2023, Vol. 21, No. 3

Selle kollektsiooni püsiv URIhttp://hdl.handle.net/10492/8782

Sirvi

Nüüd näidatakse 1 - 20 33

Study of the carbonization process for the plant waste utilisation
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Zhylina, M.; Irtiseva, K.; Ozolins, J.
In agriculture and the food industry, large amounts of vegetable waste are generated annually: straw, corn waste, nut shells, fruit kernels, etc. The problem of their disposal is extremely acute, and regularly people use the simplest methods that do not require further processing of this type of waste. An efficient way of recycling is to make sorbents out of it. In modern conditions of deficit and rising commodity prices, the search for new, cheapest methods is becoming more and more urgent. The origin of vegetable waste is an excellent annual renewable raw material base. Walnut shells and corn cobs were used as raw material samples for the production of sorbents. The carbonization was carried out at temperatures of 300, 400, 500, 600 and 700 °C. Researched properties of raw materials: moisture, ash content and yield of volatile components. The dependency of the sorbent yield on the final temperature was determined, the ash content and the sorption activity by iodine were determined. Based on the results of the study, the high quality of the sorbent obtained was noted. In this way, the use of plant waste as raw material for the production of sorbents allows not only to solve the problem of waste recycling, but also to obtain a high-quality product and reduce its cost.
Bioenergy transition as a strategic mechanism to diversify energy sources in rural areas in Colombia
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Villegas, S.; Rocha-Meneses, Lisandra; Luna-del Risco, M.; Arroyave, C.; Arrieta, C.; Arredondo, C.
The growth in population has resulted in an increase in the consumption of goods and services, which has led to a surge in waste generation and the use of fossil fuels. To mitigate the envi-ronmental issues associated with improper waste management and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels, residual organic matter can be used to produce bioenergy in the form of biogas and biomethane through anaerobic digestion (AD). These biofuels can act as substitutes for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and natural gas (NG) and can be utilized for power and heat generation. In Colombia, the current production of biogas is 4 MW, and the government aims to increase its utilization by promoting the inclusion of biogas and biomethane in the energy matrix through a supportive regulatory framework. Studies suggest that the theoretical energy potential of livestock waste in Colombia is estimated to be 2,673 MW, but the current technological conditions allow for the utilization of only 198 MW, with the pork sector contributing 34%. This study examines the legal context and the present state of biogas in the Colombian energy matrix, while exploring the potential of the Colombian pig farming sector for biogas production. The social, economic, and environmental barriers and opportunities faced by this sector in becoming an energy producer during the transition period are also identified. The findings suggest that biogas presents a sustainable energy solution for rural areas of Colombia where pig farming is a prominent economic activity. Biogas can replace traditional fuels like LPG and firewood for cooking purposes or serve as a complementary source for electricity and thermal energy production in non-interconnected zones. This could mitigate environmental issues and reduce the prevalence of respiratory diseases associated with the use of firewood.
Problems and prospects of sugar beet cultivation in Kazakhstan
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Khusnitdinova, M.; Abdrakhmanova, A.; Pozharskiy, A.; Kapytina, A.; Kerimbek, N.; Nizamdinova, G.; Taskuzhina, A.; Adilbayeva, K.; Kolchenko, M.; Gritsenko, D.
Purpose - to ensure the food security of Kazakhstan, domestic sugar industry should aim at a significant reduction in import dependence and transition to self-sufficiency. The share of domestic sugar from sugar beet in Kazakhstan is 7%. Design/methodology/approach - review indicating the main problems in the sugar beet production in Kazakhstan for the purpose of reimagining the domestic sugar beet industry to reduce dependence on sugar import. We analyzed the dynamics of sugar beet cultivation in Kazakhstan over the past 20 years and detected a sharp reduction in the sugar beet production. Findings - we have identified 10 problems in sugar beet production in Kazakhstan and determined the necessary targeted solutions. We consider the main direction to be the development of scientific methodology for sugar beet production (breeding of new highly productive disease-resistant cultivars, improvement of sugar beet protection system, efficient crop rotation). The most notable problems included in this paper are small-scale marketability of sugar beet farms, infectious diseases of sugar beet, water supply shortages, use of outdated agricultural technologies, high cost of imported sugar beet seeds. Originality/value - The present paper includes a full analysis of current problems in sugar beet production in Kazakhstan.
