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Assessment of new citrus hybrid rootstocks to salinity at the early seedling stage under greenhouse conditions
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2024) Majji, M.; Chetto, O.; Talha, A.; Bouaaza, G.; Beniken, L.; Benkirane, R.; Benyahia, H.
The citrus industry in arid areas is largely constrained by the salinity of irrigation water and soil. This study was conducted to determine how six novel citrus hybrid rootstocks will respond to salinity at the seedling stage. Three different NaCl concentrations, 0, 2, and 5 g L-1, were added to the half-concentrated Hoagland solution (corresponding to 1.3 (control), 4 and 9 dS m-1, respectively). Three-month-old seedlings grown in greenhouse conditions and transplanted in plastic pots were used. After two months of stress, different responses from the rootstocks and salt levels were observed. The addition of NaCl to the irrigation solution considerably decreased the fresh and dry weight and leaf chlorophyll content. Additionally, the proline content, soluble sugar, and the leaf chloride content increase with the increase in salinity. Our findings demonstrated that the hybrid Poncirus Trifoliata× Citrus reshni Hort. ex Tan. (V5) H6 is salt-sensitive, accumulating a high leaf chloride level of 46.92 mg g-1 of dry matter and a low chlorophyll content of 1.12 mg g-1 of fresh matter associated with signs of leaf toxicity, leading to poor fresh and dry weight. Although hybrid Poncirus Trifoliata× Citrus reshni Hort. ex Tan. (V1) H2 is thought to be salt-tolerant, it accumulates 38.88 mg g-1 of dry-matter leaf chloride and 1.72 mg g-1 of fresh-matter chlorophyll content.
Preliminary study of microplastics in bottled and tap water in Estonia
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2024) Meitern, Annika Joy; Neilant, Keith; Raamets, Jane
Microplastics (MPs) are a growing environmental concern due to their widespread occurrence and potential harmful impacts on ecosystems and public health. This preliminary study -assesses the prevalence of MPs in bottled and tap water in Estonia and reviews related research in the field. The study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of MPs and understand the potential influence of the water source and packaging material on water properties. The study encompassed 12 different bottled water products from 9 Estonian brands and tap water samples from Tallinn and Tartu. All the tested water samples contained MPs, predominantly fibers, with blue and transparent being the most common colors. The packaging material, bottle caps, or the water source did not influence the number of MPs found in bottled water. Interestingly, water packaged in glass bottles contained a higher count of MPs than in plastic bottles and tap water. The study underscores the need for further research to determine the sources of contamination.
The impact of straw application on growth dynamics and proline accumulation in drought-stressed rice
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2025) Ria, R.P.; Kartika, K.; Lakitan, B.; Sulaiman, F.; Meihana, M.
The frequent occurrence of unpredictable extreme droughts necessitates investigating measures to mitigate their impacts, as drought may occur at any growth phase of rice. This study evaluated the efficiency of straw applications to conserve soil moisture and mitigate the negative effect of drought stress on rice in tropical riparian wetlands. Rice straw was applied as organic matter (S1) and as mulch (S2) and then subjected to drought stress during early vegetative (D1), late vegetative (D2), and generative (D3) phases. The result of this study showed that the utilization of straw slowed down the water loss through evaporation as indicated by soil moisture. However, both rice straw applications, organic matter and mulch, were inefficient in maintaining the optimum plant growth when the soil moisture declined to < 10%. Drought stress at the early vegetative phase reduced the number of leaves by 63.68%, the number of tillers by 50.58%, and the total leaf area by 72.36%. Drought stress at the early vegetative phase also delayed flowering time for 11 days. Meanwhile, drought stress during the generative phase reduced the number of filled spikelets by 45.18% and increased sterile spikelets to 247.05%, which significantly reduced the yield. Plants that experienced drought stress during the vegetative and generative phases eventually increased the proline content by about 10 times (18.47 mmol g-1) compared to unstressed plants (1.62 mmol g-1). Straw mulching is recommended for mild to moderate droughts, but additional methods are needed to maintain soil moisture below 10%.
