Publikatsioonid

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Sirvi

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Batch and fed-batch ethanol fermentation of cheese-whey powder with mixed cultures of different yeasts
(MDPI, 2019) Farkas, Csilla; Rezessy-Szabó, Judit M.; Gupta, Vijai Kumar; Bujna, Bujna; Pham, M. Pham; Pásztor-Huszár, Klára; Friedrich, László; Bhat, Rajeev; Thakur, Vijay Kumar; Nguyen, Quang D.; ERA Chair-VALORTECH. Estonian University of Life Sciences
Eight yeast strains of Lachancea thermotolerans, Kluyveromyces marxianus, and Kluyveromyces waltii have been tested for their ability to ferment lactose into ethanol in mashes containing 10% (w/v) cheese whey powder (CWP). The K. marxianus NCAIM Y00963 achieved 3.5% (v/v) ethanol concentration at 96–120 h of fermentation. The ethanol production by the selected lactose-positive strains and the well-known ethanologenic Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Levuline Fb) in mixed culture was also investigated at different CWP concentrations and inoculation techniques in batch mode. The mixed culture in an equal ratio (1:1) of cell counts of K. marxianus and S. serevisiae showed an increase in lactose conversion rate. The two yeast strains in a ratio of 3:1 (three-quarters of K. marxianus and a quarter of S. cerevisiae in a total of 4.5 × 1010 cells) resulted in 72.33% efficiency of lactose bioconversion and 7.6% (v/v) ethanol production at 17.5% (w/v) of CWP concentration. In the repeated inoculation process, with the addition of three-quarter part of 3:1 ratio of mixed culture (3.3 × 1010 cells of K. marxianus) into 150 mL CWP mash at initiation and the rest quarter part (1.2 × 1010 cells of S. cerevisiae) at 24 h, 8.86% (v/v) ethanol content with 87.5% efficiency of lactose conversion was reached. Both the ethanol concentration and efficiency of bioconversion were increased to 10.34% (v/v) and 92%, respectively, by combination with fed-batch fermentation technology. Our results can serve a very good basis for the development of industrial technology for the utilization of cheese whey.
Novel approaches to utilize agri-food wastes (by-products) for potential food industrial applications
(2019) Bhat, Rajeev; Jõudu, Ivi
Sustainable use of agri-food industrial wastes and by-products holds high promise for value addition. Going in-line with the global initiatives and the conspicuous concepts proposed by the WHO for food wastes, food security and food sustainability, it is worth exploring valorization of agriculture based wastes and by-products. Wastes and by-products are encountered along the entire agri-food supply chain and can ensue at the 'on farm' or 'off farm' levels (from farm up to the table). Besides, they also contribute to safe disposal issues and environmental pollution related stress. As per the recent FAO report, vegetable wastes have created a significantly higher 'carbon footprint' while fruit wastes occurs as the major 'blue water hotspot', primarily in the industrialized countries of Europe and Asia. Nevertheless, available reports indicated that these wastes/by-products to contain high amounts of bioactive compounds and functional phytonutrients. Further, to technically tap these wastes, novel biotechnological and food processing techniques needs to be adopted with a sustainable approach. As of today, considerable interest has been shown towards recovery, recycling and reuse of agri-wastes and by-products. The present paper aims to summarize the author's contributions towards supporting the 'zero waste concept' with minimal waste generation and maximal utilization of plant based agri-food raw materials. In this paper/presentation, main focus and discussions will be made on the research works undertaken on screening of vegetal wastes (fruits and vegetables), identifying the nutraceutical potential (micro- and macro-nutrients, bioactive compounds, therapeutic activities, etc), and the effective utilization of wastes/by-products in developing novel products for food industrial applications. Apart from presenting interesting results, it is aimed to highlight the existing gaps and future potential on valorization of agri-food wastes/by-products to provide a valuable market niche.
