2022

Selle valdkonna püsiv URIhttp://hdl.handle.net/10492/7710

Sirvi

Nüüd näidatakse 1 - 20 32

Short communication: Guttation of oat and wheat and the results of its comparison with the yield
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2022) Nugis, Edvin; Kuht, Jaan
The present paper aims to give an overview of results collected in the Estonian Crop Research Institute related to the comparison between guttation and yield in grain crop cereals. The objects of research were oat variety 'Eugen' and wheat 'Manu', which went through the stages of germinating their seeds (in vitro), set them by sprouts down into the soil, and the emergence of sprouts under conditions of a hydrothermostat. Since transpiration in a hydrother- mostat at an air temperature of 23 °C, and an extremely high value of air relative humidity was limited, therefore, due to this, the plant sprouts have begun to exude guttation fluid. As result, we have found that the amount of isolated gutted fluid correlates significantly with the grain yields of field trials indicators. The comparison between relative guttation and relative yield was described by a straightforward relationship. The entire experiment took about one week, and the first results of droplet prints on filter paper can be obtained after 60 hours. This was the novelty of our approach which provides the prerequisites for both increasing the reliability of conclusions regarding the yield obtained and with forecast.
Lühiartikkel : Eesti muldkatte huumusseisund ja keskkonnahoidlik majandamine
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2022) Kõlli, Raimo
In the framework of the European mission “Soil Deal for Europe” ambitious tasks have been load to the whole European Union and forming its states in the field of carbon management. Departing from pedo- ecological conditions of Estonia, the pros and cons of the European Union's plans about carbon farming are treated. By the principles of pedocentric approach the soil humus status and carbon farming technologies are soil type specifics and should be utilized in the most detailed as possible soil taxonomic unit, for which by Estonian soil classification are soil species and soil varieties. Thanks to gathering during large scale (1:10,000) soil mapping in earlier time data and proceeding later field experiments in Estonia there are relatively good databases on soil humus status for all most dominated soil species and/or varieties by different land use conditions (arable, grass- and forest lands). The main available quantitative characteristics on soil humus status (expressed via carbon) are concentration (g C kg‒1) and superficial densities (Mg C ha‒1) of organic carbon given by soil species and their genetic horizons in above- named third land use conditions. Besides that, these data have been calculated (1) separately for humus cover (humipedons) and subsoil layers and (2) as well in relation to layers with certain thickness (30, 50 and 100 cm). As a qualitative index of humus status, the humus cover types (humus forms) have been elaborated separately for arable soils and for being in natural state soils. As the carbon concentration in arable soils depends mainly on contents of clay particles, watering conditions and calcareous- ness, was possible to elaborate for all dominating arable soils three humus (and carbon) concentration levels: scarce, optimal and excess, which are needed for choice of suitable to soil conditions agro technology. There is a declared serious shortage of knowledge on composition of soil organisms’ societies by soil types and on syn- and autecology of their functioning.
Research of mechanized process of organic waste composting
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2022) Aliiev, Elchyn; Pavlenko, Sergey; Golub, Gennadii; Bielka, Olena
The article is devoted to mechanising composting based on energy-saving technical systems. The goal of the research is to determine the patterns that describe the impact of different drum-blade working bodies' design and technological parameters on their work energy performance, the homogeneity of the mixture components distribution and their structure in the formed composting pad of a certain height. The physical-mathematical model of the mechanized composting process of organic raw materials from agroecosystems by technical equipment with drum-blade working bodies has been theoretically substantiated and experimentally investigated. There has been developed the mathematical model that correlates the value of the mixing quality variation coefficient with the load factor and the kinematic indicator of the operating mode. It has been established that, if provided the composting pad layer height is the same, the use of a double-drum working body is more rational in terms of power loss in comparison with a single-drum one.
