2021, Vol. 32, No. 2

Selle kollektsiooni püsiv URIhttp://hdl.handle.net/10492/7155

Sirvi

Nüüd näidatakse 1 - 20 24

Storability of sweet potato genotypes under ordinary ambient storage conditions
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2021) Bhattarai, Prakash; Tripathi, Kalyani Mishra; Gautam, Durga Mani; Shrestha, Arjun Kumar
The study was carried out to evaluate the storage performance of sweet potatoes in different conditions under ordinary ambient temperature (10.11–17.49 °C) at Khumaltar, Lalitpur (1350 masl) district of Nepal from December, 20 to March, 13 during the years 2018/19 and 2019/20. The experiment was laid out in Factorial Completely Randomized Design with three replications. Tuberous roots of three sweet potato genotypes (CIP 440015, CIP 440267, and Local White) harvested at 4-month maturity were stored inside an ordinary room in dry sand, sawdust, thin jute sack, natural mud pot, and open crates (control). Data were taken on the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, 10th, and 12th weeks of storage. The pooled results showed a significant effect of storage conditions on physiological loss in weight and rotting (%) of sweet potato genotypes. With the progression of the storage period, physiological weight loss (PLW) and rotting (%) were significantly increased in all treatments. At the 12th week of storage, the highest PLW was recorded in the tubers stored in open crates (70.2%) followed by natural mud pot (65.2%) whereas the lowest PLW was observed in tubers stored inside the dry sand (50.2%). Genotype CIP 440015 showed good storability with minimum PLW. No weevil infestation and sprouting were observed during the experimental period. The lowest percentage of tuber rotting was recorded in the genotype CIP 440015 (55.3%) and inside dry sand (48.7%) at the 12th week of storage while it was the highest up to 85.9% in CIP 440267. The highest rotting 76.7%) was recorded in thin jute bags which is statistically at par with natural mud pot (76.5%). The interaction effect of storage conditions and genotypes was found not significant. The results showed an increment in dry matter and reducing sugar content while the reduction in ß-carotene and starch content of tubers after 3 months of storage inside dry sand. There was positive and strong correlation of storage duration with dry matter (r = 0.750) and reducing sugar (r = 0.658) whereas, negative correlation with starch (r = –0.918) and ß-carotene (r = –0.352) content of sweet potato genotypes. The study concluded that sweet potato tuber can be kept for 8 to 10 weeks in dry sand with minimum postharvest loss in ordinary room condition and the genotype CIP 440015 has good storability among the tested genotypes in similar conditions.
Justification of the mechatronic system for pigsty microclimate maintenance
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2021) Yaropud, Vitalii; Hunko, Iryna; Aliiev, Elchyn; Kupchuk, Ihor
The main parameters of the microclimate of pig farms are regulated by the norms of technological design. Naturally, such micro-climate parameters at real energy prices require high costs, but these are the most favourable conditions for the life of suckling piglets. According to the presented analysis, the problem of research is the need to provide a micro-climate in the room for comfortable keeping of pigs, which is currently achieved through high energy. The purpose of the development is to increase the efficiency of the microclimate of pig farms by using a mechatronic control system, rational use of utilized air energy and soil thermal potential with reduced energy costs of the ventilation system. The problem is solved by creating such a mechatronic system to ensure the microclimate of pig farms, which can: switch the direction of airflow to ensure the operation of the system in winter and summer; to control the movement of air, which must be disposed of according to the parameters of its quality; to provide a local microclimate in each place where animals are kept; rational use of soil thermal energy as a source of alternative energy; to carry out automatic pumping of the water necessary for humidification of air, and its utilization. The article presents the results of research of parameters of the developed mechatronic system of providing microclimate of pig premises, which were carried out in three stages: research of heat exchanger of side-evaporating type; substantiation of the ventilation system of polluted air intake; substantiation of the ventilation system for injecting clean air taking into account it's geothermal heating/cooling. The advantage of the proposed mechatronic system of the microclimate of pig farms is that it allows increasing the efficiency of microclimate by rational use of energy of utilized air (due to the use of side-evaporator type heat exchanger based on Maisotsenko cycle) and soil heat potential (geothermal energy) at low operating costs of the ventilation system through the additional provision of mechatronic elements. The presented results of numerical simulation of the indirect evaporative heat exchanger allow us to state that the cooling effect obtained in indirect evaporative channels can be quite high in comparison with traditional air conditioning patterns. The presented heat exchanger based on the Maisotsenko cycle (M-cycle) of considered heat carrier flow scheme is characterized by its high cost-effectiveness, low specific cost, small operational costs and structural simplicity, which is confirmed in the works. The models obtained in the Star CCM +software package can be used for optimization analysis of air-cooling with variations in the Reynolds number, humidity, channel length and geometric dimensions of channels. Because of analytical investigations of the contaminated air intake ventilation system, the method was developed and on its basis – the algorithm was implemented for the determination of geometrical arrangement of holes in the air duct of the mechatronic system for pigsty microclimate maintenance.
