2023

Selle valdkonna püsiv URIhttp://hdl.handle.net/10492/8643

Sirvi

Nüüd näidatakse 1 - 20 114

Analysis of scrapie resistance and productivity of Latvian dark head breed old type sheep compliant to the conservation program of the genetic resources
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Bārzdiņa, D.; Kairiša, D.
Since 2002, the European Union has implemented a disease surveillance programme for transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) in small ruminants, which can cause very high economic losses to sheep farmers worldwide. In order to detect susceptibility to this fatal sheep disease, surveillance of this disease has been carried out in Europe for several years. Such a programme was introduced in Latvia in 2004 when the country joined the European Union, so Latvia has been monitoring this potential disease for several years. As this fatal disease has not been detected in Latvia, only a few studies have been conducted on scrapie genotypes in the Latvian Dark Head sheep breed and their effect on sheep productivity traits. The aim of the study was to analyse the productivity of the first lambs of Latvian Dark Head sheep in relation to the scrapie genotype. According to the data analysis, a total of 1531 or 97.7% of the ewes with R1, R2 and R3 scrapie genotypes can be used for future sheep breeding. The average age of all ewes included in the Programme was 5 years and the average fertility was 1.8 lambs. Later in the work, 1,335 Latvian Dark Head ewes with 100% bloodiness were analysed and the average fertility of ewes in the R1 and R3 scrapie genotype groups was 1.6 lambs and 1.7 lambs for ewes in the R2 risk group. In the last 10 years, the implementation of the conservation programme of the old type Latvian Dark Head sheep breed has been successful.
A cost-effective imaging system for monitoring poultry behaviour in small-scale kenyan poultry sheds
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Morgan, J.D.K.; Peets, S.; Mashatise, E.
The objective of this paper was to develop a low-cost prototype poultry behaviour imaging and analysis system for monitoring intensively-reared flocks suitable for small-scale Kenyan poultry sheds. An image processing and analysis programme was developed using Python programming language and the OpenCV image processing package. This was tested on overhead images of Ross 308 birds collected over a number of days using a Raspberry Pi V2 camera. A second experiment using toy-chicks was conducted with an angled camera (Wansview W3). Linear transformation (LT) and background subtraction (BS) methods were applied and compared for effectiveness at detecting yellow and brown toy-chicks on woodchip bedding. Perspective transformation (PT) was applied and evaluated for its ability to transform the angled images into two-dimensional views. In the first experiment, where white birds were detected against a dark background, LT object detection successfully detected 99.8% of birds in the sampled images. However, in the second experiment, the LT method was just 56.5% effective at detecting the yellow toy-chicks against the light-coloured background. In contrast, the BS method was more effective, detecting 91.5% of the yellow toy-chicks. The results showed that BS detection success was worse for yellow toy-chicks in the far section, detecting 83% as opposed to 100% of those in the near-section. Edge processing of the image processing algorithm was tested on a Raspberry Pi 3 series B+ computer. This prototype provides a solid foundation for further development and testing of low-cost, automated poultry monitoring systems capable of reporting on thermal comfort inferred from cluster index.
Sustainable power generation expansion with RES and energy storage
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Karapidakis, E.; Kikaki, A.; Mozakis, J.
Several island power systems have a tremendous protentional for RES use. Nevertheless, present infrastructures and system operations emerge with limitations, preventing the technology from further exploitation. Specifically, this paper presents and analyzes a representative interconnected island power system operation and highlights the benefits and challenges of embedding an ultra-high share of RES. This level of power and energy penetration could be technically feasible, taking into account interconnections and electricity storage systems, which could provide under specific implementation strategies advantages in stability, reliability, and energy adequacy.