Spatial disparity and environmental issues of organic agriculture
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Ušča, M.; Ieviņa, L.; Lakovskis, P.
Food systems are major drivers of such global environmental problems as a decrease in biodiversity, degradation and fragmentation of habitats, use of fertilizers and pesticides, and water pollution. To deal with the environmental issues caused by agriculture at the European level, agri-environmental measures, including organic agriculture, through Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) are introduced to alleviate the detrimental impacts of agriculture. As it is still not clear whether agri-environmental measures, including organic agriculture, contribute unambiguously to the goals set by the CAP and the impact of organic agriculture on water quality is of high uncertainty, this study aims to analyse the spatial disparity of organic land and its impact on the environment by probing into the connection between the location of organic lands and water quality. The paper is based on a study of spatial analyses of organically managed land, its structure, and its relation to water bodies with a significant load of dispersed pollution from agriculture as well as the statistical analysis of the relationship between organic agriculture and water quality. The research was carried out in Latvia and done on a national level. This paper highlights the necessity for a more goal-oriented approach to the implementation of specific CAP measures as well as gives a deeper understanding of a specific CAP measure - organic agriculture. The statistical analysis of the data confirms that the management of arable land with organic farming methods has the potential to contribute to improving and preserving surface water quality.
Using multi-frequency electrical conductivity measurement to determine the selective salinity in a two-component salt solution
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Horváth, J.; Kátai, L.; Czinkota, I.; Szabó, I.
Digital technologies can help farmers produce safe, sustainable, high-quality food while contributing to the fight against effects of abiotic and edaphic factors. Due to digitalization, a paradigm shift occurred in agriculture, which boosted sensor technology's rapid development, especially soil sensors. Using sensors and the digital knowledge of soil properties, farmers can better understand the needs of the fields and cultivated plants on a micro-scale, thereby saving resources and putting less strain on our environment. The relative salinity of our soils is an important aspect because of the impact on production costs and yield. The future of site-specific crop production is moving towards a sensor-based on-the-go measurement approach because obtaining important soil characteristics quickly and cheaply is still one of the biggest challenges in precision agriculture today. Measuring soil electrical conductivity (EC) could offer an opportunity to overcome these limitations if the different salt components of soil could be separated by analytical methods. In our study, we present a calibration model based on conductometry with which the selective potassium and calcium content can be determined in the laboratory under controlled conditions. Solutions containing K+ and Ca2+ cations in the concentration determined in the experimental model were mixed and measured by changing the frequency of the measuring current. In this study, measurements proved that a mathematical relationship can be used to describe the relationship between the composition and concentration of the two-component solution, the measurement frequency and the conductivity. The potassium (K) and calcium (Ca) content of the solution can be separated from each other, and a regression calibration curve can be recorded, from which the proportion of potassium and calcium in the given solution can be determined as a function.
IoT and measurement of fermentation process of rice wine
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Vošahlík, J.
The article deals with the fermentation process of rice wine and obtaining data during fermentation with the help of IoT, developed and implemented stirrer. Stirrer was printed by 3D printer. The process of converting D-glucose into ethanol together with the oxidation of reduced coenzymes is called fermentation. Ethanol fermentation takes place anaerobically, i.e., without access to air with the help of yeast. The fermentation process is gradually being improved with the help of acquired sensor data and the gradual possibility of automation. The main objective of this paper is to develop an experimental environment for measuring rice wine fermentation processes with the help of IoT. During the fermentation of rice wine, there are measurable attributes that can be measured with the help of sensors. These attributes affecting the final product quality, positively but also negatively (pH, temperature, humidity, etc.). It is therefore necessary to select a given sensor that can monitor the attributes and then devices that can then manage and evaluate it. the correct selection and use of sensors and computing equipment, the acquisition and processing of data and the application of the resulting values to fermentation procedures, the resulting product quality increases.