Progressing with the waste to wealth concept - novel approaches to utilize wastes (by-products) for potential food industrial applications
(2019) Bhat, Rajeev; Jõudu, Ivi
Sustainable food production and utilization of agri-food industrial wastes and by-products holds high promises for value addition. The present day need is going in-line with the global initiatives and the conspicuous concepts proposed by the WHO for waste minimization and valorization of agri-food wastes and by-products, to attain food security and food sustainability. Wastes and by-products are encountered along the entire agri-food supply chain and can ensue at the 'on farm' or 'off farm' levels (from farm up to the table). Besides, they also contribute to safe disposal issues and environmental pollution related stress. As per the recent FAO report vegetable wastes have created a significantly higher 'carbon footprint' while fruit wastes occurs as the major 'blue water hotspot', primarily in the industrialized countries of Europe and Asia. Nevertheless, reports available indicate that these wastes/by-products to encompass high amounts of bioactive compounds and functional phytonutrients. Further, to technically tap these wastes, novel biotechological and food processing techniques needs to be adopted with a sustainable approach. As of today, considerable interest has been shown towards recovery, recycling and reuse of agri-wastes and by-products. In this regard, globally, majority of the countries are moving forward to effectively utilize agri-food wastes for developing value added products like bio-ethanol, organic acids or organic compost. The present paper/presentation aims to provide details on various R&D activities being undertaken at EMU under the prestigious 'Valortech project' funded by the European Union's Horizon grants. In addition, author's contributions towards supporting the 'Zero Waste Concept' with minimal waste generation and utilization of plant based agri-food raw materials/by-products aimed to provide a valuable market niche will be discussed.
FOODBALT 2019 and NEEFOOD 2019 : Programm
(2019) FOODBALT
FOODBALT 2019 13th Baltic Conference on Food Science and Technology “FOOD. NUTRITION. WELL-BEING.” and NEEFOOD 2019 5th North and East European Congress on Food : Programm
Emerging issues and challenges in agri-food supply chain
(Academic Press/Elsevier, 2019) Bhat, Rajeev; Jõudu, Ivi; ERA Chair for Food (By-) Products Valorisation Technologies of the Estonian University of Life Sciences (VALORTECH). Estonian University of Life Sciences
Globalization and free trade policies coupled with consumers’ demand for safe and high quality foods have created pressure on various stakeholders (key players) attached within the agri-food supply chain. Influence, contributions and the role of socio-economic and environmental factors are huge to achieve a successful flow of supply chain. Globally, various techniques and conceptual models have been proposed to render agri-food supply chain to be effective and profitable. However, still there are several gaps and emerging challenges in the supply chain to achieve a fruitful sustainable food production. In this chapter, an attempt has been made to identify and highlight the present world scenario and challenges encountered along agri-food supply chain and future prospects.
Applications of lignin in the agri-food industry
(Springer, Cham, 2019) Bhat, Rajeev; Ahmad, Aziz; Jõudu, Ivi; ERA Chair for Food (By-) Products Valorisation Technologies. Estonian University of Life Science
Of late, valorization of agri-food industrial by-products and their sustainable utilization is gaining much contemplation world-over. Globally, 'Zero Waste Concept' is promoted with main emphasis laid towards generation of minimal wastes and maximal utilization of plantbased agri-food raw materials. One of the wastes/by-products in the agri-food industry are the lignin, which occurs as lignocellulosic biomass. This biomass is deliberated to be an environmental pollutant as they offer resistance to natural biodegradation. Safe disposal of this biomass is often considered a major challenge, especially in low-income countries. Hence, the application of modern technologies to effectively reduce these types of wastes and maximize their potential use/applications is vital in the present day scenario. Nevertheless, in some of the high-income countries, attempts have been made to efficiently utilize lignin as a source of fuel, as a raw material in the paper industry, as a filler material in biopolymer based packaging and for producing bioethanol. However, as of today, agri-food industrial applications remains significantly underexplored. Chemically, lignin is heterogeneous, bio-polymeric, polyphenolic compound, which is present naturally in plants, providing mechanical strength and rigidity. Reports are available wherein purified lignin is established to possess therapeutic values; and are rich in antioxidant, anti-microbial, anti-carcinogenic, antidiabetic properties, etc. This chapter is divided into four sub-categories focusing on various technological aspects related to isolation and characterization of lignin; established uses of lignin; proved bioactivities and therapeutic potentials of lignin, and finally on identifying the existing research gaps followed by future recommendations for potential use from agri-food industrial wastes.