Storage stability of chicken patties after treatment with pomegranate, potato and apple peel extracts
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2022) Thanoun, Ehab Ahmed; Al-Jammaas, Oday Hasan Ali
The goal of this study was to evaluate the comparative effect of alcoholic extracts of pomegranate peel powder (POMPEP), potato peel powder (POTPEP) and apple peel powder (APPPEP) on oxidative and microbial stability of chicken meat patties during frozen storage at −18 °C for 60 days. The formulations of meat products were treated with different freeze-dried alcoholic peel extracts (T1 – control; T2 – 1% POMPEP; T3 – 1% POTPEP and T4 – 1% APPPEP). Peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), free fatty acids (FFA), pH, total aerobic bacteria (TAB), and psychrophilic bacteria (PSB) counts were determined after 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days of storage. The addition of extracts led to a significant decrease in PV (13.62– 26.82%), compared with control. Regarding the secondary oxidation products, the TBARS values of different patties decreased in the order of POMPEP > APPPEP > POTPEP > Control. FFA values of the POTPEP treated patties were significantly higher than in other extracts, whereas there were no significant differences in the pH values among studied extracts. TAB and PSB values of the treated patties were less than the maximum allowed value.
Research of a contact stresses in swivel elements of flexible shaft in screw conveyor for transportation of agricultural materials
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2022) Bulgakov, Volodymyr; Olt, Jüri; Ivanovs, Semjons; Trokhaniak, Oleksandra; Gadzalo, Jaroslav; Adamchuk, Valerii; Chernovol, Mykhailo; Pascuzzi, Simone; Santoro, Francesco; Arak, Margus; Estonian University of Life Sciences. Institute of Forestry and Engineering
The paper presents the new design of the rotating part with ball-bearing swivel joints between its sections for flexible screw conveyors. The new design provides for the improvement of the operation efficiency and loading capacity, the enhancement of the technological capabilities and the reduction of the admissible curvature radius. The contact stresses in the swivel element as the most loaded area in the rotating part have been analysed. It has been established that the maximum contact stresses arise at the points of contact between the ball and the flat surface of the slot in the cylindrical bushing. The recommended design limitation range for the cavity cone angle is within about 30–50. The relation between the loads and the stresses depending on the operating conditions has been modelled with the use of computer modelling. The comparison of the computer modelling results and the obtained calculation data has proved that the difference between the respective values varies within the range of 11–26%.
Effect of different levels of charcoal and nitrogen on growth and yield traits of broccoli
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2022) Bhattarai, Prayusha; Lamichhane, Babita; Subedi, Puja; Khanal, Amit; Burlakoti, Saroj; Shrestha, Jiban
Charcoal is a carbon-rich organic matter, which serves as a soil conditioner when applied to agricultural fields. When used in combination with nitrogen fertilizers, it has a synergistic effect that boosts plant growth. However, charcoal application alone or in combination with nitrogen fertilizer on vegetable crops is not fully understood. Therefore, a pots experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of charcoal and nitrogen levels on the growth and yield of broccoli. The variety of broccoli used was Centauro. The experiment was laid out in a two-factor Completely Randomized Design with five replications during the winter season of 2019–2020 at Sundarbazar, Lamjung, Nepal. Treatments consisted of four levels of charcoal (0%, 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5% per weight of soil) and three levels of nitrogen (0, 187.5 and 375 kg N ha–1). Results revealed that increasing nitrogen levels from 0 to 375 kg N ha–1 significantly increased the number of leaves, leaf area, head diameter, head weight and aboveground biomass. The maximum head weight per plant (258.77 g) was found by applying a nitrogen level of 375 kg N ha–1 and the lowest value at 0 kg N ha–1. The application of increasing levels of charcoal significantly improved root length, leaf area and head diameter. It was concluded from the results that the optimum nitrogen level for broccoli production could be 375 kg N ha–1.
