2022

Selle valdkonna püsiv URIhttp://hdl.handle.net/10492/7710

Sirvi

Nüüd näidatakse 1 - 20 32

Effect of different levels of charcoal and nitrogen on growth and yield traits of broccoli
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2022) Bhattarai, Prayusha; Lamichhane, Babita; Subedi, Puja; Khanal, Amit; Burlakoti, Saroj; Shrestha, Jiban
Charcoal is a carbon-rich organic matter, which serves as a soil conditioner when applied to agricultural fields. When used in combination with nitrogen fertilizers, it has a synergistic effect that boosts plant growth. However, charcoal application alone or in combination with nitrogen fertilizer on vegetable crops is not fully understood. Therefore, a pots experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of charcoal and nitrogen levels on the growth and yield of broccoli. The variety of broccoli used was Centauro. The experiment was laid out in a two-factor Completely Randomized Design with five replications during the winter season of 2019–2020 at Sundarbazar, Lamjung, Nepal. Treatments consisted of four levels of charcoal (0%, 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5% per weight of soil) and three levels of nitrogen (0, 187.5 and 375 kg N ha–1). Results revealed that increasing nitrogen levels from 0 to 375 kg N ha–1 significantly increased the number of leaves, leaf area, head diameter, head weight and aboveground biomass. The maximum head weight per plant (258.77 g) was found by applying a nitrogen level of 375 kg N ha–1 and the lowest value at 0 kg N ha–1. The application of increasing levels of charcoal significantly improved root length, leaf area and head diameter. It was concluded from the results that the optimum nitrogen level for broccoli production could be 375 kg N ha–1.
Impacts of water availability and plant density on morpho-physiological characteristics of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum)
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2022) Hassanzadehdelouei, Mojtaba; Madani, Ahad; Bakhshi, Alireza
Plant density and water availability are the most important factors determining the yield of crops and medicinal plants. To investigate the effect of these two factors and their interaction on the yield and morpho-physiological characteristics of fenugreek, an experiment was conducted in the form of split plots based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in 2020. Water availability (favourable conditions, mild stress and severe stress) were placed in main plots and plant densities (22, 44 and 66 plants m2 –1 ) were placed in subplots. The results showed a three-fold increase in plant density under optimal moisture conditions increased grain yield from 998 to 1 380 kg ha–1 and biological yield from 2 600 to 3 259 kg ha–1 , respectively, while in mild and severe water stress, did not affect grain yield and biological yield. In all three moisture conditions, a 3-fold increase in plant density reduced the number of seeds per pod and a 2-fold increase in plant density reduced the number of pods per plant. Although in some crops, the increase in density under water stress conditions can compensate for the decrease in yield, in fenugreek, the increase in density under water stress conditions was not beneficial for the plant. Increasing the density to medium (44 plants m2 –1 ) reduces the source strength and applying high density through sink restriction causes a decrease in yield. On the other hand, moisture limitation by reducing the number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per pod and the number of seeds per plant reduced the size of the sink and the mass of 1 000 seeds, which indicates the strength of the source, was not affected.
Short communication: Guttation of oat and wheat and the results of its comparison with the yield
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2022) Nugis, Edvin; Kuht, Jaan
The present paper aims to give an overview of results collected in the Estonian Crop Research Institute related to the comparison between guttation and yield in grain crop cereals. The objects of research were oat variety 'Eugen' and wheat 'Manu', which went through the stages of germinating their seeds (in vitro), set them by sprouts down into the soil, and the emergence of sprouts under conditions of a hydrothermostat. Since transpiration in a hydrother- mostat at an air temperature of 23 °C, and an extremely high value of air relative humidity was limited, therefore, due to this, the plant sprouts have begun to exude guttation fluid. As result, we have found that the amount of isolated gutted fluid correlates significantly with the grain yields of field trials indicators. The comparison between relative guttation and relative yield was described by a straightforward relationship. The entire experiment took about one week, and the first results of droplet prints on filter paper can be obtained after 60 hours. This was the novelty of our approach which provides the prerequisites for both increasing the reliability of conclusions regarding the yield obtained and with forecast.