Influence of altitude and lactation period on composition and physical properties of milk in crossbred Sharri sheep
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Ramadani, Xh.; Kryeziu, A.; Kamberi, M.; Zogaj, M.
The aim of this study was to compare the changes in chemical composition and physical properties of raw milk from crossbred ‘Sharri’ sheep as a function of altitude (1,200 m - variant A and 1,600 m - variant B) and lactation period. Milk composition (total solids - TS, milk fat–MF, solids non-fat-SNF, protein - P, lactose - L, ash, freezing point - FP, titratable acidity - TA, active acidity - AA, and density - D) were analysed once per month during the period of June, July, August, and September of 2021. Sheep milk at 1,600 m altitude showed significantly higher values (P < 0.05) for all analysed parameters and lower values for FP compared to milk from 1,200 m altitude, except SNF, FP and AA, which were not statistically significant. The analysed milk during the four months of lactation period has significantly increased (P < 0.05) in TS (from 15.65 to 25.46%); MF (6.49 to 10.80%); SNF (9.16 to 14.66%); P (4.46 to 6.94%); L (3.96 to 6.52%); ash (0.74 to 1.20%); TA (9.90 to 14.53 °SH); whereas changes in FP value (-0.611 to -0.709 °C), AA (6.68 to 6.76) and D (1.035 to 1.053 g cm-3 ), have been statistically non-significant. The interactions between altitude*lactation period on milk composition (TS, MF, SNF, P, L, ash) of crossbred ‘Sharri’ sheep and physical properties (FP, TA, AA and D) were nonsignificant.
Nutritional, physical and sensory quality of gingerbread prepared using different sweeteners
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Ivanišová, E.; Mošaťová, D.; Hlaváčová, Z.; Hlaváč, P.; Kunecová, D.; Gálik, B.; Čech, M.; Harangozo, Ľ.; Kubiak, P.
The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of replacing refined beet sucrose in gingerbread with different types of sweeteners (cane sugar, sorbitol, xylitol, maple syrup). The content of fat, dry matter, dietary fibre, ash, crude protein, amino acids, selected microelements, and caloric value were determined. Organoleptic and dimensional (3D-analysis) properties were also evaluated. The fat content in samples ranged from 11.13% to 11.97%, crude fibre content - from 0.53% to 0.55%, ash content - from 0.72% to 1.06%, and crude protein - from 7.92% to 8.12%. The analysis of amino acids revealed that glutamic acid was dominant in the samples with its concentration ranging from 19.14 mg g-1 (control sample) to 23.88 mg g-1 (sample with maple syrup). The caloric value was the highest in the control sample which contained sucrose from sugar beet and the one containing xylitol (~4,480 cal g-1 ). The lowest - in the sample with maple syrup (4,247 cal g-1 ). The total content of selected microelements determined in the tested samples with atomic absorption spectrometry (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Co, Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb) were within the limits permitted by the regulations of the Slovak legislation. The 3D analysis of samples with Volscan Profiler indicated that volume, width and height was better in the samples with sweeteners than in the control sample. The gingerbread with xylitol had best organoleptic properties, as evaluated by sensory panellists.
Changes in gray forest soil organic matter pools under anthropogenic load in agrocenoses
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Pavlichenko, A.; Dmytrenko, O.; Litvinova, O.; Kovalova, S.; Litvinov, D.; Havryliuk, O.