Economic efficiency of sweet corn growing with nutrition optimization
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2022) Hryhoriv, Yaroslava; Nechyporenko, Valentyna; Butenko, Andrii; Lyshenko, Margarita; Kozak, Maksym; Onopriienko, Iryna; Shumkova, Olena; Shumkova, Viktoriia; Kriuchko, Lyudmyla
The efficiency of sweet corn production for grain has been studied; economic advantages of cultivation in comparison with other crops have been highlighted. The article presents the results of research on issues of improving the economic efficiency of technology elements for growing sweet corn of the variety Moreland F1 under conditions of Precarpathians of Ukraine. Taking into account the production strategy, have been outlined cost-effective resource-saving and intensive technologies which provide the stable yielding capacity of early-ripening hybrid of sweet corn under conditions of Precarpathians at the level of 4.99–6.65 t ha–1 accordingly with the profit of 370–500 € ha–1 and grain production profitability 112–135%. It is established that under the conditions of application of mineral fertilizers at the dose of N135P90K125 + N60 + N30 in two stages the grain yield of corn increases compared to the absolute control (by 2.26 t ha–1, or 30.3%) with increasing costs per 1 ha of sown area 68.23 €, or 26.4%). In proportion to the increase in yield, the amount of profit, which is 192.42 € ha–1, also increased significantly.
Investigation of properties of sunflower and rapeseed oils obtained by the soxhlet and microwave extraction methods
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2022) Bandura, Valentyna; Fialkovska, Larysa; Osadchuk, Petro; Levtrynskaia, Yuliia; Palvashova, Аnna
The main purpose of the study was to evaluate the possibility of replacing hexane, which is traditionally used for the extraction of vegetable oils, with ethanol as a safer solvent when extracting oil from sunflower meals and rapeseed in the microwave field. Thus, the influence of the solvent type on physicochemical characteristics of oil and the low-fat meal was studied. The main indicators of the composition and quality of sunflower and rapeseed extraction oil were studied. The quality of oil and ways of its use in food products are mostly determined by its fatty acid composition. Analysis of the fatty acid composition of the oil was performed by the method of gas chromatography using a column HP-88 100 m* 0.25 mm*0.20 µm. The possibility of using oil in food was established by conducting pilot laboratory studies and investigating changes in physicochemical parameters during storage. The extraction by the Soxhlet method (hexane as a solvent) was compared with the method of extraction of raw materials in a microwave field (ethyl alcohol as a solvent). Studies of physicochemical parameters indicate the degree of oil oxidation (determination of peroxide and anisidine values). The peroxide value is an indicator of the content of primary oxidation products. The peroxide value of the oil obtained by the method of Soxhlet extraction (hexane as a solvent) was 5.0 (½O mmol) kg–1 . The peroxide value of the oil obtained by extraction in a microwave field (ethyl alcohol as a solvent) was 3.8 (½O mmol) kg–1 . The anisidine value is an indicator of the content of aldehydes in vegetable oils (secondary oxidation products). The anisidine value of the oil obtained by the method of Soxhlet extraction (hexane as a solvent) was 0.3 s.u. The anisidine value of oil obtained by extraction in a microwave field (ethyl alcohol as a solvent) was 0.2 s.u. Comparing the data of peroxide and anisidine values, it can be argued that the oil obtained by extraction of raw materials in a microwave field (ethyl alcohol as a solvent) had the best indicators. The acid value is one of the main qualitative indicators that characterize the degree of oil freshness. The acid value of the oil obtained by the method of Soxhlet extraction (hexane as a solvent) was 3.1 (mg KOH) g –1 . The acid number of the oil obtained by extraction in a microwave field (ethyl alcohol as a solvent) was 2.1 (mg KOH) g –1 . A comparison of the acid values of oils extracted from the raw material by different extraction methods shows that the oil obtained by the method of extraction of raw materials in a microwave field using ethyl alcohol as a solvent has the best acid value. Studies have shown that the oil, which was obtained by extraction of raw materials in a microwave field using ethyl alcohol as a solvent, had the best resistance to oxidation during storage (three months).
Effectiveness of different adjuvants on efficacy of stellar (topremazone plus dicamba) applied at reduced rates in maize (Zea mays L.)