ERA Chair for Food (By-) Products Valorisation Technologies of the Estonian University of Life Sciences (VALORTECH)
(2019) Jõudu, Ivi; Pääso, Piia; Bhat, Rajeev
To realise the full potential of the Estonian University of Life Sciences (EULS) in the development of advanced zero waste/maximum utilisation and valorisation technologies related to the food value chain (avalorisationnd adjacent value chains using by-products and derivatives of plant and animal origin), the new ERA Chair for Food (By)Products Valorisation Technologies (VALORTECH), an inter-unit entity will be established that brings together know-how and technological base from both Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences and Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences and has also linkages to EULS ´s other structural units.
Bioactives from agri-food wastes: present insights and future challenges
(MDPI, 2020) Ben-Othman, Sana; Jõudu, Ivi; Bhat, Rajeev; ERA Chair for Food (By-) Products Valorisation Technologies of the Estonian University of Life Sciences (VALORTECH). Estonian University of Life Sciences; Chair of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences. Estonian University of Life Science
Sustainable utilization of agri-food wastes and by-products for producing value-added products (for cosmetic, pharmaceutical or food industrial applications) provides an opportunity for earning additional income for the dependent industrial sector. Besides, effective valorisation of wastes/by-products can efficiently help in reducing environmental stress by decreasing unwarranted pollution. The major focus of this review is to provide comprehensive information on valorisation of agri-food wastes and by-products with focus laid on bioactive compounds and bioactivity. The review covers the bioactives identified from wastes and by-products of plants (fruits, exotic fruits, vegetables and seeds), animals (dairy and meat) and marine (fish, shellfish seaweeds) resources. Further, insights on the present status and future challenges of sustainably utilizing agri-food wastes/by-products for value addition will be highlighted.
Dietary fiber from underutilized plant resources—a positive approach for valorization of fruit and vegetable wastes
(MDPI, 2020) Hussain, Shehzad; Jõudu, Ivi; Bhat, Rajeev; ERA Chair for Food(By-) Products Valorisation Technologies (VALORTECH). Estonian University of Life Sciences; Chair of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences. Estonian University of Life Science
Agri-food industries generate enormous amounts of fruit and vegetable processing wastes, which opens up an important research area aimed towards minimizing and managing them effciently to support zero wastes and/or circular economy concept. These wastes remain underutilized owing to a lack of appropriate processing technologies vital for their effcient valorization, especially for recovery of health beneficial bioactives like dietary fibers. Dietary fiber finds wide applications in food and pharmaceutical industries and holds high promise as a potential food additive and/or as a functional food ingredient to meet the techno-functional purposes important for developing health-promoting value-added products. Based on this, the present review has been designed to support ‘zero waste’ and ‘waste to wealth’ concepts. In addition, the focus revolves around providing updated information on various sustainability challenges incurred towards valorization of fruit and vegetable wastes for extraction of health promoting dietary fibers.