The relevance of research is determined by a complex of factors that shape the change in the humus system of gray forest soil dynamics (content, total reserves, values variability of labile and stable humus pools, humification processes direction) under the influence of mineral fertilizers and chemical reclamation in the long-term ecotope conditions. The purpose of the research was to assess the impact of systematic anthropogenic loading on changes in soil organic matter pools. Research methods included long-term stationary studies, laboratory determination of organic matter content and humus group composition, and statistical data analysis. It has been proven that liming practically did not contribute to the increase of the total humus content, however, due to the coagulating effect, certain changes in labile and more stable forms of humus substances occurred in its qualitative composition. It has been established that the cultivation of crops сultivation in crop rotation with a purely mineral fertilizer system did not lead to a significant organic matter accumulation in the soil, despite the increase in crop yield levels under appropriate conditions and the accumulation of a larger vegetative mass of root and post-harvest residues entering the soil, but its losses were significantly reduced. The use of organic components (green manure, by-products) in combination with moderate rates of mineral fertilizers on a liming background (humus content 1.63%), provided a clear tendency to expand humus reproduction by 0.16%, compared to the initial level, and by 15% and 12% more than in the version with no fertilizers and just mineral system. Under such a fertilizing system, there is a tendency to increase more stable humic acids. The increase in humification of organic matter was achieved through the application of fertilizers in limed backgrounds. In this case, the humus formation type exhibited characteristics of humate-fulvate, with a value of 0.9, which is characteristic of soils of forest origin in the northern Forest-Steppe region with the presence of soil-forming factors specific to that territory. The article materials are of practical value for agricultural producers in the development of an innovative strategy for preserving the environment safety, and soil fertility under the influence of elements of energy-saving technologies for crops.
Sleep hygiene and psycho-emotional load for office employees
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Stelle, S.; Freiberga, P.; Kalkis, H.; Roja, Z.
The development of technology and changes in the world have dramatically increased the psycho-emotional risk exposure for office employees. At the work with computer and digital devices in the offices, employees are exposed to several risk factors of the work environment and one of the most frequent complaints is psycho-emotional load caused by various issues. There is no denying that sleep is one of the basic human needs, and sleep quality is important for maintaining and preserving good health and wellbeing. Sleep hygiene includes a set of various measures, such as the regularity of waking up and going to bed, that can affect and improve the quality of sleep. Sleep quality is closely related to mental health, as poor mental health can negatively affect sleep quality and vice versa. Reduced psycho-emotional load is associated with better sleep hygiene and also good sleep hygiene is associated with reduced psycho-emotional load. Health promotion measures and a work environment that supports sleep health could reduce psycho-emotional load experienced by employees, increase work ability, productivity and reduce the risk of accidents at the workplace. The aim of this study was to investigate psycho-emotional load and sleep hygiene importance for office employees.
Determination of tomato quality with hyperspectral imaging
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Alsiņa, I.; Dūma, M.; Dubova, L.; Alksnis, R.; Dučkena, L.; Erdberga, I.; Harbovska, T.; Avotiņš, A.
Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) are a widely used vegetable in the human diet throughout the year, both fresh and in various processed products. Tomatoes contain compounds important to human health and are an important source of vitamins, antioxidants, and mineral elements. Performing biochemical analyses is an expensive, environmentally unfriendly and time-consuming process; therefore, a way to determine the biochemical composition of tomatoes using non-destructive methods is being sought. The study includes 45 varieties of tomatoes with different colors - red, pink, orange, brown, yellow, and bicolor tomato fruits. The content of dry matter, soluble dry matter, titratable acidity, lycopene, β-carotene, total phenol, and flavonoids was determined by standard biochemical procedure. Reflectance spectrums of tomato fruits were obtained with Remote Sensing Portable Spectroradiometer RS-3500 (Ltd. Spectral Evolution, Haverhill, MA, USA) at the wavelength 350–2,500 nm with a 1 nm interval. In order to determine the content of various biochemical parameters in tomatoes, the vegetation indices found in the literature were used, and new ones were developed. The research demonstrated that the developed vegetative indices allow to detect lycopene and β-carotene content non-destructively. For the determination of the dry matter, soluble solids and phenolic content, indices designed for detecting water content can be used, but their correlation coefficients with chemical methods are moderately high - 0.65, 0.56 and 0.57, respectively. It was found that the best correlation between biochemically detected parameters and vegetation indices is for lycopene > β-carotene > dry matter> total phenols = titratable acidity ≥ soluble solids > taste index > flavonoids.
Assessment of ‘Complex–co’ preparation efficiency for some cereal crops growth stimulation
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Martirosyan, H.S.; Mikaelyan, A.R.; Asatryan, N.L.; Babayan, B.G.