Toxicity of insecticides for adults of Diceraeus melacanthus Dallas, 1851 (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in three exposure modes
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2025) Vieira, E.C.S.; Ávila, C.J.; Vieira, M.C.S.; Silva, P.G.
Phytophagous stink bugs are considered the important pest in second-crop corn cultivation in Brazil, especially when they occur during the early stage of plant development. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of insecticides in controlling adults of the Diceraeus melacanthus (Dallas, 1851) stink bug when applied separately in three different modes of exposure. The treatments were evaluated in three modes of exposure of insecticides to D. melacanthus adults as described below: direct contact (direct application of the insecticide to the insects); tarsal contact (exposure through their walking on the treated surface) and ingestion (contact through their feeding on previously treated fresh bean pods). Mortality was assessed at 1, 5, 24 and 48 hours post-exposure. We observed that the percentage of accumulated mortality of D. melacanthus adults was significant through direct contact with chemical treatments. However, if the target insect does not receive direct spraying on its body, indirect contact through its tarsus walking on the treated surface can guarantee a significant final mortality of the stink bugs. In addition, although the mode of exposure through ingestion has shown low mortality, it may also contribute to the final mortality of stink bugs in the field depending on the chemical treatment applied to the crop.
Evaluation of grain morphometry and gliadin diversity among twenty accessions of the genus Aegilops from the National collection of Bulgaria
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2025) Desheva, G.; Petrović, G.; Valchinova, E.; Deshev, M.; Kyosev, B.; Pencheva, A.
The objective of the study was to evaluate the genetic diversity in twenty Aegilops accessions belonging to five plant species with respect to specific grain morphometric parameters and gliadin proteins, employing digital image analysis and A-PAGE electrophoresis. The considerable variation was observed among accessions for grain morphometric traits - area, perimeter, length, width and colour of grain. A total of 96 gliadin polymorphic bands were identified, with the number of bands varying between 13 and 22 per accession. The overall genetic diversity in the samples based on the patterns observed for each of the four gliadin regions showed that the ω, γ and β regions had high genetic variation index (H = 0.950), while α regions (H = 0.938), respectively. The mean genetic diversity estimate was high (H = 0.947). The average genetic similarity between all 20 genotypes ranges from 0.14 to 0.93 with a mean of 0.56, indicating that the studied accessions exhibited considerable genetic variability. The study found that the clustering of Aegilops genotypes was not linked to their geographic origin. Two-dimensional Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) based on the gliadin and morphometric analyses revealed wide genetic dissimilarity between most of the genotypes, explaining 97.16% of the variations, with the model explaining 97.16% of the observed variation. Of this, PCo1 accounted for 93.65% and PCo2 for 3.51%. Genotypes with analogous genomes were grouped in close proximity within the phylogenetic tree, indicating that their evolutionary relationships may have originated from the same parental lineage.
Insight on the impacts of brassinosteroid- and seaweed-based biostimulants on glyphosate-resistant commercial crop growth, yield and soil microorganisms: A scoping review
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2025) Tandathu, T.E.; Van Der Watt, E.; Kotzé, E.; Khetsha, Z.P.
Globally, compliance with the chemical regulations on the use of herbicides, particularly glyphosate, remains a challenge. Glyphosate controls various broadleaf, annual, and perennial grasses in the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors. Although glyphosate targets weeds, it can also influence non-target soil microorganisms and high-value plants through earlyseason broadcast, pre-plant application, or indirectly via foliar application by droplets falling to the ground. In plants, glyphosate impacts various physiological and physiochemical processes, inhibits auxin transport, and enhances auxin oxidation in plants. Hence, biostimulants serve as a gateway in alleviating such problems. Biostimulants are agricultural products manufactured from natural materials that contain active compounds, which stimulate growth when applied in minute volumes under different growth conditions. In the past, a major focus was directed toward biostimulants' effects on commercial crops under abiotic stress conditions such as drought, heat, and salinity. However, less emphasis has been placed on the stress caused by herbicide applications. Therefore, this review focuses on future studies to explore brassinosteroid and seaweed-based biostimulants' impact on glyphosate-resistant commercial crop growth and soil microorganisms. Conclusions and recommendations could be reached using the pool of research material, which consists of research articles, reviews, book chapters, theses, research short communications, and industrial short communications from at least the last ten years.