Variability for growth and yield traits in single cross hybrids of maize (Zea mays L.)
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2021) Shrestha, Jiban; Subedi, Sudeep; Acharya, Ramesh; Sharma, Shiva; Subedi, Mahesh
Sixteen single-cross hybrids of maize were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications to investigate genetic variability and correlation among growth and yield traits at Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal from March 13 to September 05, 2021. The hybrids were grouped into four clusters using Euclidean Average Linkage method. The cluster analysis showed the presence of genetic variability in the evaluated hybrids. The maximum distance between cluster centroids (194.28) was found between cluster 2 and cluster 4, indicating genetic dissimilarity. Grain yield had the maximum values of phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) (35.02%), followed by ear height (17.82%) and plant height (12.22%). Similarly, grain yield had the maximum values of genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) (26.24%) followed by the number of kernel rows/cob (8.77%) and days to 50% silking (8.72%). Days to 50% silking and days to 50% tasseling had the highest values of heritability (86%) followed by cob diameter (84%) and no. of kernel rows in cob (68%). The leaf area per plant had the maximum values of genetic advance (GA) (74.87 cm2), followed by plant height (27.80 cm) and days to 50% silking (9.66 days). Similarly, the maximum values of genetic advance as percent of the mean (GAM) was found for grain yield (40.50%) followed by days to 50% silking (16.70%) and days to 50% tasseling (16.17%). The hybrids namely KWM-91 × KWM-93 produced the maximum values of grain yield (9.99 t ha–1) followed by KWM-93 × KWM-91 (9.63 t ha–1) and KWM-92 × KWM-93 (9.40 t ha–1). Grain yield showed positive and significant phenotypic correlation with days to 50% silking (r = 0.41), days to 50% tasseling (r = 0.39), plant height (r = 0.37), cob diameter (r = 0.49) and the number of kernel rows in cob (r = 0.38). Therefore, utilization of present genetic variability along with indirect selection for traits having significant association with grain yield, high heritability and GAM could aid in the improvement of maize productivity.
The outlet design of flat fan nozzle varies the application time of day effect on nicosulfuron activity
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2021) Aliverdi, Akbar; Aliverdi, Abolfazl; Jason, Connor Ferguson
On two container-grown species, johnsongrass and velvet-leaf, nicosulfuron was sprayed with the Anti-Drift Single, Dual, and Triplet Flat-Fan nozzles (AD/S, AD/D, AD/T nozzles, respectively) at 05:00 to 21:00, with a two-hour interval. At 5:00 to 11:00, nicosulfuron activity on both species was greatest with the AD/T followed by the AD/D and finally, the AD/S nozzle. At 15:00 to 19:00, however, nicosulfuron activity on johnsongrass was greatest with the AD/D, followed by the AD/T and finally, the AD/S nozzle, and nicosulfuron activity on velvetleaf was greatest with the AD/D followed by the AD/S and the AD/T nozzle had the lowest control. Nicosulfuron applied with the AD/T nozzle in the early morning caused the highest desiccation (70%) in both species. The best time to apply nicosulfuron was in the early morning. However, velvetleaf undergoes foliar nyctinasty depending on daylight, which made effective control achieved by only the AD/D and AD/T nozzles.