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2022) Pacanoski, Zvonko; Salij, Alirami; Mehmeti, Arben
Field experiments were carried out in 2017 and 2018 on two individual farms that grew maize for grain, in Tetovo and Skopje locality, to determine the effectiveness of different adjuvants on the efficacy of Stellar applied at reduced rates. Herbicide treatment selectivity and influence on grain yield were estimated, as well. Both sites were naturally infested with a high population of Polygonum lapathifolium L., Chenopodium album L., Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. and Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Overall efficacy of herbicides in control of weeds 28 DAT was ranged of 77% (Stellar + White oil applied at 0.125 + 0.2 L ha–1 ) to 98% (Stellar + Trend applied at 0.75 + 1.0 L ha–1 ) in Tetovo locality, and 64% (Stellar + White oil applied at 0.125 + 0.2 L ha–1 ) to 99% (Stellar + DASH applied at 0.75 + 2.0 L ha–1 ) in Skopje locality, respectively. In both localities, the efficacy of the full rate of Stellar (90 and 80%, respectively) was on the level of Stellar + White oil applied at 0.25 + 0.2 L ha–1 (90 and 78%, respectively). Herbicide efficacy 56 DAT was similar to the previous period of estimation. Efficacy of herbicide and herbicide plus adjuvants treatments in control of prevailing weeds 28 and 56 DAT ranged from 22–100% in Tetovo locality and 30–100% in Skopje locality, respectively. No visual maize injured was determined by any herbicide treatments in both localities for both years. Maize grain yields for each treatment in both localities generally reflected overall weed control.
Effect of humic acids and the amount of mineral fertilizer on some characteristics of saline soil, growth and yield of broccoli plant under salt stress conditions
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2022) Al-Falahi, Muneer N. A.; Al-Dulaimi, Kamal H.; Ghani, Emad Telfah Abdel; Al-Taey, Duraid K. A.; Farhan, Khaleel J.
A pots experiment was undertaken to determine the combined effect of humic acids and mineral fertilizer on some characteristics of saline soil, growth, and yield components of broccoli. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor consists of two levels of humic acids, namely without humic acid (H0 = 0.00 g L–1 ) and humic acid application (H1 = 0.35 g L–1 ), while the second factor included nine fertilizer (92 kg N ha –1 , 200 kg P2O5 ha–1 , 150 kg K2O ha–1 ) application rates that were (100, 100, 100%), (120, 120, 120%), (120, 120, 100%), (80, 120, 120%), (100, 100, 120%), (80.100, 100%), (120, 80, 80%), (100, 80, 80%), (80, 80, 80%) which added as a percentage of original fertilizer recommendation taking the symbols of R1 to R9 respectively. The treatment R1 was designated as a control treatment. The results indicated that humic acid application (H1) and increasing the amount of applied mineral fertilizer (R2) reduced the hydraulic conductivity of the soil for different soil depths. Humic acid addition (H1) increased concentrations of calcium and magnesium while reducing sodium concentration compared to control (H0). Contrary to humic acid, increasing the supplied mineral fertilizer led to a reduction in concentrations of calcium and magnesium while increasing sodium concentration in the soil. The sodium adsorption in soil particles in the ground was decreased due to humic acid application while improving the mineral fertilizer. Humic acid (H1) combined with increasing the amount of chemical fertilizer (R2) gave the desirable results in decreasing the sulphate, chloride and bicarbonate in the soil profile. The addition of humic acid (H1) and increasing mineral fertilizer application (R2) led to a significant increase in plant height, leaf area and head weight of broccoli per plant. Similarly, the interaction between humic acids and chemical fertilizers (H1R2) led to a significant increase in plant height, leaf area and head weight of broccoli per plant.