Productive and biochemical responses of Marandu grass under fertilization protocols
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2025) Dutra, I.C.; Pires, A.J.V.; Jardim, R.R.; Silva, H.S.; Santos, B.E.F.; Silva, N.V.; Ribeiro, A.S.; Dutra, G.C.; Filho, C.A.A.O.; Publio, P.P.P.; Silva, A.P.G.; Nogueira, M.S.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of liming and chemical fertilization protocols, containing different combinations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), on the photosynthetic pigments, productive characteristics and carbohydrate concentration of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu. Five fertilization protocols were evaluated (PK fertilizer combination; NP fertilizer combination; NK fertilizer combination; NPK fertilizer combination; and without fertilizer - control), associated or not with soil correction via liming, in a completely randomized design, with four replicates. The experimental units consisted of plastic pots with a capacity of 12 liters, which were filled with 10 dm³ of sandy clay loam soil. Seeds of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu, with 80% cultural value were used. With the corrected soil, the NP protocol provided greater production of dry mass of residue (PMSRE), root volume, leaf area, leaf area index, total sugar content (AST) and starch in the root, compared to the other protocols. Without liming, the NP protocol provided greater production of aerial part dry mass (PMSPA), root volume, leaf aerial volume, leaf aerial index and AST content in leaves, roots and residue. The NPK protocol, with liming, was 73% higher in chlorophyll a content, 50% in carotenoid content, 90% in PMSPA, 78% in leaf area and 76.2% in leaf area index, compared to the soil without correction. The use of NP fertilization with liming is recommended as it provides positive responses on the photosynthetic pigments, productive characteristics and total sugar content of Marandu grass.
Evaluation of maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines for tolerance to Aluminum toxicity using selection indices
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2025) Zishiri, R.M.; Mutengwa, C.S.; Tandzi, L.N.; Manyevere, A.
Selection of genotypes with better yield performance when exposed to stress (biotic or abiotic) is key objective for every plant breeding program. Aluminum toxicity is one of the significant constraints to maize production in acidic soils in many parts of the world. The aim of this study was to identify desirable genotypes with Al tolerance based on selection indices at seedling stage and identify the most effective selection indices under Al stress conditions. 75 Quality Protein Maize (QPM) genotypes were evaluated in CRD with three replicates in the laboratory using a nutrient solution screening method. Additionally, the same genotypes were also screened in the greenhouse arranged in RCBD with three replicates using soil bioassays. The genotypes were exposed to aluminum (Al) toxicity and non-toxic conditions. Data were collected and seven selection indices namely: Stress susceptibility index (SSI); stress tolerance index (STI); geometric mean productivity (GMP); Tolerance index (TOL); Stress Resistance Index (SRI); Percentage Reduction (PCRD); and Mean Productivity (MP) were calculated. Dry Matter (DM) yield under Al toxicity and non-toxic conditions had highly significant (p < 0.001) effects with GMP, STI, SRI and MP, suggesting that these indices have the potential to differentiate genotypes for Al tolerance. Significant and negative correlations were observed between DM and PCRD, TOL, and SSI. Indices that had highly significant and very strong correlations amongst themselves were PCRD with SSI (r = 1.00), and GMP with STI (r = 1.00). The most desirable selection indices that can be used to select tolerant QPM genotypes included GMP, STI, SRI, PCRD, and TOL as they had strong correlations with dry matter under Al toxicity. The tested genotypes were classified into four groups using the principal component (PCA) analysis known as QPM genotypes with high performance under both environments (Group 1), those with high performance under optimum conditions (Group 2), genotypes with high performance under Al stress conditions (Group 3) and those with low performance under both conditions (Group 4). The top five most tolerant maize inbred lines were CML 486, QSY 2, IBL 9, IBL 5 and IBL 4. These tolerant genotypes could be used as parent material for hybridization programs in developing Al tolerant cultivars.