Osmotic stress tolerance in forage oat varieties (Avena Sativa L.) based on osmotic potential trials
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Ortega-Ortega, A.; Jiménez-Galindo, J.C.; Parra-Quezada, R.Á.; Jacobo-Cuellar, J.L.; Ruiz-Anchondo, Teresita D.J.; Salmerón-Zamora, J.J.; Zamudio-Flores, P.B.; Malvar, R.A.
Forage oats (Avena sativa L.) are globally important for milk and meat production, and, to a lesser extent, for the human diet. In Mexico, oats are a strategic crop, occupying the fourth place in cultivated area, only after maize for grain, bean, and sorghum for grain. Droughts are the main problem for oat production in Mexico. This study evaluated the germination and seedling growth of several oat varieties in response to drought stress simulated by PEG-6000 treatments of different osmotic pressure in order to identify drought-resistant genotypes. The Teporaca genotype was the most outstanding in the three levels of OP compared to its control with 0.0 of Osmotic Potential (OP). The Teporaca genotype showed the largest root length and the lowest diminishment of root length under osmotic stress conditions. This genotype also had the largest shoot length in the three osmotic stress levels. Regarding root fresh weight, Babicora stands out with 98.5% and Teporaca with 43% in the most severe level. Teporaca, Menonita, and Babicora showed the outstanding root dry weights of 346.5%, 327.2%, and 251.2%, respectively. These varieties had higher root dry weight than their own controls in water in the most severe level of OP. In conclusion, the Teporaca, Menonita, and Karma genotypes showed the highest osmotic stress tolerance and could be used as sources of favorable alleles to improve oat drought tolerance.
Study of the effectiveness of different methods of mulching potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) with cereal straw in eastern Ukraine
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Melnyk, O.; Pastukhov, V.; Shcherbina, S.; Dukhina, N.; Vitanov, O.; Shabetya, О.; Semenchenko, О.; Rud, V.; Dukhin, E.; Bashtan, N.
Under the conditions of global climate change, there has recently been a tendency to worsen weather conditions during the growing season in the East of Ukraine. The significant increase in average daily air temperatures and the uneven nature of rainfall do not meet the biological requirements of potato plants, which leads to a decrease in their productivity. The purpose of the research. Improve the microclimate on potato plantations by mulching them with different types of materials. Results of research. Using wheat straw or basalt mineral wool as mulch reduces overheating of the upper layers of the soil by 6.6–7.0° and contributes to moisture conservation. At the same time, there is a significant decrease in temperature and relative humidity fluctuations under the mulch layer compared to the soil surface. The use of spent mineral basalt wool for this purpose, which was previously used as a substrate in greenhouses, solves the disposal problem. Deterioration of soil chemical parameters and product quality was not noted. The use of nitrogen fertilizers (urea) or microbial preparations Azotofit-r and Ecostern before mulching with wheat straw has a positive effect on plant nutrition, which contributes to the improvement of biometric indicators and increases the yield of potatoes by 4.2–4.7 t ha-1 . Potato mulching with zero tillage involves planting tubers on its surface. At the same time, their contact with the soil is significantly reduced, decreasing the supply of nutrients from it after the transition of potato plants to autotrophic nutrition. Under these conditions, minimal tillage of the soil during its pre-planting preparation improves the development of the root system and promotes the formation of stolons and tubers at a certain depth. Depending on the number of technological operations, the degree of loosening of the soil significantly affects the yield of potatoes. Its growth with minimal tillage is from 1.3 to 10.7 t ha-1 compared to zero tillage. This allows you to compensate for additional costs related to mulching and collecting additional products. The improvement of the main economic indicators confirms the high efficiency of mulching potatoes with wheat straw with minimal tillage. Results were expressed as averages. Chemical composition was analyzed using analysis of variance with P ≤ 0.05 for yield and plant height using the program of statistical analysis (SAS) v. 9.1.3.
Combined effect of soil practices and chemical treatments on weeds growth, soil features, and yield performance in field wheat crop under Mediterranean climate
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Guedioura, I.; Rahmoune, B.; Khezzaren, A.; Dahoumane, A.; Laouar, N.