Effect of shading net, planting methods and bio-extract on production of muskmelon
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2021) Obaid, Abdulraheem A.; Al-Alawy, Hassan H.; Hassan, Kadhum Daley; Hamdi, Ghassan Jaafar
Growing vegetable transplants under shade nets are currently becoming more popular to protect high intensities of light and high temperature. This study was undertaken to evaluate the influence of shading net at 30% shading and an unshaded control, methods of the planting, direct sowing, transplanting, and foliar application of a biozyme fertilizer at 0 and 0.5 ml L–1 production, and quality of muskmelon. These treatments were laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) and were arranged in a split‑split plot with three replications. Results showed that 30% shading treatment produced the highest leaf chlorophyll content (57.07 SPAD) and TSS (13.05%). Direct sowing gives a higher value for fruit weight (3583 g), most yield per plant (3772 g) and most total yield (3772 g). Transplanting produced the highest fruit per plant (1.58 fruit). The 0.5 ml L–1 fertilizer treatment had the least time to maturity (92.08 days). The interaction between shading treatment, establishment methods and biozyme fertilizer improve the fruit quality and yield of muskmelon.
The effect of a lateral airflow created on nozzle tip on the spray droplets deposition
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2021) Bulgakov, Volodymyr; Olt, Jüri; Pascuzzi, Simone; Gadzalo, Jaroslav; Ivanovs, Semjons; Adamchuk, Valerii; Panasyuk, Volodymyr; Ihnatiev, Yevhen; Estonian University of Life Sciences. Institute of Technology
Improved application efficacy of a plant protection products by using a pneumatic device to change the dispersion of spray droplets is depended on the intensity of crosswind. The laboratory investigations of the spraying process of plants by means of the nozzles of a pneumatic system determined the quality indicators of pressure in the injection process of 0.4 MPa – the droplet coating density of 19–46 pcs cm2 –1 for the weighted mean droplet diameters (WMD) in the other experimental variants was within 304–543 μm. These indicators were compared with those for the standard, anti-drift and air injection nozzle types in which the droplet coating density was 23–59 pcs cm2 –1 and the weighted mean droplet diameters (WMD) were in the range of 350 to 485 μm. An analytical dependence was obtained of the influence of the lateral airflow and air pressure in the pneumatic system upon the amount of the deposited spray liquid.
Biological activity of chernozems typical of different farming practices
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2021) Rieznik, Serhii; Havva, Dmytro; Butenko, Andrii; Novosad, Konstantin
The study aimed to determine the impact of different farming practices (organic and intensive) on the dynamics of potential biological activity of typical chernozem (mollisol). Comparative-profile-genetic, microbiological and mathematical-statistical methods were used for the research. The data obtained during the study of soil biological activity for 2018–2020 were analyzed. The highest popu-lation density of Collembola was observed in the variant of fallow soil in the layer of 10–20 cm (111 indiv. dm3 –1) with the lowest amount of Oribatida (32 indiv. dm3 –1). Under conditions of agrogenic use of soils, the predominance of Oribatida over Collembola was recorded. When using green manure in a soil layer of 0–10 cm, the number of Oribatida is 125 indiv. dm3 –1, while Collembola – 50 indiv. dm3 –1. Agrogenic use of chernozems reduces the number of microscopic fungi. The intensive farming system is the reason for the decrease in the number of all ecological and trophic groups of microorganisms in the 0–10 cm layer while increasing their number in the layer of 20–30 cm. Variants of the organic system of agriculture, especially with the use of green manure, contribute to the increase in the number of actinomycetes and amylolytic microbiota, as well as a short-term sharp increase in the number of oligonitrophilic microbiota. Agricultural use of soils reduces the activity of enzymes such as invertase, protease, dehydrogenase and cellulase. However, the activity of urease and catalase – increases in the soils of the organic system of agriculture. Discriminant analysis of biological activity identified three groups of soils, corresponding to different farming systems. This confirms the possibility of using the studied indicators for soil biodiagnostics.