Effect of the incorporation of ‘Marrubium Vulgare L.’ in Yogurt: Physicochemical, nutritional and sensory properties
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2025) Terki, L.; Aissaoui, O.; Khelouia, L.; Hadjout, L.; Boukhari, N.; Madani, K.
The research work on the incorporation of Marrubium vulgare extract in the yogurt formulations and its effects on physicochemical and sensory properties were conducted. The obtained results revealed that the incorporation of Marrubium vulgare extract did not negatively influenced physicochemical parameters, with pH values varied from 4.37 ± 0.01 in natural Yogurt to 4.31 ± 0.01 in the 4% Marrubium yogurt, and titratable acidity varied significantly from 99.3 ± 0.5°D to 105.3 ± 1.2°D (p < 0.05). The water holding capacity (WHC) improved slightly, but significantly from 20.40 ± 0.03% to 20.67 ± 0.07% (p < 0.05). The results suggest a slight increase in titratable acidity, WHC, and viscosity (especially, at higher extract concentrations); however, further research is needed to refine this trend. Nutritionally, total solids, protein and fat content remained largely unchanged (p > 0.05), but led to a significant increase in ash content, from 0.63 ± 0.03% to 0.93 ± 0.03% (p < 0.05). Additionally, the total phenolic content was significantly increased from 5.25 ± 0.31 mg per 100 g to 7.30 ± 0.27 mg per 100 g (p < 0.05) and the antioxidant activity from 2.71 ± 0.19 mg per 100 g to 4.42 ± 0.24 mg per 100g (p < 0.05). The sensory evaluation revealed that Marrubium-enriched Yogurt received significantly higher ratings in flavor and overall acceptability (p < 0.05) compared to plain Yogurt. Texture ratings remained similar (p > 0.05). This study highlights the potential of Marrubium vulgare as a functional ingredient for Yogurt fortification, enhancing antioxidant properties, mineral content, and consumer acceptability.
Constructive solution of battery swapping unit in service station for unmanned agricultural robot
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2025) Jevtuševski, Andrei; Ihnatiev, Yevhen; Lillerand, Tormi; Virro, Indrek; Olt, Jüri; Estonian University of Life Sciences. Institute of Technology. Chair of Biosystems Engineering
The fully automated battery swapping unit is an essential part of unmanned agricultural robot service, ensuring the continuous operation of the robot by allowing the agricultural vehicle to replace its depleted battery with a fully charged one without human intervention, enabling it to continue its work cycle in the field. Thus, the battery swapping unit is part of service station systems, along with fertilizer filling, water supply, energy generation, and storage systems. This article describes a unique prototype of a battery swapping unit that safely replaces a depleted battery with a fully charged one in 223.5 seconds. The main role is played by the moving battery cart, which transports the battery between the charging and robot positions using a gripper equipped with an electric lock, attached to the actuator, and a V-belt transmission driven by an electric motor. The selection of the optimal rotation frequency of the motor is also discussed in this article.
Development of tropical grassland biomass prediction model based on UAV RGB images
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2025) Ramos, B.L.P.; Seixas, A.A.; Nascimento, L.M.G.; Dias, D.L.S.; Amorim, J.M.S.; Lemos, O.L.; Pedreira, M.S.