The problem of obtaining environmentally friendly products, which are free from unwanted compounds that are harmful for human health like residual nitrates is very actual. The solution to this problem should be started from the initial stage of crop cultivation: seed disinfection. For that goal the new organic origin preparation ‘Complex-Co’ was used. In current paper the effect of a new plant growth stimulation preparation of complex influence ‘ComplexCo’, was studied on cereal crops cultivation. It was produced by the acidic processing of winemaking waste product: the natural cream of tartar. Unlike the high risk classical organic and inorganic fertilizers, ‘Complex-Co’ preparation is based on absolutely vital compounds and can be considered ecologically safe. It contains: amino derivatives of natural tartaric acid (TA), coalmine and micro-nutrient elements, which provide the target properties and improve soil behavior. The effect of ‘Complex-Co’ preparation was studied on three common agricultural crops: barley, emmer and triticale. As a result of the experiments and field-trials it was proved as an effective preparation for root and foliar nutrition of crops. After the usage of the elaborated preparation the significant growth stimulation effect was observed for all the tested cereal crops. Also, the disinfection effect of ‘Complex-Co’ preparation was observed for the seeds of the tested plants. The preparation is being recommended for the further research of its effect on various plants cultivation in farms, greenhouses and orangeries.
Sustainable power generation expansion with RES and energy storage
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Karapidakis, E.; Kikaki, A.; Mozakis, J.
Several island power systems have a tremendous protentional for RES use. Nevertheless, present infrastructures and system operations emerge with limitations, preventing the technology from further exploitation. Specifically, this paper presents and analyzes a representative interconnected island power system operation and highlights the benefits and challenges of embedding an ultra-high share of RES. This level of power and energy penetration could be technically feasible, taking into account interconnections and electricity storage systems, which could provide under specific implementation strategies advantages in stability, reliability, and energy adequacy.
Effect of new biologically active feed ingredient - potassium humate on productivity and milk quality of dairy cows
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Nolberga-Trupa, A.; Ruska, D.; Grandbergs, G.
In animal feeding, the use of effective bioactive feed additives of natural origin, which have a stimulatory effect on the digestive and metabolic processes in an animal organism, while maximally maintaining the conditions for a healthy rumen environment, in combination with an environmentally friendly and economically beneficial agricultural production process, is being studied. Humates can play an important role in addressing this problem. Therefore, a study with Holstein-Friesian Black-and-White cows was carried out on the farm ‘Dukati’, Vitinu Parish, Auce Municipality, to understand the effect of potassium humate on the productivity and milk quality of dairy cows. Animals were selected for the research and assigned by the analogy principle to two treatment groups: trial and control; each group consisted of 15 dairy cows. The dairy cows were kept in free stall barns. The animals were provided with all welfare requirements according to the guidelines. During the trial, a decrease in productivity in both groups of cows was observed, but this decrease was slower in the trial group - by 6 kg ECM, compared to the beginning of the trial. During the trial, the milk composition, according to its fat and lactose content, was similar for cows of both groups. The protein content in the milk of the cows of both groups differed (P < 0.05). In the trial cow group, the protein content in milk increased by 0.15%, but the urea content in the milk decreased by 0.96 mg dL-1 , and somatic cell count by 180 thsd mL-1 compared to the beginning of the trial.
Analysis of scrapie resistance and productivity of Latvian dark head breed old type sheep compliant to the conservation program of the genetic resources
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Bārzdiņa, D.; Kairiša, D.
Since 2002, the European Union has implemented a disease surveillance programme for transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) in small ruminants, which can cause very high economic losses to sheep farmers worldwide. In order to detect susceptibility to this fatal sheep disease, surveillance of this disease has been carried out in Europe for several years. Such a programme was introduced in Latvia in 2004 when the country joined the European Union, so Latvia has been monitoring this potential disease for several years. As this fatal disease has not been detected in Latvia, only a few studies have been conducted on scrapie genotypes in the Latvian Dark Head sheep breed and their effect on sheep productivity traits. The aim of the study was to analyse the productivity of the first lambs of Latvian Dark Head sheep in relation to the scrapie genotype. According to the data analysis, a total of 1531 or 97.7% of the ewes with R1, R2 and R3 scrapie genotypes can be used for future sheep breeding. The average age of all ewes included in the Programme was 5 years and the average fertility was 1.8 lambs. Later in the work, 1,335 Latvian Dark Head ewes with 100% bloodiness were analysed and the average fertility of ewes in the R1 and R3 scrapie genotype groups was 1.6 lambs and 1.7 lambs for ewes in the R2 risk group. In the last 10 years, the implementation of the conservation programme of the old type Latvian Dark Head sheep breed has been successful.