Genotype and nitrogen effects on grain yield and yield-related traits of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2021) Paudel, Ganga; Bhatta, Maya; Mahato, Mohan; Joshi, Darbin; Shrestha, Jiban
Genotype and nitrogen application are important determinants of grain yield in maize. This experiment was carried out in split-plot design with two factors (maize hybrids as the main factor and nitrogen rates as the sub factor) arranged in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The maize hybrids including Rampur Hybrid-2, Rampur Hybrid-4 and Rampur Hybrid-6 were main plots, and four nitrogen rates of 0, 140,160, and 180 kg N ha–1 were sub-plot. Results revealed that hybrids had significant effects on the days to 50% tasselling, cob circumference, number of kernel rows per cob and grain yield. Similarly, nitrogen rates had significant effects on all parameters except on the days to 50% tasselling and silking. The highest values of cob length (18.31 cm), no of kernel rows per cob (13.22), no of kernels per cob (33.36), cob circumference (13.90 cm) was recorded from the plot fertilized with 180 kg N ha–1. Rampur Hybrid-2 produced the highest yield (6.19 t ha–1), whereas the lowest yield was found in Rampur Hybrid-6. Similarly, 180 kg N ha–1 produced a significantly higher yield (7.06 t ha–1) which was followed by 160 kg ha–1 (6.71 t ha–1), 140 kg ha–1 (6.30 t ha–1) and the lowest yield (3.93 t ha–1) with 0 kg N ha–1. Therefore, among the hybrids evaluated, Rampur Hybrid-2 could be an appropriate hybrid variety for the cultivation at Dang district and similar conditions in Nepal. This study suggests that maize production can be maximized by cultivating Rampur Hybrid-2 with the use of 180 kg N ha–1 in the inner Terai region of Nepal.
The effect of adding solid and chelated liquid iron on the growth and yield of broad bean
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2021) Al-Zubaidi, Mohammad Salman Kareem; Bader, Basem Rahem; Abood, Mohammed Ali; Hamdi, Ghassan Jaafar; Al-Afraji, Hassan Rashid Jassim
A field experiment was carried out within the randomized complete block design in the agricultural season 2020–2021. The experiment included two factors, the first factor was solid chelated iron (S0, S1, and S2 at concentrations 0, 100, and 200 ppm, respectively), which was added to the soil. The second factor was liquid chelated iron (L0, L1, and L2 at concentrations 0, 2, and 4 ml L–1 respectively), which was spraying on the plants. The results showed that the stem diameter, number of pods, and total yield were significantly affected by adding the 100 ppm iron solid chelated treatment (18.36 mm, 25.74 pod plant–1, 5.01 Mg ha–1 respectively). While 200 ppm treatment had the highest plant height (30.10 cm, yield (771.35 g plant–1), seeds (6.18 per pod). The treatment of 4 ml L–1 liquid chelated iron treatment had the highest plant height (128.55 cm), biggest stem diameter (18.63 mm), highest pods per plant (25.45), yield (755.98 g plant–1), total yield (4.80 Mg ha–1), pod length (24.87 cm), pod weight (28.14 g) and the number of seeds per pod (7.88). The use of the interaction between solid and liquid chelated iron improves the vegetative growth and yield of broad beans.