The objective of this study is to assess the predictive potential of indices derived from RGB images captured by a camera mounted on a remotely piloted vehicle (RPV) to estimate the fresh and dry forage yield of grasses from the Urochloa genus. The experiment was conducted between December 2021 and January 2023, involving four cultivars of the Urochloa genus (U. brizantha cv. Braúna, U. brizantha cv. Paiaguás, U. hybrid cv. Camello, and U. decumbens cv. Basilisk), with flights conducted at two heights (20 and 100 metres). The values of the Green Leaf Index (GLI) and Digital Vegetation Model (DVM) extracted were correlated with the yields of fresh (FFY), dry forage yield (DFY), dry matter content (DM), and crude protein (CP). The results showed that DVM exhibited greater efficiency in estimating DM and CP at a flight altitude of 20 m. In contrast, GLI proved more efficient in estimating FFY and DFY at 100 m altitude, suggesting the potential for combining DVM and GLI to develop predictive models. The RGB images obtained via RPV have potential for estimating forage productivity and quality, expanding the possibilities of pasture management techniques.
Diazotrophic plant growth-promotion bacteria and sugarcane straw levels: Effects on sugarcane productivity and on soil enzymatic and microbiological activities
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2025) Vieira, R.F.; Luiz, A.J.B.; Ramos, N.P.
Due to the rising demand for bioenergy, a certain amount of sugarcane straw is often removed for ethanol production, but this practice may compromise health soil. In addition to the amount of straw, growing concern with the environment has made the use of diazotrophic plant-growth promotion bacteria (DPGPB) an alternative to the use of nitrogen fertilizers. A research was designed with the aim of evaluating the effect of different amounts of straw kept on the soil on soil microbial and enzymatic parameters and on sugarcane yield during the first ratoon. The field experiment was carried out in randomized blocks, using nitrogen fertilizer (NF) or DPGPB (BI), both with four straw levels. The parameters evaluated were: β-glucosidase (GA), urease (UR) and acid phosphatase (APA) activities, fluorescein diacetate activity, basal soil respiration, microbial biomass N, total C, total N and labile carbon. Responses were not obtained for various parameters with respect to the straw levels which was attributed to the short experimental period. In general, the evaluated parameters were always higher in the BI treatment, except for APA, which was lower in this treatment. This fact could be attributed to the greater capacity of the inoculated plants to make phosphorus available to the plants, which could reduce APA. The absence of a response for sugarcane yield between the NF and BI treatments demonstrates the beneficial effect of the bacteria in the inoculant in suppressing plants with adequate nitrogen contents. Greater yields were obtained for the L64 and L100 straw levels with no significant difference. This demonstrates the adequateness of removing part of the straw to produce second generation ethanol.
Optimisation of dairy farming in Ukraine: Integrating modern information technologies for genetic improvement and sustainable herd management
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2025) Matvieiev, M.; Getya, A.; Nehrey, M.; Yakubets, T.; Ruban, S.; Nazarko, O.; Borshch, O.O.; Lastovska, I.; Baban, V.; Mashkin, Yu.
The dynamic nature of the Ukrainian dairy sector requires the integration of modern information technology solutions for the judicious selection of economically viable animals, with a focus on genetic improvement through a comprehensive breeding index. However, the absence of a centralized data repository makes it impossible to calculate the breeding value of animals, does not contribute to making appropriate management decisions and thus does not help to improve the economic well-being of the farm. Farm software plays a key role in filling such a database. In Ukraine, there is a large number of software programs of various producers, including Ukrainian ones, which allow farms to organize correct recording and ensure the filling of the database. However, this diversity is often accompanied by the incompatibility of programs and the inability to combine the data registered by different programs. The study underlines the need for comprehensive improvements in the system of cow breeding using data from dairy farm software, especially in response to the growing trend towards automation.
Peculiarities of soybean growth and development on gray forest soils
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2025) Didur, I.; Pantsyreva, H.