Investigation of properties of sunflower and rapeseed oils obtained by the soxhlet and microwave extraction methods
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2022) Bandura, Valentyna; Fialkovska, Larysa; Osadchuk, Petro; Levtrynskaia, Yuliia; Palvashova, Аnna
The main purpose of the study was to evaluate the possibility of replacing hexane, which is traditionally used for the extraction of vegetable oils, with ethanol as a safer solvent when extracting oil from sunflower meals and rapeseed in the microwave field. Thus, the influence of the solvent type on physicochemical characteristics of oil and the low-fat meal was studied. The main indicators of the composition and quality of sunflower and rapeseed extraction oil were studied. The quality of oil and ways of its use in food products are mostly determined by its fatty acid composition. Analysis of the fatty acid composition of the oil was performed by the method of gas chromatography using a column HP-88 100 m* 0.25 mm*0.20 µm. The possibility of using oil in food was established by conducting pilot laboratory studies and investigating changes in physicochemical parameters during storage. The extraction by the Soxhlet method (hexane as a solvent) was compared with the method of extraction of raw materials in a microwave field (ethyl alcohol as a solvent). Studies of physicochemical parameters indicate the degree of oil oxidation (determination of peroxide and anisidine values). The peroxide value is an indicator of the content of primary oxidation products. The peroxide value of the oil obtained by the method of Soxhlet extraction (hexane as a solvent) was 5.0 (½O mmol) kg–1 . The peroxide value of the oil obtained by extraction in a microwave field (ethyl alcohol as a solvent) was 3.8 (½O mmol) kg–1 . The anisidine value is an indicator of the content of aldehydes in vegetable oils (secondary oxidation products). The anisidine value of the oil obtained by the method of Soxhlet extraction (hexane as a solvent) was 0.3 s.u. The anisidine value of oil obtained by extraction in a microwave field (ethyl alcohol as a solvent) was 0.2 s.u. Comparing the data of peroxide and anisidine values, it can be argued that the oil obtained by extraction of raw materials in a microwave field (ethyl alcohol as a solvent) had the best indicators. The acid value is one of the main qualitative indicators that characterize the degree of oil freshness. The acid value of the oil obtained by the method of Soxhlet extraction (hexane as a solvent) was 3.1 (mg KOH) g –1 . The acid number of the oil obtained by extraction in a microwave field (ethyl alcohol as a solvent) was 2.1 (mg KOH) g –1 . A comparison of the acid values of oils extracted from the raw material by different extraction methods shows that the oil obtained by the method of extraction of raw materials in a microwave field using ethyl alcohol as a solvent has the best acid value. Studies have shown that the oil, which was obtained by extraction of raw materials in a microwave field using ethyl alcohol as a solvent, had the best resistance to oxidation during storage (three months).
Estimation of species allelopathic susceptibility to perennial weeds by detailing the formation period of germinated seeds of oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. oleiformis Pers.) as the test object
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2022) Tsytsiura, Yaroslav H.
The allelopathic impact of 23 perennial weed species on oilseed radish by petri dish and soil bioassays was studied. Weed extracts were prepared at concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0 and 16.0%. The influence of the weed extract on germination and seedling growth of oilseed radish was analyzed according to several germination indexes. The "speed of germination", "coefficient of the velocity of germination" and the resulting levels of allelopathic potential in terms of seed germination (APG) were used to assess the allelopathic effect of the researched weed species. The application of indicators allowed determining the specific features of the influence of extracts of perennial weeds on the duration of the germination period, the effects of germination delay and the general prolongation of the period of formation of similar seeds with typification on classification groups. Conducted daily surveys for the calculation of these indices allowed to obtain a graphical interpretation of the reaction of the seeds of the test object to the extract of each weed species. This allowed identifying species of weeds for which the use of oilseed radish in the system of its biological control will be effective.