Case study: Dynamics of sunflower seed movement in the vibrating tray of the infrared dryer and its influence on the drying process
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2021) Bandura, Valentyna; Yaroshenko, Leonid; Fialkovska, Larisa; Kondratyuk, Dmytro; Palamarchuk, Vladyslav; Paladiichuk, Yurij
Analysis of researches on the study of the material particle movement on the vibrating surface of the container machine intended for seed drying in the infrared field is carried out. Comparison of traditional devices for dehydration of raw materials with energy supply of infrared irradiation is performed. It is shown that current tendencies of the development of heat and mass transfer equipment are connected with the use of electromagnetic generators of infrared energy. The purpose of the work is to study the process of movement of sunflower seeds on a vibrating tray dryer. To achieve this goal, a dynamic scheme of the vibrating tray has been proposed and theoretical and experimental studies of the process of grain movement have been carried out. It has been established that when the speed of drive electric motors increases from 950 to 970 rotations per minute, the speed of vibro-transportation increases as well, but when reaching a certain value of speed, under a further increase in speed, the speed of vibro-transportation decreases. Experimental studies have allowed to specify the design parameters of vibrating trays and select rational parameters of the technological process of drying, namely the oscillation frequency of the vibrating tray, which is f = 100 s–1.
Accelerated biothermal composting of manure-compost mixture
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2021) Aliiev, Elchyn; Pavlenko, Sergey; Aliieva, Olga; Morhun, Olesia
The aim of the research was to observe the technological processes of accelerated biothermal composting of manure-compost mixture and to determine the dynamics of its temperature regime. Because of experimental research of conditions of biothermal processes of composting of manure-compost mix the mathematical laws describing dynamics of change of a temperature field in the composting pad of a different configuration for various mechanized conditions are received. It is established that mechanized composting of raw materials provides growth of internal temperatures to the maximum temperature of 65–71 °С (at height of the composting pad of 1.5 m) for 2–3 days after laying of the composting pad. In 15–17 days, the temperature is up to 50 °С, which does not correspond to the thermophilic mode of bacterial activity and the processes gradually pass into the mesophilic mode – up to 40 °С. As a result of experimental studies of biothermal processes of composting manure, it was found that during the fermentation of raw materials in the composting pad without treatment (36 days) the weight of the composting pad (at the composting pad height of 1.5 m) decreased by 20% (raw material moisture decreased by 5%). In the composting pad with mechanical treatment and addition of water, the weight of the composting pad varied from the amount of water introduced, which led to an increase in the moisture content of the raw material. There was a significant decrease in organic matter from 47–50 to 32–35% in the raw material against 50–52 to 40–41%.
Effect of probiotic supplement on nutrient digestibility and production traits on broiler chicken
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2021) Poberezhets, Julia; Chudak, Roman; Kupchuk, Ihor; Yaropud, Vitalii; Rutkevych, Volodymyr
The aim of the research was to investigate feed nutrient digestion and slaughter indicators of broiler chickens fed a probiotic supplement based on lactic acid bacteria. The experiment lasted for 42 days. Four groups of one-day-old broiler chickens of the Ross-308 cross were selected by the method of analogous groups, each group contained 50 birds. Broilers were kept in group cages considering all zoohygienic requirements. The control group consumed a basic diet (BD), i.e., a complete feed. The experimental groups were additionally fed different doses of a probiotic supplement (by percentage mass of feed). The broiler chickens fed the probiotic supplement had increased digestibility of dry matter, protein, fibre and nitrogen-free extractives (NFE) compared with the control group. The application of probiotic supplement in broiler feeding increases the availability of essential amino acids, i.e. lysine, histidine, arginine, threonine, valine, methionine, isoleucine compared with the control. The absorption of Ca, P, Mg, and Mn increased with the probiotic supplement. The probiotic supplement application in the diet of broiler chickens increased the pre-slaughter live weight by 16.7%, the un-gutted body weight by 15.0% and gutted body weight by 17.3%. Probiotic supplement had a positive effect on the digestibility of feed nutrients, increased the absorption of amino acids and minerals in the body broiler chickens.