The scientific and experimental five-year study highlighted the detailed development of technological techniques for growing soybeans under different hydrothermal growing conditions on gray forest soils. The conducted experimental studies established that under the influence of climatic factors, the duration of the growing season of soybean plants changes, and these factors, as a result, affect the field germination, the conservation factor and, as a result, the yield of plants. It has also been proven that during the ontogenesis of the plant, there are natural changes in linear dimensions depending on varietal characteristics, weather conditions and factors that were investigated. On average, over the years of research, the length of the soybean vegetation period ranged from 110 to 118 days, while the longest vegetation period was recorded on the experimental variants, where seeds were inoculated with the BTU Bioinoculant preparation and two foliar feedings were carried out in phase 3 – the third leaf and budding Helprost soybean. Starting from the flowering phase, soybean plants reacted more intensively to the studied factors. On the options where foliar fertilizing was carried out with Helprost soy mineral fertilizer (2.5 L ha-1) against the background of inoculation with BTU Bioinoculant (2 L t-1), the flowering period lasted 28 ± 3.6 days, which is 3 days more compared to with areas where foliar fertilization was not carried out and for 6 days – compared to the control. This is explained by the influence of a number of factors, in particular, hydrothermal, biotic, soil and anthropogenic. During the period of full ripeness, in connection with the action caused by pests and diseases, certain technological techniques and factors that were put to study, the density of plants according to the experimental options was from 488 ± 28.3 to 552 ± 34.5 thousand ha-1.
Efficiency of seed priming and co-treatment strategies in salt effect mitigation using Nicotiana glauca leaf extract on tomato seedlings (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2025) Maaroufi-Dguimi, H.; Gamal Mohammed, S.; Nasraoui Hajaji, A.; Abdalgadir, H.
The Al-Baha region suffers from soil salinity, negatively impacting agriculture. Current study examined aqueous extracts from Nicotiana glauca as plant-based biostimulants to alleviate salinity's effects and reduce chemical fertilizer use. An aqueous extract of N. glauca, applied in ascending doses of 20%, 50%, and 100%, was being used. This biostimulant was applied using two methods: seed priming and co-treatment on the seeds of Solanum lycopersicum L. Results indicated that all tested doses, whether applied through seed priming or co-treatment, enhanced the final germination percentage (FGP) and reduced the mean germination time (MGT) under saline conditions. With priming, the 20% dose was most effective in reducing salt treatment effects on FGP, improving it by 5% compared to untreated salt-stressed seeds. In co-treatment, the 100% dose showed a 4.5% reduction in FGP decline referring to untreated and stressed seeds. For priming treatments, the 20% dose reduced MGT by 22%, while the 50% dose in co-treatment reduced it by 28% compared to untreated and stressed seeds. The priming strategy used in this study did not result in significant enhancements in growth parameters, particularly in the fresh weight (FW) and dry weight (DW) of the epicotyls. As priming, the 20% dose had the most significant mitigation effect on epicotyl FW, DW and chlorophyll (Chl) content by 15%, 10% and 30% referring to untreated and stressed seedlings, respectively. However, all tested biostimulant doses used as co-treatment proved effective in mitigating the negative effects of salt on epicotyl and root FW, DW, and Chl content. Seedlings treated with various strategies and doses showed a smaller increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline (Pro) levels under salinity stress. As stress indicators, both Pro and MDA levels were significantly reduced when a co-treatment strategy was applied. Furthermore, the results indicated that the effectiveness of the N. glauca aqueous extract in alleviating salt stress could be attributed to its content of several phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins, which possess antioxidant properties that enhance the plant's tolerance against salt-induced oxidative stress.
Organizational identification, workaholism, and burnout: a cross-sectional study of age, gender, tenure, and work arrangements
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2025) Geidelina-Lugovska, M.; Cekuls, A.