Economic efficiency of sweet corn growing with nutrition optimization
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2022) Hryhoriv, Yaroslava; Nechyporenko, Valentyna; Butenko, Andrii; Lyshenko, Margarita; Kozak, Maksym; Onopriienko, Iryna; Shumkova, Olena; Shumkova, Viktoriia; Kriuchko, Lyudmyla
The efficiency of sweet corn production for grain has been studied; economic advantages of cultivation in comparison with other crops have been highlighted. The article presents the results of research on issues of improving the economic efficiency of technology elements for growing sweet corn of the variety Moreland F1 under conditions of Precarpathians of Ukraine. Taking into account the production strategy, have been outlined cost-effective resource-saving and intensive technologies which provide the stable yielding capacity of early-ripening hybrid of sweet corn under conditions of Precarpathians at the level of 4.99–6.65 t ha–1 accordingly with the profit of 370–500 € ha–1 and grain production profitability 112–135%. It is established that under the conditions of application of mineral fertilizers at the dose of N135P90K125 + N60 + N30 in two stages the grain yield of corn increases compared to the absolute control (by 2.26 t ha–1, or 30.3%) with increasing costs per 1 ha of sown area 68.23 €, or 26.4%). In proportion to the increase in yield, the amount of profit, which is 192.42 € ha–1, also increased significantly.
Productivity and stability of foothill meadow species in the Balkan Mountains conditions
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2022) Georgieva, Natalia; Kosev, Valentin; Mitev, Dimitar; Stoycheva, Ina
The creation of grasslands with the participation of species of local origin, suitable for the climatic conditions of the region and with increased productivity and stability of yield is an important condition for ensuring sustainable or organic feed production. For ecological assessment of meadow species in the semi-mountainous regions of Balkan Mountains according to indicators and parameters related to productivity and stability, an experiment is carried out in the period 2011–2019 in the following variation: Festuca rubra L., Lolium perenne L., Dactylis glomerata L., Arrhenatherum elatius P.B., Festuca arundinacea Schreb., Briza maxima L., Trisetum flavescens L., Agrostis alba L. The experiment is performed by the block method, and the methods of regression, variance and nonparametric analysis are used to assess the stability. According to the values of most of the calculated stability parameters (bi, Si2, λi, σ2i, PP, W2, S⁽³⁾, S⁽⁶⁾, NP⁽¹⁾) Dactilis glomerata shows good ecological stability. Complex evaluation by GGE biplot analysis identifies Festuca rubra L. as a species that favourably combines high productivity with relative stability. Dactilis glomerata and French ryegrass are characte- rized by high stability and yield close to the average for the group. These species are suitable for growing in a wide range of environmental condi- tions.
Application efficacy of newly released pre-mixed herbicide in winter wheat: Joystick®
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2022) Mamnoie, Ebrahim; Karaminejad, Mohammad Reza; Aliverdi, Akbar; Moeini, Minbashi Moein
In a field experiment, the efficacy of the newly released pre-mixed herbicide, Joystick®, in comparison with other pre-mixed herbicides was evaluated in winter wheat, Iran. The treatments included: weedy check, weed-free check (hand-weeded), Bromicide®MA at 600 g a.i. ha–1 + Axial® at 60 g a.i. ha–1 , Othello® at 96 g a.i. ha–1 , Axial One® at 55, 65, 75, and 85 g a.i. ha–1 , Joystick® at 80, 94, and 108 g a.i. ha–1 . The latter three treatments mentioned were applied with and without non-ionic surfactant Citogate® at 0.1% v v–1 . The results revealed that all treatments significantly decreased the density and dry biomass of each weed species and increased the grain yield and biological yield of wheat. The highest performing treatment was Bromicide®MA + Axial®, followed by Joystick® at 108 g a.i. ha–1 plus Citogate®. The application of Joystick® at 108 g a.i. ha–1 plus Citogate® decreased the biomass of Malva neglecta, Lolium rigidum, Hirschfeldia incana, Centaurea pallescens, Veronica persica, and Carthamus oxyacantha up to 96.2, 78.1, 100, 91.0, 91.0, and 96.1%; respectively; with an 88% reduction in total weed dry biomass. Because of Joystick® at 108 g a.i. ha–1 plus Citogate® activity against weed species, the grain and biological yields of wheat improved up to 28% as compared to weedy check treatment.