Microbial remediation of petroleum polluted soil
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2022) Pysarenko, Pavlo; Samojlik, Maryna; Taranenko, Anna; Tsova, Yurii; Taranenko, Serhiy
The issues of land pollution, restoration, and return of land to agricultural cultivation are today. Especially, this is gaining new relevance in modern conditions of military action on the territory of Ukraine and other countries, which causes the reduction of cultivation areas. Therefore, there is a need for maximum cleaning and restoration of polluted soils to ensure environmental and food security. Petroleum hydrocarbons are classified as major environmental pollutants due to their stability and durability in the environment. The influence of petroleum hydrocarbons is caused by direct toxic activity and by the soil environment transformation. The research aimed: to study the effectiveness of probiotics in the technology of soil cleaning and remediation; evaluate the phytotoxic effect of oil-contaminated soil before and after the application of probiotics; to find the optimal concentration of probiotics for the effective cleaning and remediation of soil. The seedling method was used to evaluate the phytotoxic effect of contaminated soil before and after the application of probiotics. Research results showed an ambiguous impact on Pisum sativum and Avéna satíva at different times after pollution. In the initial phase, polluted soil has no significant influence on Pisum sativum. For Avéna satíva soil, become toxic right away after pollution. Phytotoxic effect of Pisum sativum and Avéna sativa decrease by the indexes of seed emergence, roots length, roots weight, underground part length and ground part weight due to probiotics treatment. The high efficiency of biological remediation by probiotics in comparison with soil cleaning in natural conditions is determined in the experiment. Probiotic concentration 1:10 is the most effective of all studied initial concentrations of pollutants. Reducing probiotic concentration leads to a decrease in the efficiency of soil cleaning from petroleum products.
Annual dynamics of microclimate parameters of farrowing room in pigsty using two different ventilation systems
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2022) Mykhalko, Olekasndr; Povod, Mykola; Korzh, Olga; Verbelchuk, Tetyana; Verbelchuk, Serhii; Shcherbyna, Olena; Kalynychenko, Halyna; Onishenko, Ludmila
The study aimed to investigate the valve and geothermal microclimate systems' impact on microclimate indicators in farrowing rooms. In farrowing rooms, where the valve type of ventilation was installed, the temperature in the farrowing room in summer and autumn exceeded the norm by 3.90 and 1.60 °C, respectively. The amplitude of the average values of the annual temperature dynamics at all these measurement points was higher at using valve-type ventilation relative to geothermal, which provided a constant temperature during the year. Humidity during all seasons of the year was optimal with the use of both microclimate systems, but in summer and autumn, it was probably higher during using geothermal ventilation. The content of carbon dioxide reached its highest values in the autumn months with the use of both systems to create a microclimate, but without exceeding the norm. At the same time, its content was probably higher in the summer months in the room for keeping pregnant sows with the geothermal type of ventilation by 400 ppm or 50% (P <0.01). The ammonia content tended to increase in the autumn months in both farrowing rooms, but reached its highest values in the fall, remaining, however, within normal limits. The hydrogen sulfide content did not exceed the optimal values for both farrowing rooms during all seasons without a statistically significant difference between different types of ventilation. In the farrowing rooms where the geothermal ventilation system was used, the highest H2S content was in the winter months, amounting to 3.59 ppm, which is 0.96 ppm or 26.81% (P <0.001) higher than in spring, 0.83 ppm or 23.29% (P <0.001) higher than in summer and 0.26 ppm or 7.44% (P <0.05) higher than in spring.
Impacts of water availability and plant density on morpho-physiological characteristics of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum)
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2022) Hassanzadehdelouei, Mojtaba; Madani, Ahad; Bakhshi, Alireza
Plant density and water availability are the most important factors determining the yield of crops and medicinal plants. To investigate the effect of these two factors and their interaction on the yield and morpho-physiological characteristics of fenugreek, an experiment was conducted in the form of split plots based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in 2020. Water availability (favourable conditions, mild stress and severe stress) were placed in main plots and plant densities (22, 44 and 66 plants m2 –1 ) were placed in subplots. The results showed a three-fold increase in plant density under optimal moisture conditions increased grain yield from 998 to 1 380 kg ha–1 and biological yield from 2 600 to 3 259 kg ha–1 , respectively, while in mild and severe water stress, did not affect grain yield and biological yield. In all three moisture conditions, a 3-fold increase in plant density reduced the number of seeds per pod and a 2-fold increase in plant density reduced the number of pods per plant. Although in some crops, the increase in density under water stress conditions can compensate for the decrease in yield, in fenugreek, the increase in density under water stress conditions was not beneficial for the plant. Increasing the density to medium (44 plants m2 –1 ) reduces the source strength and applying high density through sink restriction causes a decrease in yield. On the other hand, moisture limitation by reducing the number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per pod and the number of seeds per plant reduced the size of the sink and the mass of 1 000 seeds, which indicates the strength of the source, was not affected.