Soil management techniques influence the biological and physicochemical properties of the soil and lead to changes in soil quality and cover and thus on crop profitability and yield. In this study, the effects of short-term tillage and no-tillage methods combined with a chemical treatment using Glyphosate on weed abundance, selected soil physical properties and yield components were evaluated in durum wheat under Mediterranean climatic conditions. The no-tillage (NT) treatment resulted in higher weed community density during wheat cultivation and moisture consumption than the conventional tillage treatment. The tillage practice and the application of Glyphosate showed a very high efficiency on weeds. Furthermore, the results obtained showed a significant variation and effect of the treatments on the soil characteristics. The application of the no-tillage technique induced a small increase in soil moisture at the seed germination stage (25.6%), while at the last sampling a small increase was recorded in the CT treatment (9.5% for CT and 8.8% for NT). The results of the soil porosity, showed during the whole test period high values in the conventional technique (with or without herbicide application); but for the resistance to soil penetration, the results showed higher values in the no-till technique. Finally, the effect of the tillage system on crop yield was evaluated. In our study, the results showed that significant increases in the number of heads per m2 (351.3 heads per m2 ), the number of grains per head (45.8) and the weight of 1,000 grains (41.2 g) were obtained with the tillage treatment combined with glyphosate application. When comparing the two tillage methods, the highest values were always revealed with the tillage technique.
Evaluation of seven barley genotypes under water stress conditions
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Vasilaki, C.; Katsileros, A.; Doulfi, D.; Karamanos, A.; Economou, G.
The evaluation of seven barley genotypes under water stress conditions using drought tolerance indices was investigated during two agronomical seasons in the experimental field of Agricultural University of Athens in Greece. The experimental design was a split-plot layout in four blocks. Four different levels of irrigation were implemented, with the method of escalated distance from the source of water (drip irrigation line). The experimental plots were protected from rain since the experiment was conducted under a rainout shelter. Measurements of water potential index of the plants were conducted, as well as stomatal resistance and stomatal resistance index of leaves, and grain yield of genotypes. A decrease in water potential index (15–25%) and grain yield (35–54%) was observed in all genotypes as soil moisture decreased. On the other hand, stomatal resistance and stomatal resistance index (26–69%) of leaves increased. Grain yield had a strong relationship with the indices of water potential and stomatal resistance of leaves. Grain yield of all genotypes is affected under water stress conditions, with the six-rowed genotypes being more adaptive than the two-rowed ones. It can be concluded that indices of water potential and stomatal resistance of leaves can be effectively used in the evaluation of genotypes under water stress conditions.
Performance evaluation and variability analysis for morpho-physiological traits of orange fleshed tomato varieties introduced in Nigeria climatic conditions
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Esan, V.I.; Sangoyomi, T.E.; Ajayi, O.A.; Christensen, M.; Ogunwole, J.O.
The introduction of orange flesh tomato in Nigeria climatic conditions through characterization is the best way to understand its adaptability and fight against the lack of ß-carotene in the landraces and improved varieties currently cultivated in the country. This study was aimed to evaluate7 tomato varieties comprised of 4orange-fleshed tomato imported from New Zealand and 3 local varieties for their morphological, agronomic and chemical composition and fruit quality characters. Phenotyping was used to assess the morphological and agronomic traits and while biochemical assays was used for fruit quality characters. The four orange fleshed tomato varieties were indeterminate and the 3 local varieties were determinate. There were significant variability and differences in plant height (54.93 cm to 72.23 cm), leaf number (14 to 24), leaf length (24.10 cm to 28.53 cm), length width (15.13 cm to 16.93 cm), internode length (2.41 cm to 3.29 cm), root collar (3.46 cm to 4.53 cm), days to 1% flowering (20 to 23), days to maturity (34 to 42), number of clusters per plant (5 to 10), fruits per cluster (4 to 6), fruit weight (72.64 g to 488.58 g), fruit length (27 mm to54.89 mm), fruit diameter (23.67 mm to 28 mm), transverse fruit section (1 mm to 3 mm), moisture content (92.30 to 95.33%), protein (0.15 to 1.02%), fat (0.15 to 1.02%), fibre (0.92 to 2.37%) and carbohydrate (1.86 to 6.41%). At the time the local varieties senesced they showed higher yields than the introduced varieties, but as indeterminate they were better than the local ones because they continued fruiting after the local ones died off. Flesh color of pericarps and ripened fruit color ranged from orange to red while fruit shape varied from highly rounded to cylindrical (long oblong). Fruit size showed variation from small to moderate size.