Redutseerivate suhkrute sisaldus Eestis enimkasvatatud köögiviljades saagikoristusjärgselt ja pärast säilitamist
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2022) Jalakas, Sirje; Roasto, Mati; Kaart, Tanel; Praakle, Kristi; Mäesaar, Mihkel; Elias, Terje; Eesti Maaülikool. Veterinaarmeditsiini ja loomakasvatuse instituut. Veterinaarse biomeditsiini ja toiduhügieeni õppetool; Eesti Maaülikool. Veterinaarmeditsiini ja loomakasvatuse instituut. Tõuaretuse ja biotehnoloogia õppetool
The study examined the content of reducing sugars in various varieties of potato, beetroot, turnip and pumpkin most commonly grown in Estonia. This study aimed to determine the varieties of vegetables with the lowest levels of reducing sugars after harvesting and after storage at two different temperatures (3 and 8 C). In the present study it was found that the potato variety with the lowest content of reducing sugars after harvesting and after six months of storage was potato variety 'Birgit' with 0.19 g 100 g–1after harvesting, 0.98 g 100 g–1 after storage at 3 C and 0.38 g 100 g–1 after storage at 8 C, respectively. All three varieties of the beetroot, after harvest, contained a similar amount of reducing sugars. After six months of storage, the lowest content of reducing sugars was determined for variety 'Boro' with 1.22 g 100 g–1 at 3 C and 0.96 g 100 g–1 at 8 C, respectively. The lowest average concentrations of reducing sugars from turnips were after harvest in the variety 'Kohalik sinine' with 3.38 g 100 g–1. Also after storage, the same variety had the lowest content of reducing sugars with 8.36 g 100 g–1 at 3 C and 3.76 g 100 g–1 at 8 C, respectively. From the pumpkin varieties, the lowest reducing sugars contents were determined for variety 'Gold Medal' with 2.64 g 100 g–1after harvesting, 2.40 g 100 g–1 after storage at 3 C and 1.90 g 100 g–1 after storage at 8 C. It can be concluded that all studied vegetables stored at 3 °C contained higher amounts of reducing sugars than those stored at 8 °C.
Research of mechanized process of organic waste composting
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2022) Aliiev, Elchyn; Pavlenko, Sergey; Golub, Gennadii; Bielka, Olena
The article is devoted to mechanising composting based on energy-saving technical systems. The goal of the research is to determine the patterns that describe the impact of different drum-blade working bodies' design and technological parameters on their work energy performance, the homogeneity of the mixture components distribution and their structure in the formed composting pad of a certain height. The physical-mathematical model of the mechanized composting process of organic raw materials from agroecosystems by technical equipment with drum-blade working bodies has been theoretically substantiated and experimentally investigated. There has been developed the mathematical model that correlates the value of the mixing quality variation coefficient with the load factor and the kinematic indicator of the operating mode. It has been established that, if provided the composting pad layer height is the same, the use of a double-drum working body is more rational in terms of power loss in comparison with a single-drum one.