Estimation of species allelopathic susceptibility to perennial weeds by detailing the formation period of germinated seeds of oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. oleiformis Pers.) as the test object
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2022) Tsytsiura, Yaroslav H.
The allelopathic impact of 23 perennial weed species on oilseed radish by petri dish and soil bioassays was studied. Weed extracts were prepared at concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0 and 16.0%. The influence of the weed extract on germination and seedling growth of oilseed radish was analyzed according to several germination indexes. The "speed of germination", "coefficient of the velocity of germination" and the resulting levels of allelopathic potential in terms of seed germination (APG) were used to assess the allelopathic effect of the researched weed species. The application of indicators allowed determining the specific features of the influence of extracts of perennial weeds on the duration of the germination period, the effects of germination delay and the general prolongation of the period of formation of similar seeds with typification on classification groups. Conducted daily surveys for the calculation of these indices allowed to obtain a graphical interpretation of the reaction of the seeds of the test object to the extract of each weed species. This allowed identifying species of weeds for which the use of oilseed radish in the system of its biological control will be effective.
Redutseerivate suhkrute sisaldus Eestis enimkasvatatud köögiviljades saagikoristusjärgselt ja pärast säilitamist
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2022) Jalakas, Sirje; Roasto, Mati; Kaart, Tanel; Praakle, Kristi; Mäesaar, Mihkel; Elias, Terje; Eesti Maaülikool. Veterinaarmeditsiini ja loomakasvatuse instituut. Veterinaarse biomeditsiini ja toiduhügieeni õppetool; Eesti Maaülikool. Veterinaarmeditsiini ja loomakasvatuse instituut. Tõuaretuse ja biotehnoloogia õppetool
The study examined the content of reducing sugars in various varieties of potato, beetroot, turnip and pumpkin most commonly grown in Estonia. This study aimed to determine the varieties of vegetables with the lowest levels of reducing sugars after harvesting and after storage at two different temperatures (3 and 8 C). In the present study it was found that the potato variety with the lowest content of reducing sugars after harvesting and after six months of storage was potato variety 'Birgit' with 0.19 g 100 g–1after harvesting, 0.98 g 100 g–1 after storage at 3 C and 0.38 g 100 g–1 after storage at 8 C, respectively. All three varieties of the beetroot, after harvest, contained a similar amount of reducing sugars. After six months of storage, the lowest content of reducing sugars was determined for variety 'Boro' with 1.22 g 100 g–1 at 3 C and 0.96 g 100 g–1 at 8 C, respectively. The lowest average concentrations of reducing sugars from turnips were after harvest in the variety 'Kohalik sinine' with 3.38 g 100 g–1. Also after storage, the same variety had the lowest content of reducing sugars with 8.36 g 100 g–1 at 3 C and 3.76 g 100 g–1 at 8 C, respectively. From the pumpkin varieties, the lowest reducing sugars contents were determined for variety 'Gold Medal' with 2.64 g 100 g–1after harvesting, 2.40 g 100 g–1 after storage at 3 C and 1.90 g 100 g–1 after storage at 8 C. It can be concluded that all studied vegetables stored at 3 °C contained higher amounts of reducing sugars than those stored at 8 °C.