Ecological suitability peas (Pisum sativum) varieties to climate change in Ukraine
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2021) Mazur, Victor; Tkachuk, Oleksandr; Pantsyreva, Hanna; Kupchuk, Ihor; Mordvaniuk, Myroslava; Chynchyk, Oleksandr
The varieties of peas can realize about 50% of their productive potential. One of the main reasons for this is the wrong choice of variety for specific ecological growing conditions. Therefore, the purpose and task of our research are to analyze the current range of peas, included in the State Register of plant varieties suitable for cultivation in Ukraine in terms of their real productivity and resistance to drought and disease in the context of climate change in the direction of drought and temperature rise. Assessment of agroecological stability of pea varieties was carried out by elaboration of the State Register of Plant Varieties Suitable for Distribution in Ukraine for 2020, 2010 and Official Descriptions of Plant Varieties and Suitability Indicators submitted in the official bulletins "Protection of Plant Variety Rights" published in Information and reference system "Variety". The most resistant to disease in Ukraine are varieties of peas 'Verbal', 'Prystan', 'Есо', 'Atanas', 'Haiduk'. Varieties are marked by the highest drought resistance 'Verbal', 'Album', 'Alssas', 'Kampus'. The most productive varieties were peas 'Kosmai', 'Album', 'Haiduk', 'Trendy'. The increase in the average annual air temperature in Ukraine during 2001–2020 by 19.3% (8.2–9.9 °C) led to a decrease in the yield of peas by 13.7%, but an increase in the score of resistance of pea varieties to diseases by 25.0%, the score of drought resistance – by 18.8%. Comparison of indicators of disease resistance, drought resistance and productivity of pea varieties for 2020 and 2010 showed that the score of resistance of pea varieties sown to diseases in the period from 2010 to 2020 increased from 6.3 to 8.4 points, i.e. by 25.0%. Drought resistance of pea varieties in 2020 compared to 2010 increased from 6.5 to 8.0 points, which is 18.8%. At the same time, the grain productivity of pea varieties in 2020 compared to 2010 decreased from 3.57 t ha–1 to 3.08 t ha–1, which is 13.7%.
Effect of different levels of nitrogen and farmyard manure on the growth and yield of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2021) Thapa, Parbati; Shrestha, Ram Kumar; Kafle, Kishor; Shrestha, Jiban
The application of nitrogen (N) and farmyard manure (FYM) greatly affects the growth and production of spinach. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of various levels of nitrogen and farmyard manure on the growth and yield of spinach. This study was conducted in the research field of the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Lamjung, Sundarbazar, Lamjung, Nepal from November 2019 to January 2020. The treatments were: 0 kg N ha–1, 30 kg N ha–1, 60 kg N ha–1, 60 kg N ha–1 + 10 t FYM ha–1, 60 kg N ha–1 + 20 t FYM ha–1, 90 kg N ha–1 and 120 kg N ha–1. These treatments were laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The results showed that higher N levels gave better results for all parameters studied. The increasing N fertilization rates increased the vegetative characters and yield of spinach. The maximum plant height (22.68 cm), leaf width (6.69 cm), number of leaves (12.93), fresh weight of leaves (17.07 g) and leaf length (14.94 cm) were recorded with the application of the highest level of nitrogen (120 kg N ha–1). The spinach yield (3.2 t ha–1) was the highest with the application of 120 kg N ha–1. However, the growth and yield traits were not significantly differed with the application of 60 kg N ha–1 + 20 t FYM ha–1. Therefore, this study suggests that spinach production can be maximized by the application of 60 kg N ha–1+ 20 t FYM ha–1.
Evaluation of common bean (Phaseolous vulgaris L.) genotypes against anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum Sacc. and Magn.)