Polyphenols and resveratrol from discarded leaf biomass of grapevine (Vitis sp.): Effect of cultivar and viticultural practices in Estonia
(MDPI, 2020) Rätsep, Reelika; Karp, Kadri; Maante-Kuljus, Mariana; Aluvee, Alar; Bhat, Rajeev; ERA Chair for Food (By-) Products Valorisation Technologies (Valortech). Estonian University of Life Sciences; Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. Polli Horticultural Research Centre; Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. Estonian University of Life Sciences
Grapevine leaves are a major by-product of viticulture practices derived from the leaf-removal from the fruit cluster zone in all vine growing regions. These leaves can be a valuable source of antioxidants to be used in pharmaceuticals or other health-related products. In this study, the leaves of grapevine cultivars were analysed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatograph-diode array detector () for the total polyphenols (TPC) and resveratrol a ected by cultivar, leaf-removal time and viticultural practice. The e ect of cultivar varied yearly, European grapevine cv. ‘Regent’ had increased TPC and resveratrol in comparison to ‘Boskoop’s Glory’, ‘Rondo’ and ‘Solaris’ in 2017, but ‘Solaris’ in 2018. TPC (1213–1841 mg 100 g-1) and resveratrol (1.061 mg 100 g-1) were higher in leaves of interspecific hybrid cvs. ‘Zilga’ and ‘Hasansky Sladky’ during full fruit ripeness. Cv. ‘Rondo’ grown under the polytunnel had decreased TPC in leaves. In conclusion, cultivar selection, viticultural practice and leaf-removal time contribute significantly to the accumulation of total polyphenols and resveratrol. Results of this study will contribute to better utilization of biomass produced in the vineyards, help to decrease the negative environmental impacts, and provide an overview on various factors a ecting the biochemical constituents, especially in leaves.
The Sorbus spp.—underutilised plants for foods and nutraceuticals: review on polyphenolic phytochemicals and antioxidant potential
(MDPI, 2020) Sarv, Viive; Venskutonis, Petras Rimantas; Bhat, Rajeev; ERA Chair for Food (By-) Products Valorisation Technologies of Estonian University of Life Sciences -VALORTECH. Estonian University of Life Sciences; Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. Polli Horticultural Research Centre
The Sorbus spp. are valuable plants, which have been used for ornamental purposes, in traditional medicines and less seldom in foods. Recent studies have revealed di erent anatomical parts of the Sorbus spp. to contain valuable phytochemicals demonstrating various bioactivities. However, in terms of applications in the products intended for human consumption, Sorbus still remains as an underutilised genus. The increasing number of studies on phytochemicals, antioxidant potential and other bioactivities of Sorbus extracts has revealed the prospects of expanding its use in natural medicines, cosmetics and as innovative food ingredients, which might find wider applications in functional foods and/or nutraceuticals. Ca eoylquinic acids, flavonoids and proanthocyanidins have been reported in various Sorbus spp. as the most abundant polyphenolic antioxidants. The preparations of various plant anatomical parts have been used in ethnopharmacology as natural remedy for treating bacterial, viral, inflammatory diseases including tumors. Sorbus spp. plant parts have also been tested for management of diabetes, neurological, and cardiovascular disorders. The present review is focused on Sorbus plants (in total 27 Sorbus spp.), their composition and properties in terms of developing promising ingredients for foods, nutraceutical, cosmeceutical and other applications. It is expected that this review will assist in designing further studies of rowans and other Sorbus spp. in order to expand their uses for various human applications.
Impact of weather conditions and farming systems on size distribution of starch granules and flour yield of winter wheat
(MDPI, 2020) Keres, Indrek; Alaru, Maarika; Talgre, Liina; Luik, Anne; Eremeev, Viacheslav; Sats, Andres; Jõudu, Ivi; Riisalu, Anu; Loit, Evelin; Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. Estonian University of Life Sciences; Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences. Estonian University of Life Sciences; ERA Chair for Food (By-) Products Valorisation Technologies of Estonian University of Life Sciences. Estonian University of Life Sciences
The size distribution of wheat-grain starch granules has an impact on the yield of fine flour. The aim of the study was to compare the impact of conventional (mineral fertilizers, pesticides) and organic farming treatments (cover crops, composted cattle manure) on (i) the size distribution of starch granules, (ii) the level of the first break whole and fine flour yield. The grain samples of winter wheat cv Fredis were taken from a long-term field crop rotation experiment established in 2008 at the Estonian University of Life Sciences in Tartu County (58 220 N, 26 400 E) on Stagnic Luvisol soil. The weather conditions during the grain filling period of winter wheat had a strong impact (p < 0.001) on the grain starch granule size distribution. The proportion of starch granules with a smaller diameter (C-type granules) was higher in years with a longer grain filling period. The size distribution of starch granules was not influenced by farming system. The increased proportion of C-type granules increased the fine flour yield significantly. Fertilisation with organic manure and twice with mineral nitrogen increased significantly the mean diameter value of different starch granules.