Carbohydrate and protein metabolism of marandu grass affected by nitrogen fertilisation and number of cuts
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Seixas, A.A.; Fries, D.D.; Dias, D.L.S.; Santos, I. A.P.S.; Cruz, N.T.; Teixeira, F.A.; Bonomo, P.; Amaral Júnior, F.P.
Understanding the metabolism of tropical grasses in response to management practises imposed in pastoral environments allows for improvements in the management and use of mineral fertilisers. This study aimed to quantify metabolite content in different plant parts of Marandu grass (Urochloa brizantha), with a specific focus on the influence of nitrogen fertilisation and its effects following successive cuts. The treatments corresponded to four nitrogen (N) rates (0, 75, 150, and 225 kg N ha-1 ) and the number of cuts (one, two and three cuts). The plants were fractionated into leaves, stems, and roots to assess the content of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), starch, albumin, globulin, prolamin, and glutelin content. N fertilisation influenced the WSC and starch content in different parts of the plant, varying according to the cuts made. In the leaves and roots, fertilisation reduced the content of WSC and starch with one cut, as these were utilised as energy sources for assimilating the excess nitrogen in the soil. There was an increase in the concentration of all protein groups with nitrogen fertilisation in all parts of the plant with one cut. In plants cut two and three times, N fertilisation led to specific increases and decreases in different parts of the plants as an adaptive strategy for allocating resources as the number of cuts increased. Our results broaden our understanding of carbohydrate and protein metabolism in tropical grasses, thereby providing subsidies for the rational use of nitrogen fertilisers.
The influence of nitrogen fertilization and legume species on the productivity of multi-species swards in four production years
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Adamovics, A.; Gutmane, I.
The aim of current research was to investigate forage yield and crude protein content of legume-grass mixtures during four years of sward use, applying three nitrogen (N) fertilisation rates: N0, N60, and N120. Three perennial legume species - red clover Trifolium pratense (Tp), lucerne Medicago sativa (Ms) and fodder galega Galega orientalis (Go) were tested in mixtures with grasses (G). Mixtures were composed of 50% of legumes and 50% of grasses. Lucerne and fodder galega are introduced forage legume species in Latvia, and are raising an ever-growing interest in Latvia. The studies of persistency, quality and yielding ability of these legume species in Latvian agroclimatic condition in comparison with traditionally used red clover are actual. Significant differences in dry matter (DM) yields were found between successive production years, mixtures, and N fertilization rates. The highest average DM yield was found for the mixture with lucerne (Ms+G). The decline in productivity between the first and fourth production years was more expressed for red clover mixture, but a more stable productivity was demonstrated by swards with galega (Go+G). The N rate increase contributed to a significant DM yield increase for all mixtures. The positive effect of the increased N rates on DM yield increase was better expressed for red clover mixture (Tp+G). Red clover mixture (Tp+G) had the lowest average crude protein (CP) content. Mixture with galega had a higher CP content in the third and fourth production years. The CP content of red clover mixtures increased by nitrogen rate.
Assessment of the greenhouse gas emissions and energy inputs applying different weed control methods for wheat growing
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Zagorska, V.; Ruciņš, A.; Viesturs, D.; Ivanovs, S.