Trends in the transformation of plant ontogenesis under global climate warming
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2022) Kovalenko, Ihor; Butenko, Sergey; Zhezhkun, Anatoly; Porokhniach, Ihor; Abduraimov, Ozodbek; Klymenko, Hanna
Observations of the process of ontogenesis in a group of woody plants and forest grass in the phytocenoses of the Ukrainian Polesie of Sumy region with their division into boreal and nemoral species were done. Found that in the last two decades, nemoral plant species begin vegetation earlier and pass the first phases of the ontogenetic cycle faster than boreal species. Changes in plant ontogenesis, in turn, lead to changes in the population characteristics of plant species: the number of individuals in the population, the size and configuration of the population field and the ontogenetic and vital spectra of populations changed. There has been a tendency to regular changes in the ontogenetic spectra of both nemoral and boreal plant species, but their nature was different. In nemoral plant species, the proportion of juvenile and immature individuals in the ontogenetic spectra increased and populations acquired the character of invasive, reflecting the process of progressive strengthening of their position in phytocenoses. In populations of boreal species, on the contrary, the ageing process accelerated – the proportion of old generative, senile and subsenile individuals increased.
Effect of water deficit on the growth and yield on different genotypes of tomato in semi-arid climate condition
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2022) Al-Shammari, Aziz Mahdi Abd; Hamdi, Ghassan Jaafar
In areas where the supply of water for irrigation is limited, tomato production is often subject to drought stress. This study was conducted at the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Gardening, University of Diyala, Baqubah, Iraq in 2021 wherein 22 genotypes ('S.G', 'San II', 'M.O', 'Red Pear', 'F.R', 'Marb', 15 F1 hybrids were obtained from 6×6 half diallel cross and 'Bobcat' control hybrid) were cultivated under full irrigation [covering 100% of crop evapotranspiration demands (ETc)] and water deficit (50% of ETc) conditions. The results showed that cv. 1×6 produced the longest plants (119.01 cm) and the least time to flowering (10.23 days). Most branches (31.98) were produced by cv. 5×6. Both cvs. 1×6 and 5×6 produced the most leaf area (1 991 and 1 977 cm2 respectively) and most yield per plant (6.75 and 6.84 kg respectively). The 100% ETc irrigation treatment produced the longest plants (91.21 cm), the greatest number of branches (28.12), the most leaf area (1 673 cm2 ), and the highest plant yield (4.61 kg). The 50% ETc irrigation treatment produced the least time to flowering (13.7 days). Irrigation level lowering to 50% ETc achieved good results for the water use efficiency (WUE) use with predicted R2 = 1.00. Therefore, the results of this study recommend using the interaction of (both cvs. 1×6 and 5×6 irrigated with the 50% ETc treatment) to save water on irrigation and produce a high yield of tomatoes.
Fortification of meat products of geese farming with lithium by introducing it into poultry mixed feed
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2022) Sobolev, Olexander; Borshch, Olexander O.; Riznychuk, Ihor; Kyshlaly, Olena
We studied the possibility of fortification of goslings’ products with lithium and peculiarities of its depositing in the organs and tissues of goslings concerning lithium level in the mixed feed. Experimental studies have been conducted on the goose breed Legart. 320 one-day-old goslings were divided on the principle of analogues into four groups, 80 heads each. The goslings of the first control group did not receive the lithium supplement with the feed mix. Experimental groups were fed with the feed where additionally was supplemented with different doses of lithium by the scheme of the experiment. After 70 days of rearing, three birds were randomly selected from each group and control slaughtered. The lithium content in the representative samples of muscle tissue and organs of goslings was determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). It was established that feeding the growing goslings with mixed feed containing lithium supplements in doses of 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15 mg kg–1, contributed to the increase (P <0.001) of the concentration of this trace element in the muscles of the thigh and drumstick 789.5, 1589.5 and 3447.4%, in the muscles of the breast 1096.8, 2080.6 and 3948.4%, liver are 455.4, 824.6 and 1440.8% respectively, compared to goslings that did not receive lithium supplements. Significant high values of lithium accumulation factors in organs and tissues of gosling (3.21–14.44) indicated that this element has a substantial accumulating capacity. The meat of goslings enriched with lithium can be considered a natural product with bio- corrective action that can be used in human nutrition. These meat products can be particularly useful for people that are living in regions with a low environmental level of lithium.