Review article: Current research trends in fruit and vegetables wastes and by-products management-Scope and opportunities in the Estonian context
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2020) Malenica, Dunja; Bhat, Rajeev; Estonian University of Life Sciences. Insitute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Siences
Globally on an annual scale, considerable amounts of fruit and vegetables wastes (FVW) are generated in the agri-food industrial sector. Costs insured for safe disposal of FVW remains uneconomical and they can pose a serious environmental hazard if left untreated. However, FVW have high potential for reuse, recycle and recovery, which is an indication that there are productive, sustainable and affordable ways of reducing and tackling them at the industrial levels. Recent years have seen progressive innovative research on FVW management strategies, which has been developed with an idea of reducing wastes and fully exploiting its potential. Further, FVW represents a potential source of valuable compounds and bioactive ingredients. Today, there are many proposed innovative approaches for handling the FVW. These include reintroducing sub-standard fruit and vegetables (small sized or misshaped fruit and vegetable) in the market, reusing FVW for soil amendments, composting, or as an animal feed, and much more. In addition, the extracted bioactive compounds from FVW and by-products can find wide applications as a natural additive in food, cosmetics and/or in pharmaceutical applications. Currently, novel cost effective strategies have been developed for effective valorisation of agri-food wastes and by-products. The field of FVW management is still limited, thus leaving a wide gap for new ideas, novelty and applications of more efficient green techniques for complete utilization of agri-food wastes and by-products. Some of the interesting aspects on wastes and by-products management are discussed in relevance to Europe and in Estonia.
Bioactive compounds of plum mango (Bouea macrophylla Griffith)
(Springer, Cham, 2020) Rajan, Nithiya Shanmuga; Bhat, Rajeev; ERA-Chair in Valortech. Estonian University of Life Sciences
The fruit of Bouea macrophylla referred as Plum mango or Gandaria is a popular seasonal fruit, which is widely consumed in the Malay subcontinent. There is ample of traditional knowledge available among the locals on the use of leaves, bark, fruits and seeds of this plant. However, very limited research information and scientific report is available on their composition, phytochemicals or on the bioactive compounds. In the present chapter, we have aimed towards comprehensively providing information on nutritional value, functional qualities, health promoting bioactive compounds and volatile constituents of this underutilized fruit.
Bovine colostrum whey: Postpartum changes of particle size distribution and immunoglobulin G concentration at different filtration pore sizes
(2020) Sats, A.; Kaart, T.; Poikalainen, V.; Aare, A.; Lepasalu, L.; Andreson, H.; Jõudu, I.; Chair of Food Science and Technology. Estonian University of Life Sciences; Animal Breeding and Biotechnology. Estonian University of Life Sciences; Food (By-)Products Valorisation Technologies of the Estonian University of Life Sciences (VALORTECH)
Bovine colostrum, as vital as it is for calves, is also a valuable source of functional components with rich health benefits for humans. Bovine colostrum whey consists of a large number of bioactive proteins and peptides. The most abundant of these is IgG. Particle size distribution (PSD) is an important feature of many of the processes in the dairy food industries. Despite this, scientific literature on PSD of colostrum whey is scarce. The goal of this research was to describe bovine colostrum whey PSD with an emphasis on postpartum milking time, filtration (pore size 450, 100, and 20 nm), IgG concentration, and lactation number. For this purpose, 4 postpartum milking colostrum samples were sequentially milked from 46 Holstein cows at 12 ± 1 h intervals. Colostrum whey was prepared by renneting and diluted (1:200) for PSD analyses by a Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS (Malvern Instruments Ltd., Malvern, UK). Immunoglobulin G concentration of these diluted colostrum whey samples were analyzed by an Octet K2 (Molecular Devices LLC, San Jose, CA) system. Linear mixed model analysis revealed significant effects of filter pore size, postpartum milking, and lactation on colostrum whey IgG concentrations. The percentage of particles in the size interval 5 to 15 nm (the hydrodynamic diameter of IgG is around 10 nm) had an intermediate positive correlation (r = 0.50) with IgG concentration. Furthermore, we showed that PSD was associated with IgG concentration, postpartum milking time, and lactation number. The PSD measurement results showed the mean hydrodynamic diameter of 100 nm pore size filtered colostrum whey to be around 10 nm. This, with the IgG concentration results, suggests that even though the size of IgG is around 10 nm, a 100 nm pore size is adequate for membrane-involved IgG separations. In terms of energy efficiency of the filtration process, the use of a larger filter pore size can make a remarkable difference, for example, in pressurizing and cooling costs. Our work contributes to the development of sustainable and widely available colostrum-derived food and feed supplements.