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2021) K.C., Sujata; Manandhar, Hira Kaji; Shrestha, Sundar Man; Acharya, Basistha; Shrestha, Jiban
Twelve genotypes of common bean were evaluated against anthracnose under natural epiphytotic conditions. This study was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research field of Agriculture Research Station (ARS), Vijaynagar, Jumla, Nepal from June to September 2018. The area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) and disease severity were calculated. In laboratory conditions, artificial inoculation was carried out on detached leaves of twelve genotypes using a pure culture suspension of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (1.2× 106 conidia ml–1) in a completely randomized design with three replications. The results showed that bean genotypes varied significantly for disease severity both in the field and laboratory conditions. In the field, bean genotypes showed resistance to highly susceptible reactions. Their AUDPC value ranged from 120.55 to 502.31. The lowest mean AUDPC value was recorded in KBL-1 (120.55) followed by KBL-3 (123.79) and KBL-2 (124.44). Similarly, the lowest severity value was recorded with KBL-1 (0.51), KBL-2 (0.52) and KBL-3 (0.53). Detached leaf assay in laboratory experiment showed that the lowest mean AUDPC was found in KBL-2 (16.67) and KBL-3 (16.67). Therefore, KBL-2 and KBL-3 could be utilized as resistant varieties to anthracnose disease under Jumla and similar field conditions.
Is Estonian barley ready to tackle climate change-induced water regimes?
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2021) Sepp, Siim Samuel; Tamm, Ülle; Loit, Evelin
The objective was to examine the effect of drought and flood on barley plants' biomass and growth rate in early vegetative development while comparing the stress adaption of different varieties. A greenhouse trial was conducted in the Estonian Crop Research Institute (ECRI) in 2021, where five Estonian grown spring barley varieties were grown in optimal, drought and flood treatments for six weeks to measure plants' projected leaf area (PA) and relative growth rate (RGR) through phenotyping. Both drought and flooding stress have a strong negative impact on plant biomass in early vegetative growth phases, causing PA at the end of the trial to decrease 26% and 49% respectively. Meanwhile, RGR throughout the trial decreased 6% in drought treatment and 16% in flood treatment. This indicates the greater impact of flood stress on plant's growth compared to drought stress. Genetic variation related to adaption to extreme water regimes in varieties is rather low, especially in drought stress conditions. In drought treatment, the variation coefficient (CV) was 14%, and in flood treatment 25%. Even as most varieties' PA and RGR varied between treatments, the difference between varieties in specific stress treatments was minimal. Estonian grown spring barley varieties are susceptible to extreme water regime related stress caused by potential climate change. This indicates the importance of assessing water-related stress tolerance in breeding material, adapting more accurate innovative evaluation approaches, and integrating climate-resilient genetic material into breeding programs, to hedge the risk caused by unfavourable growth environments in Estonian barley production.
Lühiartikkel : Muldkatte talitlemise pedoökoloogilised seaduspärasused
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2021) Kõlli, Raimo
The contradictory statements and opinions, which need by the mind of author additional explanation or disentangle are in the work followings: stages in the forming soil covers' humus status; additional carbon sequestration into the soil; discord between consumption and accumulation of soil organic matter; the influence of land use, land-use change and soil tillage on soil humus status; permanent and dynamic properties of soil; the role of agriculture in carbon turnover; degradation of soil fertility; the influence of different components of soil organic matter on soil functioning; pedoecological approach of peat soils; biodiversity and species richness of soils; weediness of agroecosystems; ethical statements concerning land use.