Research of a contact stresses in swivel elements of flexible shaft in screw conveyor for transportation of agricultural materials
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2022) Bulgakov, Volodymyr; Olt, Jüri; Ivanovs, Semjons; Trokhaniak, Oleksandra; Gadzalo, Jaroslav; Adamchuk, Valerii; Chernovol, Mykhailo; Pascuzzi, Simone; Santoro, Francesco; Arak, Margus; Estonian University of Life Sciences. Institute of Forestry and Engineering
The paper presents the new design of the rotating part with ball-bearing swivel joints between its sections for flexible screw conveyors. The new design provides for the improvement of the operation efficiency and loading capacity, the enhancement of the technological capabilities and the reduction of the admissible curvature radius. The contact stresses in the swivel element as the most loaded area in the rotating part have been analysed. It has been established that the maximum contact stresses arise at the points of contact between the ball and the flat surface of the slot in the cylindrical bushing. The recommended design limitation range for the cavity cone angle is within about 30–50. The relation between the loads and the stresses depending on the operating conditions has been modelled with the use of computer modelling. The comparison of the computer modelling results and the obtained calculation data has proved that the difference between the respective values varies within the range of 11–26%.
The impact of nano fertilization and salicylic acid on growth, yield and anti-oxidant contents in rocket plant under salt stress
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2022) Al-Taey, Duraid K. A.; Al-Musawi, Zahraa J. M.
This investigation aimed to study the effect of organic fertilizers, nano-fertilizers and salicylic acid on the growth and yield of rocket (Eruca sativa L.) and the content of active compounds and antioxidants when the plants were exposed to salt stress. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) according to the split-plot system. The main factor was water quality (1.2 dS m–1 and 8 dS m–1). While the combination treatments of Nano fertilizer, Salicylic acid and poultry manure were distributed in sub-plots and each treatment included three replicates. The treatments irrigated with saline water showed a reduction of glucosinolate and ascorbate contents (58 μg g–1 and 105.71 μg g–1, respectively). Salinity led to an increase in glutathione and proline in the leaves (1146 and 2.2 μg g–1, respectively), while the fertilization treatments (poultry manure + nano-NPK; poultry manure + salicylic acid + nano-NPK) resulted in an increase in the glucosinolate content of the leaves under salt stress (85.6 and 89.2 μg g–1, respectively). The nano-NPK treatment achieved a high value of the leaves’ ascorbic acid content under the unstressed conditions (166.73 μg g–1), while the salicylic acid + nano-NPK treatment achieved the highest value of ascorbic acid under salt stress (137.4 μg g–1). The combination of salicylic acid + poultry manure + nano-NPK obtained the highest value of glutathione content in the leaves (1950 μg g–1) under the stress conditions. There is a positive correlation between salt stress and glutathione + proline, while the salt stress condition had a negative effect on glucosinolate, ascorbate and yield.
Relationship between Zn and Cd in soil and plant
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2022) Aljumaily, Mijbil Mohammad; Al-Hamandi, Hudhaifa Maan; Farhan, Mohammed Jarullah; Kareem, Hiba Abdullah; Hudhaifa Maan Al-Hamandi [0000-0002-9222-8517]
The relationship between Zn and Cd uptake by plants is somewhat controversial according to the lack of information about this subject. The objective of this study was to increase our scientific understanding of soil about plant factors controlling Zn and Cd bioavailability and uptake. This experiment was carried out in the winter season of 2019. It aimed to solve the mystery of the Zn and Cd relationship in soil and plant uptake. Five plant species were under observation (carrot – Daucus carota, radish – Raphanus sativus, wheat – Triticum aestivum L., lettuce – Lactuca sativa and bean – Vicia faba). Plants were planted in plastic pots containing 2 kg sandy loam soil with duplicate and exposure to six Zn:Cd ratios (1:0.5, 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1 and 5:1) with increasing elements molar ratio of Zn to Cd in soil. After 45 days, plants were harvested. Zn and Cd were determined in roots and shoots. Results showed, that at low molar ratios of Zn:Cd in soil, the relationship between these metals in soil is almost synergistic and both elements are accumulated easily in plant tissues, but at high molar ratios, the relationship between these metals is almost antagonistic where Cd be more competitive to Zn uptake by plants. It was concluded that the 2:1 Zn:Cd ratio in the soil is the border between synergistic and antagonistic relationships.