Valorization of food processing wastes and by-products for bioplastic production
(Elsevier, 2020) Jõgi, Katrin; Bhat, Rajeev; ERA Chair for Food (By-) Products Valorisation Technologies of the Estonian University of Life Sciences (VALORTECH). Estonian University of Life Sciences,
The global plastic production is reaching new altitudes every year. Growing production of petroleum-based plastics has incurred in disposal issues raising the concerns of plastic pollution and impact to the environment. These issues have encouraged innovation and research activities in the field of bioplastics, offering alternatives for conventional plastics. In recent years, global bioplastic production has also witnessed tremendous growth and expansion. Some of the main drivers of this growth are innovative biopolymers such as Polylactic acid (PLA) and Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). However, industrial expenses to produce bioplastics are much higher when compared to petroleum-derived plastics (e.g. industrial PHA production is estimated to be 5–10 times more expensive than petroleum-derived polymers). In this regard, globally many researchers have investigated for more environmentally friendly and cost-effective alternatives to produce plastics. One potential option to pursue would be to explore agri-food wastes and by-products for bioplastic production. This would not only reduce the volume of wastes and by-products, but also production costs incurred. This review paper provides an overview of bioplastics, including production methods and possibilities of industrial food waste valorization for bioplastic production.
Engineered Microbes for Pigment Production Using Waste Biomass
(Bentham Science Publishers, 2020) Usmani, Zeba; Sharma, Minaxi; Sudheer, Surya; Gupta, Vijai K.; Bhat, Rajeev; ERA Chair for Food (By-) Products Valorization Technologies-VALORTECH. Estonian University of Life Sciences
Agri-food waste biomass is the most abundant organic waste and has high valorisation potential for sustainable bioproducts development. These wastes are not only recyclable in nature but are also rich sources of bioactive carbohydrates, peptides, pigments, polyphenols, vitamins, natural antioxidants, etc. Bioconversion of agri-food waste to value-added products is very important towards zero waste and circular economy concepts. To reduce the environmental burden, food researchers are seeking strategies to utilize this waste for microbial pigments production and further biotechnological exploitation in functional foods or value-added products. Microbes are valuable sources for a range of bioactive molecules, including microbial pigments production through fermentation and/or utilisation of waste. Here, we have reviewed some of the recent advancements made in important bioengineering technologies to develop engineered microbial systems for enhanced pigments production using agrifood wastes biomass/by-products as substrates in a sustainable way.
Bioactive Compounds of Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.)