Economic indicators are often used to evaluate and select technologies, determining the production costs of the product. However, according to the EU's green course, the ecological assessment of technologies is increasingly important. The purpose of the article is to comparatively evaluate two winter wheat weed control methods, which are widely used in Latvia, according to two ecological indicators - the amount of the GHG emissions and the energy consumption, to find out whether these indicators can serve as a criterion for the selection of technologies. These two methods are HA (harrowing), in which weeds are controlled by harrowing and herbicides, HE (herbicides), in which weeds are controlled only by herbicides. The methodology for calculating the mentioned indicators was developed by analyzing several studies by other authors. The total GHG emissions generated are calculated as the sum of five components: emissions, generated for the manufacture and delivery of the machinery used; emissions, generated by the fuel, consumed for implementation of the technology; emissions, generated for the production, delivery and installation of fertilizers; emissions, generated for the production, delivery and installation of pesticides, seed production, delivery and installation emissions. Analogously, the total energy consumption is calculated by summing the components The technologies were implemented on a specific farm, with the machinery of this farm, labor, fertilizers and the plant protection products. It has been established that the technologies differ by the calculated ecological indicators within the range of 1.2–2.6%; moreover, these indicators are lower for the technology with the herbicide spraying, and the technology is simpler to implement. Therefore, it is also more widely used. Since the coefficients for the calculation of the ecological indicators can be applied by the methodology of this article, the characteristics of the technique and the doses of fertilizers and the plant protection agents, used on the farms, are known, the ecological indicators can be used as an additional criterion for the selection of technologies on the farms. The ratio of the energy value and energy consumption of the produced product (the output and the input ratio) was also determined, this indicator for technologies HA and HE being, respectively, 8.30 and 8.41. In comparison with the research by the authors in other countries, from the point of view of the amount of the generated CO2-eq emissions and rational consumption of energy, the analysed winter wheat production technologies are evaluated as moderately efficient, but from the point of view of the energy value of the product produced and the ratio of the energy consumption (the output and the input ratio) - as efficient.
Study of the effect of chromium on the germination parameters of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-gracium L.) and Lens (Lens culinaris)
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Azzouzi, S.; Khamar, M.; Nounah, A.; Cherkaoui, E.; Benradi, F.
Soil contamination by heavy metals is a global environmental problem. This contamination affects agricultural crops in the area concerned. In the present study, chromium, which is a heavy metal, is evaluated for its diverse effects on seed germination and lateral growth of fenugreek and lens seeds. A chromium solution was prepared at increasing concentrations: 0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.1, and 0.2 mg L-1 for the addition of germinating seeds in petri dishes for ten days. After two days, the germination rate is calculated. For the following days the length of radicle, stem, and number of leaves are measured. The germination rate of fenugreek varies between 100 and 73.33% for the control and 0.02 mg L-1 of chromium respectively. However, the germination rate of the lens varies between 100% for the control and 90% for the 0.02 mg L-1 . The elongation of fenugreek radicle with chromium solutions shows a significant effect. However, there is no significant difference in the lens at the different concentrations. For the growth of the fenugreek stalk, it is noticed that the concentration 0.02 shows a length of 2.83 cm compared to their control which is 2.30 cm. Consequently, chromium at 0.02 mg L-1 stimulates growth, but at 0.2 mg L-1 , it inhibits it. For lens the length of the stems shows also a significant difference compared to their control. So the effect of chromium on germination parameters depends on their concentrations, as well as on the seed response itself. For our research the response of fenugreek compared to the lens at the same concentrations is different.
Comparison of sire rams of the Latvian Dark-Head breed according to feed efficiency indicators as the beginning of genomic breeding research
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Trapina, I.; Kairisa, D.; Paramonova, N.