This study investigates the relationships between organizational identification (OI), workaholism, and burnout among employed individuals in Latvia, with a focus on how gender, age, and tenure moderate these relationships. Data were collected from May 29 to October 27, 2024, using the QuestionPro platform, resulting in 954 total responses, of which 879 were completed (completion rate: 92.14%). The results demonstrate that high OI significantly predicts burnout (β = 1.167, p = 0.002), particularly when combined with workaholism (β = 2.045, p = 0.001). Employees exhibiting both high OI and workaholism reported the highest levels of burnout. A negative association between tenure and burnout (β = -1.3419, p = 0.020) suggests that experienced employees develop better coping strategies. Gender differences were also observed: women in the high OI group reported significantly higher burnout levels (β = 2.2538, p = 0.045), whereas women in the low OI group experienced lower burnout levels (β = -3.2624, p = 0.020). These findings highlight the complex interplay between organizational identification, workaholism, and burnout, emphasizing the need for organizational interventions targeting workaholism and gender-specific challenges. Future research should further explore the impact of cultural and organizational factors in shaping these dynamics.
Effect of using Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria, Glomus mosseae fungus and liquid organic fertilizer on soil available nitrogen and phosphorus and some characteristics of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.) and choline seed content
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2025) Al-Silmawy, N.A.; Abd, E.H.; Shahad, R.F.; Mohammed, R.J.
A factorial pot experiment was conducted during the fall season of 2023–2024 in the fields of the College of Agriculture/University of Wasit, according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three factors and three replicates. The first factor is the bacterial inoculum Pseudomonas fluorescens at two levels (addition B1 and without addition B0), the second factor is the fungal fertilizer Glomus mosseae at two levels (addition M1 and without addition M0), and the third factor is the liquid organic fertilizer at two levels as well (addition O1 and without addition O0) added in two batches, thus we have eight treatments with three replicates so that the number of experimental units is 24 experimental units (pots). Available nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil, plant height, number of branches, number of pods, number of seeds per pod, seed content of active substance choline, and biological yield were measured. The triple interaction treatment of the three factors (B1M1O1) gave the best results for the mentioned traits, followed by the dual interaction treatment between bacteria and fungi (B1M1), then the dual interaction treatments between bacteria and liquid organic fertilizer B1O1 and between fungi and liquid organic fertilizer M1O1, then the single treatments B1, M1, and O1, and finally the control treatment without additives (B0M0O0), which gave the lowest results. The mycorrhizal reliability was calculated for each of the plant heights, number of pods, and biological yield and was 22.2, 68.25, and 33.00%, respectively.
The effect of growth stimulants based on humic acids from Ukrainian lignite and biochar from agricultural residues on the growth and development of lettuce (Lactuca sativa)
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2025) Zhylina, M.; Karnozhytskyi, P.P.; Miroshnichenko, D.; Konohrai, V.; Sterna, V.; Ozolins, J.
Significant amounts of plant-based waste are generated annually in the agricultural and food industries, including straw, corn residues, nutshells, and fruit pits. Disposing of this waste often relies on basic methods that avoid further processing, presenting an urgent environmental challenge. One efficient solution is converting biomass into biochar, which serves as a soil amendment. Developing cost-effective recycling methods has become critical with the increasing scarcity and rising cost of raw materials. The Dnipro Lignite Coal Basin in Ukraine offers extensive lignite reserves, enabling the production of affordable, high-quality humates for soil enhancement. In this study, wheat and barley straw were pelletized with barley bran at a 90:10 ratio. Pyrolysis was conducted at 500 °C with a heating rate of 5 °C·min⁻¹ and a one-hour holding time. The resulting biochar was added to a lettuce cultivation substrate at a 1:10 biochar-to-peat ratio. Humic substances derived from lignite were applied in 3% and 9% aqueous solutions, and environmental conditions, such as humidity and temperature, were monitored throughout the 35-day trial. Results showed that granulated biochar increased lettuce rosette diameter by 7.5% compared to perlite substrates and by 11.6% compared to peat. Additionally, 3% humate solutions enhanced rosette diameter by 11.6% and biomass weight by 25.77%. These findings confirm that biochar from agricultural residues and lignite-derived humates effectively boost lettuce yield and quality.

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