(Springer, Cham, 2020) Bhat, Rajeev; ERA Chair for Food (By-) Products Valorisation Technologies. Estonian University of Life Science
Rambutan, a widely popular tropical fruit encompasses rich amount of bioactive compounds. All parts of this plant (leaves, bark, root, fruits, fruit skin, pulp and seeds) finds traditional usage, and are linked with high therapeutic values. Rambutan fruits parts like that of peel, pulp and seeds have been scientifically investigated in-depth and is reported to encompass high amounts of bioactive compounds (such as polyphenol, flavonoid, alkaloid, essential mineral, dietary fiber). These compounds contribute towards antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic and anti-obesity activities. However, literature pertaining towards potential industrial applications (food, cosmetics, pharmaceutical) of rambutan fruits are limited. In the present chapter, it is intended to document some of the interesting research themes published on rambutan fruits, and identify the existing gaps to open up arena for future research work.
Quercetin: A bioactive compound imparting cardiovascular and neuroprotective benefits: Scope for exploring fresh produce, their wastes, and by-products
(MDPI, 2021) Bhat, Irshad Ul Haq; Bhat, Rajeev; ERA-Chair for Food (By-) Products Valorisation Technologies (VALORTECH). Estonian University of Life Sciences
Quercetin, a bioactive secondary metabolite, holds incredible importance in terms of bioactivities, which has been proved by in vivo and in vitro studies. The treatment of cardiovascular and neurological diseases by quercetin has been extensively investigated over the past decade. Quercetin is present naturally in appreciable amounts in fresh produce (fruits and vegetables). However, today, corresponding to the growing population and global demand for fresh fruits and vegetables, a paradigm shift and focus is laid towards exploring industrial food wastes and/or byproducts as a new resource to obtain bioactive compounds such as quercetin. Based on the available research reports over the last decade, quercetin has been suggested as a reliable therapeutic candidate for either treating or alleviating health issues, mainly those of cardiovascular and neurological diseases. In the present review, we have summarized some of the critical findings and hypotheses of quercetin from the available databases foreseeing its future use as a potential therapeutic agent to treat cardiovascular and neurological diseases. It is anticipated that this review will be a potential reference material for future research activities to be undertaken on quercetin obtained from fresh produce as well as their respective processing wastes/byproducts that rely on the circular concept.
Extraction of carotenoids from pumpkin peel and pulp: Comparison between innovative green extraction technologies (ultrasonic and microwave-assisted extractions using corn oil)
(MDPI, 2021) Sharma, Minaxi; Bhat, Rajeev; ERA-Chair for Food (By-) Products Valorisation Technologies (VALORTECH). Estonian University of Life Sciences
Natural pigments improve aesthetic value as well as antioxidant potential of a food product. This study was designed to determine the effects of green extraction techniques on carotenoids, polyphenols and antioxidant activities of pulp and peel of two varieties of pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima). Innovative green extractions (IGE; Ultrasound and Microwave-Assisted Extractions) synergised with corn oil (used as green solvent) were compared with conventional extraction (CE; hexane/isopropyl alcohol; 60:40, v/v). Results showed total carotenoids to be almost double on employing IGE (PM2-UAE-peel = 38.03 ± 4.21; PM4-UAE-peel = 33.78 ± 1.76 µg/g) when compared to conventional extraction (PM2-CE-peel = 19.21 ± 4.39; PM4-CE-peel = 16.21 ± 2.52 µg/g). Polyphenolic contents ranged between 510.69 ± 5.50 and 588.68 ± 7.26 mg GAE/100 g of extract in IGE, compared with conventional extracts (269.50 ± 2.17 to 318.46 ± 6.60 mg GAE/100 g) and percent inhibition of 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) ranging between 88.32 ± 1.51 and 93.53 ± 0.30% in IGE when compared with conventional extraction (50.61 ± 1.44 to 57.79 ± 2.09%). Further, oxidative stability of carotenoids extracts from IGE (protection factor = 1.59 ± 0.01 to 1.81 ± 0.05) were found to be significantly higher (p < 0.05) than conventional extracts. Based on results, this study supports the use of innovative green extraction techniques to obtain bioactive pigments like carotenoids. It is anticipated that results generated will find potential applications in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries

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