In sheep (Ovis aries) farming, feed costs are the largest variable cost component. Breeders are showing an increased interest in breeding sire rams with improved feed efficiency characteristics because of the possibility that the offspring will have a higher value of this indicator. The result shows that for one ram, the progeny indicators tend to be variable. Currently, no marker has successfully explained enough of the variability of feed efficiency that they were used as part of a routine improvement program. The aim is to analyze feed efficiency indicators for lambs of sire rams of Latvian Dark-Head (LT; Latvijas tumšgalve) to identify sire rams producing lambs with potentially higher feed efficiency. Fattening data of 48 lambs from 13 sire rams were analyzed to determine the correlation of feed efficiency parameters. The average weight of lambs at birth was 4.08 ± 0.56 kg, while the average weight gain reached 47.43 ± 3.17 kg with an average fattening period of 73.27 ± 8.90 days. A strong and very strong correlation between the studied indicators of feed efficiency was revealed. The correlation between these indicators and live weight gain over for 60 days indicates their economic importance in meat production. Certain phenotypic and genotypic factors cause the influence on their value. The phenotypic influence may consist of environmental and external signs, but the genotypic influence is at the DNA level, which requires further study.
Agronomic traits determinants of superior varieties and millable cane productivity of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) on dryland, Indonesia
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Karimuna, S.R.; Sulistiono, W.; Taryono; Alam, T.; Wahab, A.
Indonesia is one of the sugar-producing countries in the world, with most of the planting area shifted to dryland, sub-optimal. During the development of production, it is necessary to select varieties that are suitable for dryland. This study aimed to determine the adaptation of superior sugarcane varieties on dryland. This study used a split-plot under repeated Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Six superior sugarcane varieties used in this research were Saccharum ‘CMG Agribun ’, Saccharum ‘AAS Agribun’, Saccharum ʻASA Agribunʼ, Saccharum ʻAMS Agribunʻ, Saccharum ʻPS864ʼ and Saccharum ‘Bululawang’. The variables observed were plant height, stem diameter, number of segments, and number of tillers at the age of 13, 15, and 17 WAP (weeks after planting). The results showed that growth parameters, namely plant height at 13 and 15 WAP, number of tillers at 15 and 17 WAP, and stem diameter at 13 and 15 WAP, showed better growth, indicating superior agronomic properties of a sugarcane variety on dryland. Saccharum ‘AMS Agribun’ and Saccharum ‘Bululawang’ varieties, stem diameter, increased with spacing treatment at the early growth of 17 weeks after planting. The Saccharum ‘PS864’ was the best, having the highest average of agronomic values compared to other varieties. The Saccharum ‘PS864’ had the highest plant height and number of internodes. The highest number of tillers was obtained in the Saccharum ‘AAS Agribun’ varieties.
Study of the carbonization process for the plant waste utilisation
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Zhylina, M.; Irtiseva, K.; Ozolins, J.
In agriculture and the food industry, large amounts of vegetable waste are generated annually: straw, corn waste, nut shells, fruit kernels, etc. The problem of their disposal is extremely acute, and regularly people use the simplest methods that do not require further processing of this type of waste. An efficient way of recycling is to make sorbents out of it. In modern conditions of deficit and rising commodity prices, the search for new, cheapest methods is becoming more and more urgent. The origin of vegetable waste is an excellent annual renewable raw material base. Walnut shells and corn cobs were used as raw material samples for the production of sorbents. The carbonization was carried out at temperatures of 300, 400, 500, 600 and 700 °C. Researched properties of raw materials: moisture, ash content and yield of volatile components. The dependency of the sorbent yield on the final temperature was determined, the ash content and the sorption activity by iodine were determined. Based on the results of the study, the high quality of the sorbent obtained was noted. In this way, the use of plant waste as raw material for the production of sorbents allows not only to solve the problem of waste recycling, but also to obtain a high-quality product and reduce its cost.