Use of calcium/iron oxide composites for sorption of phosphorus from wastewater
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Karasa, J.; Ozola-Davidane, R.; Gruskevica, K.; Mikosa, L.I.; Kostjukovs, J.; Kostjukova, S.; Zekker, Ivar; Krauklis, A.E.
The development of an effective, low-cost and natural sorbent is of great significance for phosphorus removal and recovery from small and medium size industrial and municipal wastewater. Commonly used phosphorus removal methods are costly and thus rarely applied in the small-scale WWTPs. This research was aimed at preparing and characterising three different calcium/iron composites for evaluating their sorption performance for the removal of phosphorus from aqueous solutions and domestic wastewater. The obtained composite materials belonging to the Brownmillerite mineralogical subgroup were characterised by the Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD), specific surface area analysis by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method and scanning electron microscope (SEM). It was found that for aqueous solutions the sorption process is pH- dependent, showing the optimal sorption conditions for phosphorus removal at pH 3 to pH 6. However, all three proposed composites significantly increased the pH of wastewater. All three tested materials adsorbed phosphorus from wastewater. Maximal phosphorus adsorption capacity from the domestic wastewater was 17.75 mg g-1 , 8.25 mg g-1 and 4.46 mg g-1 for CaFeOxide, CaFeHydr and CaFeReg respectively. In further research it is planned to develop an environmentally friendly and cost-effective phosphorus recovery technology with the potential to apply the used sorbent as a slow-release fertiliser in agriculture.
Fixed-time artificial insemination in the bovine ‘Lydia Brava dos Açores’ using frozen semen
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Faria, N.; Pacheco-Lima, J.; Valadão, L.; Moreira da Silva, M.H.; Moreira Silva, F.
The present study was designed to evaluate the use of estrus synchronization and fixedtime artificial insemination (FTAI) after synchronization of ovulation in the bovine Lidia cattle called ‘Brava dos Açores’. For such purpose, a total of 70 females was submitted to FTAI after a CIDR®-Cosynch synchronization protocol, in which on Day 0, a progesterone-impregnated internal controlled release drug (CIDR®) was inserted intravaginally, and GnRH was administered intramuscularly. After 5 or 7 days, respectively for heifers or cows, PGF2α was administered and the CIDR® removed, being the artificial insemination performed after 60 hours only once using straws containing 50 million mL of spermatozoa per straw. Before starting synchronization, all animals were vaccinated against several diseases, and only females negative for IBR/BVD, Trichomoniasis, Brucellosis, Leucosis and Campylobacteriosis were selected to be used in the experiment. Pregnancy diagnoses were performed, by ultrasonography. During the experiment, females took a routine course, to reduce the stress during the different procedures such as to place and remove the implants and the artificial insemination, because as they are known to be quite nervous, it can seriously impair seriously the results. In general, 64% of the cows became pregnant vs 40% for heifers, which can be considered satisfactory considering the nature of inseminated cattle. It can be, thus, concluded that the animal’s correct management, as well as the use of the presented protocols are fundamental to achieve the success of this technique, so that the use of these protocols and animal’s management when inseminating this type of animals is strongly recommended.