Microbial remediation of petroleum polluted soil
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2022) Pysarenko, Pavlo; Samojlik, Maryna; Taranenko, Anna; Tsova, Yurii; Taranenko, Serhiy
The issues of land pollution, restoration, and return of land to agricultural cultivation are today. Especially, this is gaining new relevance in modern conditions of military action on the territory of Ukraine and other countries, which causes the reduction of cultivation areas. Therefore, there is a need for maximum cleaning and restoration of polluted soils to ensure environmental and food security. Petroleum hydrocarbons are classified as major environmental pollutants due to their stability and durability in the environment. The influence of petroleum hydrocarbons is caused by direct toxic activity and by the soil environment transformation. The research aimed: to study the effectiveness of probiotics in the technology of soil cleaning and remediation; evaluate the phytotoxic effect of oil-contaminated soil before and after the application of probiotics; to find the optimal concentration of probiotics for the effective cleaning and remediation of soil. The seedling method was used to evaluate the phytotoxic effect of contaminated soil before and after the application of probiotics. Research results showed an ambiguous impact on Pisum sativum and Avéna satíva at different times after pollution. In the initial phase, polluted soil has no significant influence on Pisum sativum. For Avéna satíva soil, become toxic right away after pollution. Phytotoxic effect of Pisum sativum and Avéna sativa decrease by the indexes of seed emergence, roots length, roots weight, underground part length and ground part weight due to probiotics treatment. The high efficiency of biological remediation by probiotics in comparison with soil cleaning in natural conditions is determined in the experiment. Probiotic concentration 1:10 is the most effective of all studied initial concentrations of pollutants. Reducing probiotic concentration leads to a decrease in the efficiency of soil cleaning from petroleum products.
Tehismullad Eesti muldade klassifikatsioonis: nomenklatuur, rajamine ja erinevused-sarnasused normaalselt arenenud muldadega
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2022) Kõlli, Raimo; Leedu, Enn
Technogenic soils (TS) or Technosols are year 2022 soils of Estonia. In Estonian Soil Classification (ESC) totally 17 technogenic soil species is listed (Table 1). By way or mode of their forming or establishing almost four TS groups (formed on heaps of wastes, instead of removed soil cover, on mixed soil horizons with parent materials and buried soil covers) have been separated. In dominating cases by technological elaborating works much more than only humus cover are enfold. In the vertical profile of different development stages TS the humus cover, consisting from fine earth subsoil and parent material may be presented (or occur). In the work separately the formed on mineral and organic (mostly peats) origin parent material TS are treated. Among mineral TS by their moisture conditions the automorphic, moist and wet soils are distinguished. Among peaty TS the formed on fen (sapric) and bog (fibric) peats soils are prevailed. The main difference between grounds (non-soil) and TS is their functioning. The real TS is as sustainably functioning assemblage of soil and plant covers or soil-plant system. The concordance or matching of presented in ESC TS’ taxa with World Reference Bases for Soil Resources (WRB) and Polish Soil Classification taxa was elucidated by comparable analysis. The distribution and forming of soils associations with normally developed soils and non-soils (grounds) is characterised by mean of excerpts from digitalized large-scale soil map (1:10,000) and schematic distribution maps. In the work as well the peculiarities of establishing technologies of mineral and peaty TS is treated.