The forecasting of polyphenolic substances in sweet cherry fruits under the impact of weather factors
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2021) Ivanova, Іryna; Serdyuk, Мarina; Malkina, Vira; Tymoshchuk, Tetiana; Kotelnytska, Anna; Moisiienko, Vira
It has been proved that during the period of research the weather factors had dominating effects on the formation of phenolic substances fund for the fruits of early and late groups of cultivars. The cultivar features affected the accumulation of the phenolic substances in the fruits of a group of cultivars of a medium-term ripening. It has been established that the fruits of 'Kazka' cultivar (203.17 mg 100 g–1) were selected from among the cultivars of an early-term ripening according to the average phenol substances content. The fruits of 'Rubinova Rannia' (175.27 mg 100 g–1) are characterized by the optimal variation indices as well as by the average content of polyphenolic substances. From the technological point of view, the most perspective from among the cultivars of medium- and late-terms of ripening was: 'Uliublenytsia Turovtseva' (226.85 mg 100 g–1), 'Udivitelna' (288.55 mg 100 g–1). The results of experimental analysis for the fruits of early- and late-terms of ripening as well as their dispersion analysis allow us to forecast the content of the phenolic substances by the average indices but not separately for every pomological cultivar. Based on designed regression models, the analysis of the degree of impact of each weather factor on the rate of the phenolic substance has been made. The humidity index (the average monthly amount of rainfalls in May) had maximal effects on the accumulation of phenolic substances fund for the cherry fruits of three terms of ripening. The humidity indices of the last months of fruits formation (May and June) had the greatest effects on the accumulation of phenolic substances for a test group of plants of all terms of ripening.
Economic efficiency of Camelina sativa growing with nutrition optimization under conditions of Precarpathians of Ukraine
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2021) Hryhoriv, Yaroslava; Butenko, Andrii; Nechyporenko, Valentyna; Lyshenko, Margarita; Ustik, Tetiana; Zubko, Vladyslav; Makarenko, Nataliia; Mushtai, Valentyna
The results of research conducted during 2015–2018 in a field experiment on sod-podzolic soils while studying the effect of different fertilizers on productivity of Camelina sativa and oil-bearing crops and, accordingly, economic efficiency and competitiveness of this crop growing have been presented. The dependence of elements of productivity and yielding capacity on the application of mineral fertilizers has been revealed. It has been found that the application of mineral fertilizers had a significant impact on the productivity of Camelina sativa seeds and the cost index and profitability of Camelina sativa seeds, accordingly. Depending on the studied elements in growing technology of little-known in Ukraine crop of Camelina sativa, the main indices of economic efficiency were determined. It has been found that with optimization of plant nutrition, regardless of the increase in cultivation costs, conditionally net profit and profitability level increased. This was facilitated by foliar fertilization with modern restrictive preparations or complex micro fertilizers in critical periods of crop vegetation. Depending on the variant of the experiment, the average conditionally net profit during growing years ranged from 471.78 to 688.48 € ha–1 (1 UAH = 0.032 €), and profitability level ranged from 178.8 to 222.0%.
Agar gel phenotyping of root traits as rapid and sensitive assay of wheat seedlings response to edaphic factors : on example of cadmium
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2021) Levenets, Tetiana; Smirnov, Oleksandr; Kovalenko, Mariia; Mykhalska, Liudmyla; Schwartau, Victor; Taran, Nataliya
The influence of different concentrations of cadmium on root elongation, exudative activity of roots and seminal root angle of two wheat genotypes: common bread wheat – Triticum aestivum L. (cv. 'Favorytka') and emmer wheat – Triticum dicoccum Schrank. (cv. 'Holikovska') have been studied in the germination stage. Rapid changes in morphofunctional traits upon first three days of exposure to cadmium on early stages of growth have been studied on phenotyping plates with 25, 50 and 100 μM addition to agar-acid/base indicator medium. Significant inhibition of root elongation, exudative root activity and changes in seminal root angle were observed. Exposure to the highest Cd concentration led to a decrease in primal root length by 50%, decrease in root exudative activity by 88% and decrease in seminal root angle by 24 degrees in T. aestivum compared to a decrease by 12%, 83% and 17 degrees in T. dicoccum. Unlike root growth retardation, a decrease in exudative activity was observed on all three Cd concentrations. The root growth performance at starting stage of seedlings ontogenesis proposed as an express and sensitive phenotyping test method for determining plant response to edaphic stressors by cadmium toxicity example.

Sirvi

Sirvi 2021, Vol. 32, No. 2 Kuupäev järgi

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