Effect of quality properties of added gluten on the texture and sensory properties of rye and buckwheat breads
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Traksmaa, Anna; Kaleda, Aleksei; Nurme, Britta; Laos, Katrin
Bread producers use vital wheat gluten to enhance the quality of their products. However, commercial isolated glutens could have different properties and therefore influence the properties of the final products. As studies on the quality properties of glutens and their effect on the final baking products are limited, the aim of this study was to characterize commercial isolated glutens and the effect of their addition on the textural and sensory properties of rye and buckwheat breads. Three glutens were tested for water binding capacity (WBC), gluten index (GI), protein sedimentation, and resistance using modified methods. Afterwards, three different bread recipes were developed and commercial glutens were tested in each model bread. The commercial glutens had different physicochemical and viscoelastic properties, which were below the typical values of native glutens (GI was 36‒46%, extensibility- 48‒78 mm). Breads also had different sensorial and textural properties, which diverged more during storage. The sour taste intensity and springiness of the rye bread increased, while its moistness, adhesiveness, and typical odour intensity decreased. Fresh and staled rye toast breads were softer and more porous. The buckwheat bread was the most stable, though it was drier and springier after storage. The effect of gluten was specific to the bread recipe and was uncorrelated with the gluten quality properties individually. However, gluten with the intermediate values of WBC, sedimentation, and extensibility, also resulted in breads with intermediate sensory properties. Thus, it is possible to enhance specific properties of bread using commercial glutens with different quality attributes.
Compost barn system and its influence on the environment, comfort and welfare of dairy cattle
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Nepomuceno, G.L.; Cecchin, D.; Damasceno, F.A.; Amaral, P.I.S.; Caproni, V.R.; Rossi, G.; Bambi, G.; Ferraz, P.F.P.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the thermal environment on behavioral and physiological parameters of crossbred cows of different productivity levels confined in a compost barn system. For this, air temperature (Tdb) and relative humidity (RH) data were measured using sensors/registers and wind speed (Vair) was recorded with the aid of an anemometer. Subsequently, these data were used to calculate the Temperature and Humidity Index (THI). Bedding material variables (pH and humidity) were also evaluated. The animals were evaluated for physiological variables (respiratory rate – RR and surface temperature – ST), scores (body condition, locomotion and dirt) and behavior. The analyses were carried out on two groups of cows (Group 1: high production vs. Group 2: medium and low production). The average pH of the bedding material was 8.5, within the recommended range. In the case of the physiological responses of the cows, the respiratory rate (RR) of Group 1 indicated better conditions of thermal comfort in the morning vs. the afternoon. The system was efficient in both groups based on body condition score, indicating favorable conditions for the health of the animals. Regarding the behavioral evaluation, Group 1 and 2 were statistically similar and had the longest rumination times, in relation to the other evaluated behaviors. Regarding active periods, medium production were the most active. Regarding idle time, low production spent more time idle than the other animals.
The laboratory estimation of essential oils as biological methods against black cherry aphids M. cerasi
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Eisa, M.A.S.; Matsera, O.; Cagáň, Ľ.
Plants' essential oils play a considerable role in the plant integrated protection systems against harmful insects. Therefore the aim of our study was to find the potential repellency and toxicity effects of essential oils (EOs) from Allium sativum L., Ocimum basilicum L., Lavandula angustifolia Mill, Eucalyptus globulus, Labill and Curcuma longa L., and two chemical substances DEET (N, N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide) and 2-Undecanone on the black cherry aphids Myzus cerasi. Repellent peculiarities were evaluated at five different concentrations: 0.3%, 0.6%, 0.9%, 1.2% and 1.5%, with 4 replications at the interim of 15 and 30 minutes for an olfactometer test and mortality was evaluated after 2, 6 and 24 hours for insecticidal activity test. The repellent index was most influenced by the concentration of essential oil; the percentage of influence was 64%. At the same time, the highest repellency index 95% was achieved at a concentration of 1.5% when using essential oils of A. sativum and E. globulus, as well as when using 2-Undecanone within 30 minutes of waiting. A contact toxicity (mortality) test in Petri dishes showed efficacy for all tested oils and chemicals after a 6-hour treatment period. The lowest concentration that ensured 100% insect mortality was 0.9% when using E. globulus essential oil. The lowest lethal concentration (LC50) value of 0.00240 mL/10 mL was obtained with O. basilicum oil and the lowest LC98 value of 0.28209 mL/10 mL was obtained with E. globulus oil after a 6-hour treatment period.

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