Response of regulation of resistance genes, reactive oxygen species, and antioxidant enzymes to salicylic acid treatments in drought tolerant rice
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Hartatik, S.; Oktaviani, F.; Mufadilah, M.A.; Avivi, S.; Thamrin, N.; Indrawati, A.; Puspito, A.N.; Kim, K.M.; Ubaidillah, M.
Drought is one of the most important issues in crop production which may disrupt physiological processes and biochemical metabolism in rice plants, including the emergence of plant resistance gene expression such as OsAB13 and OsLEA, the formation of ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species), namely hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), as well as the emergence of gene expression related to antioxidant enzyme activity such as OsAPX1, OsCATA, Mn-SOD, Cu/Zn-SOD, and APX Cytosolic. Besides the emergence of plant resistance gene expression, ROS, and changes in gene expression related to antioxidant enzymes, rice plants also produce salicylic acid which acts as an endogenous signal to activate plant resistance gene responses and can encourage plant resistance responses such as antioxidant enzyme activity. The treatments in this study included: control, 15% PEG 6000, 15% PEG 6000 + SA 1 mM, and SA 1 mM. The results showed that the interaction between treatments and rice plant varieties significantly affected plant height, root length, total chlorophyll, and H2O2 content. The expression of the OsAPX1, OsCATA, Mn-SOD, and Cu/Zn-SOD genes increased in the 15% PEG 6000 treatment compared to the control. In the 15% PEG 6000 + SA 1 mM treatment, there was an increase in gene expression of APX Cytosolic, Cu/Zn-SOD, and OsCATA compared to the 15% PEG 6000 treatment. The OsLEA is expressed in Siakraya and Sertani 1 as an indicator of resistance to drought stress, and the OsAB13 is expressed in Indragiri, Sertani 1, and Siakraya varieties as an indicator of resistance to drought stress.
Application of UAV multispectral imaging for determining the characteristics of maize vegetation
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Änäkkälä, M.; Lehtilä, A.; Mäkelä, P.S.A.; Lajunen, A.
Interest in forage maize (Zea mays L.) cultivation for livestock feed has grown in northern conditions. In addition, it is important to develop methods and tools to monitor crop development and other characteristics of the crop. For these purposes UAVs are very efficient and versatile tools. UAVs can be equipped with a variety of sensors like lidar or different types of cameras. Several studies have been conducted where data collected by UAVs are used to estimate different crop properties like yield and biomass. In this research, a forage maize field experiment was studied to examine how well the aerial multispectral data correlated with the different properties of the vegetation. The field test site is located in Helsinki, Finland. A multispectral camera (MicaSense Rededge 3) was used to take images from five spectral bands (Red, Green, Blue, Rededge and NIR). All the images were processed with Pix4D software to generate orthomosaic images. Several vegetation indices were calculated from the five spectral bands. During the growing season, crop height, chlorophyll content, leaf area index (LAI), fresh and dry matter biomass were measured from the vegetation. From the five spectral bands, Rededge had the highest correlation with fresh biomass (R2 = 0.273). The highest correlation for a vegetation index was found between NDRE and chlorophyll content (R2 = 0.809). A multiple linear regression (MLR) model using selected spectral bands and vegetation indices as inputs showed high correlations with the field measurements.
Isolation and study of a bioactive extract enriched with anthocyanin from red grape pomace (Cabernet Sauvignon)
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Shakiryanova, Z.; Khegay, R.; Gayibov, U.; Saparbekova, A.; Konarbayeva, Z.; Latif, A.; Smirnova, O.
