm. However, at higher pressure in the system and with other nozzle diameters, it is still possible to provide the necessary amount of liquid. Therefore, for the at-planting inoculation system, it is advisable to use a pressure of 4 atm and a nozzle diameter of 0.4 mm.
Exogenous phytohormones and growth-promoting microorganisms in Basilisk grass cultivation
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2024) Andrade, E.B.; Teixeira, F.A.; Fries, D.D.; Cruz, N.T.; Jardim, R.R.; Da Silva, H.S.; Dos Santos, B.E.F.; Vieira, T.M.; Seixas, A.A.; Dos Santos, J.P.
The use of plant growth-promoting bio-inputs has been widely disseminated as a means to optimise pasture production processes. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of applying exogenous phytohormones along with different microorganisms on the productive characteristics of Basilisk grass (Urochloa decumbens). The experiment was conducted in a 4×2 factorial design, in a completely randomised layout, evaluating four microorganism inoculations (no inoculation; Azospirillum brasilense + Pseudomonas fluorescens; Rhizophagus intraradices; A. brasilense + P. fluorescens + R. intraradices), combined or not with an exogenous phytohormone based on cytokinin, gibberellin and auxin. The results showed that inoculation with plant growth-promoting microorganisms stimulated an increase in root volume. In addition, the presence of the microorganisms increased the concentration of chlorophyll pigments, resulting in a 14% increase in the crude protein content of Basilisk grass compared with the control. The use of exogenous phytohormones also resulted in higher concentrations of total chlorophyll pigments and crude protein content, with increase in 25% and 9.7% respectively. The combined use of bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi, along with exogenous phytohormones, increased the accumulation of forage mass and leaf biomass. The combination enhanced carbohydrate accumulation in the leaves of Basilisk grass, thereby improving its nutritional quality. Therefore, considering the evidence found in this research, it becomes evident that the application of exogenous phytohormones, when combined with the inoculation of A. brasilense, P. fluorescens, and R. intraradices, represents a strategy to enhance the productivity of Basilisk grass.
Exposure to job related risk factors and work-related musculoskeletal disorders among medical laboratory workers
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2024) Vahur, Kristi; Parm, Ülle; Merisalu, Eda; Estonian University of Life Sciences. Institute of Forestry and Engineering. Chair of Biosystems Engineering
Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs) are the most common work-related diseases among health care workers including medical laboratory workers (MLW). Laboratory workers, when performing different work tasks, are exposed to repetitive movements, static and uncomfortable forced positions. The aim of this study was to explain the occurrence of WRMSDs among medical laboratory workers in relation to job related risk factors, tools and equipment, when performing specific work tasks. Material and methods: The study involved the Estonian MLWs from three regional and four central hospitals. The criteria of the study group were experience ≥ 1 year and workload ≥ 0.5 staff. The e-questionnaire was sent to 502 laboratory workers. Results: The response rate was 25.1%. To the questionnaire answered 126 MLWs, whereas the sample criteria met 122 respondents. There was significant association between nature of the work and shoulder pain in past month and 12 months among MLWs (p < 0.05). The most affected body regions were low back and neck. Work tasks which involved repetitive movements and forced position more than 1 hour were related to pain in low back, neck, and shoulders (in all cases p < 0.05). Those who worked in sitting posture, reported less neck pain both in the past and 12 months, compared to the workers who worked in both sitting and standing posture (p < 0.05, p < 0.01). Conclusions: MLW are at high risk of WRMSDs. So, improvement of workplace ergonomics and rising risk awareness are very important interventions among MLWs.
Formation of grain yield in corn hybrids of different FAO groups depending on sowing dates and plant density
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2024) Shakalii, S.M.; Bahan, A.V.; Yurchenko, S.O.; Marenych, M.M.; Liashenko, V.V.; Chetveryk, O.O.; Shokalo, N.S.; Zubenko, V.V.