The effect of superabsorbent and different rates of the local fertilizer on garlic productivity in the forest-steppe of Ukraine
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2022) Yatsenko, Viacheslav; Poltoretskyi, Serhii; Mostoviak, Ivan; Vorobiova, Nataliia; Lazariev, Oleh; Kravchenko, Vitalii
This study aimed to determine the effect of different rates of topical fertilizers on the background of superabsorbent polymers (absorbents; SAP) on plant growth, pigments content in leaves and activity of antioxidant enzymes in leaves and soil, yield and nutritional value of products. For this purpose, an absorbent at the rate of 15 kg ha–1 and fertilizers were applied, spread on the soil surface 100% (control), and locally in the furrows when planting at the rate of 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the recommended rate were applied. The results showed that the use of superabsorbent polymers (SAP) and the local application of fertilizers with increasing their rate, a significant increase in chlorophyll b and the number of chlorophylls. However, the use of SAP reduced the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the leaf (superoxide dismutase by 9.5–23.2%; glutathione S-transferase by 7.4–13.4%; peroxidase by 8.4–19.0%). The bulb’s weight with the absorbent increased by 31.2–45.4% compared to similar options without the introduction of absorbent. The local fertilizer without absorbent increased garlic yield by 3.5–13.9% relative to control. With the introduction of the absorbent, the local application of fertilizers contributed to the increase of yield by 4.2–25.4%. The application of fertilizers at the rate of 50 and 75% separately and together with the absorbent contributed to the improvement of nutritional value (dry matter, ash, proteins and carbohydrates, fat and caloric content of products). In conclusion, the combination of SAP with local fertilization in crop production technology can be used in today's dynamic climate conditions, due to their beneficial effects on plant productivity and savings and efficient use of water and fertilizers. Further research consists of a more detailed study of the rate of application of absorbents, the duration of their effective action, and the rate and ratio of nutrients.
Productivity and stability of foothill meadow species in the Balkan Mountains conditions
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2022) Georgieva, Natalia; Kosev, Valentin; Mitev, Dimitar; Stoycheva, Ina
The creation of grasslands with the participation of species of local origin, suitable for the climatic conditions of the region and with increased productivity and stability of yield is an important condition for ensuring sustainable or organic feed production. For ecological assessment of meadow species in the semi-mountainous regions of Balkan Mountains according to indicators and parameters related to productivity and stability, an experiment is carried out in the period 2011–2019 in the following variation: Festuca rubra L., Lolium perenne L., Dactylis glomerata L., Arrhenatherum elatius P.B., Festuca arundinacea Schreb., Briza maxima L., Trisetum flavescens L., Agrostis alba L. The experiment is performed by the block method, and the methods of regression, variance and nonparametric analysis are used to assess the stability. According to the values of most of the calculated stability parameters (bi, Si2, λi, σ2i, PP, W2, S⁽³⁾, S⁽⁶⁾, NP⁽¹⁾) Dactilis glomerata shows good ecological stability. Complex evaluation by GGE biplot analysis identifies Festuca rubra L. as a species that favourably combines high productivity with relative stability. Dactilis glomerata and French ryegrass are characte- rized by high stability and yield close to the average for the group. These species are suitable for growing in a wide range of environmental condi- tions.