Grape pomace is a natural product rich in dietary fibers, polyphenols and anthocyanidins. By their chemical composition, secondary products from grape processing are valuable raw materials for obtaining a variety of new products. Recently, in food biotechnology, fermented and unfermented grape pomace have undergone a deeper study of the role of additives in dry powders or extracts. The quality and biological value of natural food products are determined by their chemical composition and a whole complex of integral organoleptic properties that depend on this composition. Natural anthocyanin dyes not only give color to vegetable raw materials, but also have a well-known physiological activity, in particular, coloring and antioxidant. Purified natural dyes have recently been increasingly used to improve the consumer properties of food products, in biologically active additives, in pharmaceutical preparations for the treatment and prevention of various diseases. At the same time, the composition of anthocyanins, even for the same variety of plant raw materials, is complex and variable; it depends on climatic conditions, on the maturity of berries, root crops, and the quality of agricultural work. Anthocyanins easily undergo a number of transformations depending on the conditions of extraction and analysis. The originality and novelty of the isolation and production of biologically active extracts with antiradical properties from by-products of local wineries in ecologically safe areas of southern Kazakhstan lies in the fact that natural environmental conditions: high temperatures and low humidity which contribute to the formation of biologically active substances with increased concentrations. Current research was aimed at the deep study of extracts from grape pomace rich - anthocyanins. Red grape pomaces of Vitis vinifera L. Cabernet Sauvignon were extracted using a solvent-based (SE) method with concentrations of 70% v/v and solid/liquid ratios of 1:10, followed by incubation at three different temperatures of 30 °C, 40 °C, and 50 °C for 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, and 4 h. All solvent extracts showed higher amounts of anthocyanin pigments. The maximum yield was obtained by using the optimal time of extraction (2 h at 50 °C), with the highest total anthocyanin recovery obtained by means of 70% ethanol. The anti-radical and toxic effects of the obtained extract (anthocyanin) were studied.
Accuracy of waste stockpile volume calculations based on UAV Photogrammetry
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Künnapuu, Rauno; Kokamägi, Kaupo; Liba, Natalja; Estonian University of Life Sciences. Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. Chair of Environmental Protection and Landscape Management; Estonian University of Life Sciences. Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering. Chair of Forest and Land Management and Forest Industry
In environmental supervision, it is necessary to measure waste piles volume to determine whether the activities of the waste manager comply with the established requirements. The aim of this research is to determine whether the model, formed from images collected with low-priced unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) - not with Real Time Kinematic Global Navigation Satellite System (RTK GNSS) capability - is sufficiently accurate to carry out waste-related surveying. Data collection took place in spring 2021 at the Aardlapalu transhipment station in Tartu County. The objects of the research were an unscreened composting pile and a covered composting pile. In the fieldwork, terrestrial laser scanning and photogrammetric flight were carried out. The reference value was the volume of the model formed from the data of laser scan. The volumes of all models formed by the photogrammetric method were within the permissible difference of 10% provided by law. The most accurate results were obtained from the covered composting pile with an overlap of 70% × 70% and 21 ground control points (GCPs). Using these parameters, the absolute error of the model was 1.48 m³ and the relative error was 0.65%. The most inaccurate results were obtained from the unscreened composting pile with an overlap of 80% × 80% and 21 GCP-s. The research confirmed the hypothesis that sufficient accuracy to calculate waste piles volumes can also be achieved by using a cheaper UAV and camera and with software not specially designed for photogrammetry, design, and drawing.
Physicochemical properties of goat milk yoghurt with synbiotics from inulin of mangrove apple and Lactobacillus plantarum
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Wibawanti, J.M.W.; Mulyani, S.; Hartanto, R.; Legowo, A.M.
Physicochemical changes could affect the quality of goat milk yoghurt. Yoghurt quality has been improved by incorporating a synbiotic derived from a prebiotic combined with probiotics. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of synbiotics (inulin of mangrove apple and Lactobacillus plantarum) in the physicochemical properties of goat’s milk yoghurt. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 4 replications, with differences in the concentration of synbiotics as much as 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8%. The addition of synbiotics was significant (p < 0.05) in the sugar reduction, colour, and syneresis of yoghurt products. They did not significantly affect (p > 0.05) the firmness of yoghurt texture. This study provides support for the addition of synbiotics to improve physicochemical properties of goat’s milk yogurt.

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