Formation of productivity of any agricultural crop depends on many factors. First of all, the soil and climatic conditions of the crop growing area, varietal or hybrid composition, seed quality, sowing dates and plant density, and strict adherence to all methods of cultivation technology are important. Corn hybrids of different maturity groups differ in morphological and biological properties. Thus, obtaining the potential yield of an individual genotype is possible under favorable conditions for the growth and development of plants, including high-variety agricultural machinery and natural conditions. The maximum yield of high-quality corn grain is formed under the condition of the optimal ratio of all structural elements: weight of 1,000 grains, number of rows of grains in an ear, number of grains in a row, number of grains on one ear, length and diameter of an ear. If one structural element is insufficiently developed, the yield can be compensated by other components. Since individual elements of the structure are formed at different stages of organogenesis, different conditions are necessary for their successful development. The hybrids used in our research revealed peculiarities in the formation of elements of the crop structure, depending on the timing of sowing and stand density. The sizes of the cobs that formed on the corn plants varied little under the influence of sowing dates and plant stand density, but were characteristic of a certain biotype. Studies have shown that all factors of the experiment affect the growth, development of plants and the formation of elements of the structure of the corn grain crop. According to the results of the measurements, it was established that the best indicators of all structural elements were observed for sowing hybrids of different maturity groups in the optimal period - the third decade of April. The highest values of all indicators were observed in the Olkani hybrid, which is explained by the genotypic features of this hybrid.
Genotype prediction in maize (Zea mays L.) progeny using different predictive models
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2024) Polyvanyi, A.; Butenko, A.; Mikulina, M.; Zubko, V.; Kharchenko, S.; Dubovyk, V.; Dubovyk, O.; Sarzhanov, B.
This study utilized two probabilistic methods, Gaussian Naive Bayes (GNB) and Logistic Regression (LR), to predict the genotypes of the offspring of two maize varieties: SC604 and KSC707, based on the phenotypic traits of the parent plant. The predictive performance of both models was evaluated by measuring their overall accuracy and calculating the area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). The overall accuracy of both models ranged from 80% to 89%. The AUC values for the LR models were 0.88 or higher, while the GNB models had AUC values of 0.83 or higher. These results indicated that both models were successful in predicting the genetic makeup of the progeny. Furthermore, it was observed that both models were more accurate in predicting the SC604 genotype, which was found to be more consistent and predictable compared to the KSC707 genotype. A chi-square test was conducted to assess the similarity between the prediction results of the two models, revealing that both models had a similarly high likelihood of making accurate predictions in all scenarios.
GIS-based analytic hierarchy process model for a forest residuals biorefinery site selection
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2024) Pedro, N.; Quinta-Nova, L.
In general terms, renewable energy sources are characterized by their decentralized availability, ability to quickly self-regenerate, and the reduced environmental impacts resulting from their use. The conversion of forest biomass into energy will make it possible to transform waste into raw material for the energy industry while promoting forest management. Reducing the forest's fuel load will be responsible for reducing the intensity of forest fires. In this context, biorefineries significantly prevent rural fire risks by addressing two important aspects: fuel management and renewable energy generation. based on these premises, this study aims to assess the potential for implementing a biorefinery in the Centro Interior region. The amounts of available residual biomass were calculated based on data from the national forest inventory, carried out in 2015.For the municipalities with higher residual biomass production, a decision support system based on GIS and Multicriteria Decision-making was used to select sites suitable for locating a forest biorefinery and provides a valuable reference for decision-makers. The combination of MCDM and GIS methods can, therefore, be seen as a powerful tool for solving power planning problems. The most relevant areas, in terms of land occupation of the three forest species considered, are mainly found in the south of the region under study. The area under study has the potential to generate an annual flow of residual biomass of 269,024 tons per year, with maritime pine harvesting accounting for 80% of this flow. However, around 88,193 tons of the annual flow of residual biomass (33%) are found in regions that are difficult to access, and the costs may make exploration unviable in economic terms. According to the study carried out, we consider that the implementation of the biorefinery will be located in the industrial area of the municipality of Oleiros.
Herbicide-based selection of mutants for improved single cell protein synthesis: application and procedures
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2024) Raita, S.; Berzina, I.; Kusnere, Z.; Kalnins, M.; Kuzmika, I.; Spalvins, K.
Enhancement of industrially important microbial strains using random mutagenesis is widely used. Screening of potential mutants accelerates the selection of mutants with desired properties such as improved synthesis of lipids, carotenoids, enzymes, or increased tolerance to unfavourable conditions. However, random mutagenesis has not been used to improve protein biosynthesis in microorganisms, and a method for screening these mutants has not yet been developed. The present work reviews the new concept of using herbicides as tools for selecting mutant microorganisms with improved protein biosynthesis. Several pure herbicide substances are amino acid inhibitors whose specific action can be used as a selective pressure for screening protein-rich mutants. The article summarises information about thirteen amino acid inhibitors that inhibit microorganisms and provides data on applicable doses and specifics of use. The article contains mutagenesis protocols and mutant selection strategies, supplemented by theoretical considerations for practical application.

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