Lühiartikkel : Eesti muldkatte huumusseisund ja keskkonnahoidlik majandamine
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2022) Kõlli, Raimo
In the framework of the European mission “Soil Deal for Europe” ambitious tasks have been load to the whole European Union and forming its states in the field of carbon management. Departing from pedo- ecological conditions of Estonia, the pros and cons of the European Union's plans about carbon farming are treated. By the principles of pedocentric approach the soil humus status and carbon farming technologies are soil type specifics and should be utilized in the most detailed as possible soil taxonomic unit, for which by Estonian soil classification are soil species and soil varieties. Thanks to gathering during large scale (1:10,000) soil mapping in earlier time data and proceeding later field experiments in Estonia there are relatively good databases on soil humus status for all most dominated soil species and/or varieties by different land use conditions (arable, grass- and forest lands). The main available quantitative characteristics on soil humus status (expressed via carbon) are concentration (g C kg‒1) and superficial densities (Mg C ha‒1) of organic carbon given by soil species and their genetic horizons in above- named third land use conditions. Besides that, these data have been calculated (1) separately for humus cover (humipedons) and subsoil layers and (2) as well in relation to layers with certain thickness (30, 50 and 100 cm). As a qualitative index of humus status, the humus cover types (humus forms) have been elaborated separately for arable soils and for being in natural state soils. As the carbon concentration in arable soils depends mainly on contents of clay particles, watering conditions and calcareous- ness, was possible to elaborate for all dominating arable soils three humus (and carbon) concentration levels: scarce, optimal and excess, which are needed for choice of suitable to soil conditions agro technology. There is a declared serious shortage of knowledge on composition of soil organisms’ societies by soil types and on syn- and autecology of their functioning.
Retrospective: Duration and efficiency of dairy cows productive lifespan depending on age at first calving and first lactation milk productivity
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2022) Siriak, Vitalii; Polupan, Yuriy; Stavetska, Ruslana
The retrospective analysis involved 562 Holstein cows, 545 Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy cows and 100 Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy cows in Breeding Station Terezyne, Kyiv region. The influence of age at first calving and first lactation milk yield on the duration and efficiency of the productive lifespan of cows was studied. The results showed that with the increase of age at first calving from less than 22 to more than 34 months there was a steady tendency to reduction in the longevity and lifetime productivity of cows. There was found a statistically significant (P <0.001) inverse correlation between the age at first calving and indicators of duration and efficiency of productive lifespan (r = –0.177…–0.459). The age at first calving determines 3.0–21.2% of the phenotypic variability of the considered indicators of duration and efficiency of the productive lifespan of cows (P <0.001). According to the set of features, the most rational is the planning of age at first calving before 26 months, i.e. heifers need to be served before 15 months of age. With the first lactation milk yield increasing, the duration and efficiency of the productive lifespan of cows increase curvilinearly. Higher longevity is typical for cows with an average 305-d milk yield in the first lactation of 6 001–8 000 kg, and higher lifetime productivity – with the highest milk yield in the first lactation (over 9 000 kg). There was found a relatively low positive correlation between 305-d milk yield in the first lactation and the parity and lifespan (r = 0.087…0.164, P <0.001) and a moderately significant relationship – with lifetime productivity and lifetime daily milk yield (r = 0.327…0.504, P <0.001). The milk yield of primiparous cows has a relatively low impact on the variability of lifespan, productive lifetime and total lactation length (ηx 2 = 3.6–5.6%, P <0.001) and a higher impact on the indicators of lifetime milk productivity and milk productivity per one day of life, productive lifetime and lactation (ηx 2 = 12.5–35.6%, P <0.001). The productive lifespan of cows with first lactation milk yield over 6 000 kg can be considered quite effective.

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