Carcass characteristics and meat quality of broiler chickens fed dietary white and cayenne pepper powders as additives
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2022) Adegoke, Adeola; Sanwo, Kehinde; Egbeyale, Lawrence; Abatan, Munirat; Oluwasinmi, Modupe; Adebesin, Oluwaseun; Williams, Oluwaseun
A study was conducted to investigate the influence of dietary white pepper (wp) and cayenne pepper (cp) powders fed as additives on carcass characteristics and meat quality of broiler chickens. Fifty-six broiler chickens (two per replicate) were slaughtered (each close to average weight per replicate) from a total of 336 randomly allotted chickens given seven diets each apportioned to four replicates. Data obtained were subjected to a One-way Analysis of Variance with significant means separated at P <0.05. Results obtained reveal larger dressed and breast weights, as well as meat + skin:bone ratio was recorded among chickens fed addition of 200 g of cayenne pepper to the Control diet (C) (C+200cp). Notably, only chickens fed C+200wp and C+125wp+125cp diets had meat containing palmitoleic fatty acid; though the latter (1.28) had higher (P <0.05) linoleic than C+100wp+100cp (0.67). On the contrary, feeding C+125wp+125cp diet resulted in numerically least meat Index of Atherogenicity (IA) (0.49). Meat lipid cholesterol profile was preferred (P <0.05) in the meat of chickens fed C+200wp diet, though identical (P <0.05) to C+250wp diet. Feeding C+125wp+125cp diet resulted in a low (P <0.05) meat superoxide dismutase value (89.23). This study has shown that to gain a larger yield, C+200cp diet should be fed to chickens. Palmitoleic acid – a rare fatty acid occasionally consumed in Western diets was found only in the meat of chickens fed C+200wp and C+125wp+125cp diets, but for an overall balanced fatty acid profile - hazily depicted by Index of Atherogenicity, C+125wp+125cp diet is suggested as it indicates the impact of stress was minimized. Meat endogenous antioxidant profile reveals stress imposed on chickens in C+125wp+125cp group was lowered by antioxidant fed – a significance to poultry farmers.
Changes in the nitrogen compound transformation processes of typical chernozem depending on the tillage systems and fertilizers
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2022) Tsyuk, Oleksiy; Tkachenko, Mykola; Butenko, Andrii; Mishchenko, Yurii; Kondratiuk, Iryna; Litvinov, Dmytro; Tsiuk, Yuliia; Sleptsov, Yurii
The analysis of efficiency’s research of interrelation between soil’s biomass and tillage systems and fertilizers is done. The number of microorganisms responsible for the transformation of nitrogen compounds and their state in typical black soil was studied. There is evidence-based scientific and practical research on the effectiveness of these microbiological processes and the improvement of environmental performance through the various fertilizer systems and soil tillage. The use of an organic-mineral fertilizer system increases the total number of soil microorganisms and exponential mobilization processes, compared to the variant without fertilizers. This pattern is clear in the variants of shelf tillage for row crop rotation. The number of microorganisms that absorb mineral compounds of nitrogen decreased by 24%, bacteria ammonification by 1.5–5.7% compared to plough tillage. The ratio between the number of microorganisms accounted for the nutrient laboratory solutions for organic-mineral fertilizer system, compared to variants without fertilizers, is greater by 20–26% for differentiated and 14–35% for shallow tillage.
Relationship between Zn and Cd in soil and plant
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2022) Aljumaily, Mijbil Mohammad; Al-Hamandi, Hudhaifa Maan; Farhan, Mohammed Jarullah; Kareem, Hiba Abdullah; Hudhaifa Maan Al-Hamandi [0000-0002-9222-8517]
The relationship between Zn and Cd uptake by plants is somewhat controversial according to the lack of information about this subject. The objective of this study was to increase our scientific understanding of soil about plant factors controlling Zn and Cd bioavailability and uptake. This experiment was carried out in the winter season of 2019. It aimed to solve the mystery of the Zn and Cd relationship in soil and plant uptake. Five plant species were under observation (carrot – Daucus carota, radish – Raphanus sativus, wheat – Triticum aestivum L., lettuce – Lactuca sativa and bean – Vicia faba). Plants were planted in plastic pots containing 2 kg sandy loam soil with duplicate and exposure to six Zn:Cd ratios (1:0.5, 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1 and 5:1) with increasing elements molar ratio of Zn to Cd in soil. After 45 days, plants were harvested. Zn and Cd were determined in roots and shoots. Results showed, that at low molar ratios of Zn:Cd in soil, the relationship between these metals in soil is almost synergistic and both elements are accumulated easily in plant tissues, but at high molar ratios, the relationship between these metals is almost antagonistic where Cd be more competitive to Zn uptake by plants. It was concluded that the 2:1 Zn:Cd ratio in the soil is the border between synergistic and antagonistic relationships.

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