Agraarteadus : Journal of Agricultural Science

Selle valdkonna püsiv URIhttp://hdl.handle.net/10492/3590

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Nüüd näidatakse 1 - 20 155

Kartulimardika (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say) populatsiooni arvukuse prognoosi võimalikkus Eestis
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2017) Hiiesaar, Külli; Eremeev, Viacheslav; Williams, Ingrid H.; Estonian University of Life Sciences. Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences
On the basis of phenological observations and overwintering mortality data in 2015/2016 we tried to predict the population density of Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say) (CPB) for the following season. Because of the late and cool spring in 2015, the beetles started to emerge from the soil at the end of May and, because of the low temperatures, did not start to reproduce immediately. The first egg clutches did not appear until the end of June. The low density of larvae and beetles in mid-summer lead us to expect low damage for the whole season. However, very warm weather in August and September induced the beetles to lay eggs and the population density increased sharply. A lot of the summer beetles managed to terminate their development in time and to dig into the soil for overwintering. Consequently, we expected the beetles to be abundant the following spring. However, a short, snowless, very cold period in January when air temperature fell to –30 °C and soil temperature to –6.6 °C nullified this prediction as over 90% of overwintering beetles perished. In spring 2016, very few beetles were found on the field and the potato plants remained undamaged until the end of June. Then, due to south-east storms at the end of June, very large migrations occurred and, some weeks later, various development stages of CPB were very abundant in potato fields. Thus, none of our predictions came true. The main reason for this was our extremely unstable weather conditions during summer and the overwintering period and the unpredictable large migrations from southern regions.
Listeria monocytogenes'e levimus valmistoidus
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2017) Roasto, Mati; Meremäe, Kadrin; Kramarenko, Toomas; Mäesaar, Mihkel; Kuningas, Maiu; Estonian University of Life Sciences. Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences
RTE meat and fish products with a long shelf-life are associated with the high risk of transmission of L. monocytogenes to human. Also, soft and semi-soft cheeses are in focus according to potential contamination with L. monocytogenes bacteria. The aim of the study was to give an overview about the prevalence of L. monocytogenes in readyto-eat food products obtained at food business operator’s self-control and at official control level. It was found that the highest L. monocytogenes prevalence was in RTE fish products (11.6%), followed by fruit and vegetable based products (3.9%), mixed salads (2.2%), culinary products (2.0%), non-categorized RTE food products (1.4%), RTE meat products (0.9%) and meals from retail outlets (0.7%). L. monocytogenes was not found in food intended for infants and for medical purposes, and in gravy products. Generally, the prevalence of L. monocytogenes was low, except among RTE fish products, especially salted fish and fish products, smoked fish and cold-smoked fish products among which the prevalence of L. monocytogenes was 28.6%, 28.3% and 14.3%, respectively.
Assessment of chemical and sensory quality of unsalted and salted sweet cream butter during storage at different temperatures and time
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2017) Laikoja, Katrin; Teder, Liis; Jõudu, Ivi; Estonian University of Life Sciences. Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences. Chair of Food Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health; Estonian University of Life Sciences. Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences. Chair of Food Science and Technology
Quality of butter depends on many factors such as quality of raw material, production method, ingredients used, type of packaging. Chemical changes taking place during storage of final product are also important. Extent of oxidation and the amount of free fatty acids in Estonian butter have not been investigated recently in experimental studies and have been evaluated at national level only with regard to intervention buying-in. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the quality of salted and unsalted sweet cream butter produced in continuous butter machine and stored at different storage temperatures and time periods. Three batches of salted and unsalted sweet cream butter were prepared and were stored at three different temperatures: at –20 °C for 24 weeks, at +5 °C for 12 weeks, at +20 °C for 8 weeks. Dry matter and salt content, peroxide value, acid value and organoleptic properties were evaluated. No major differences were found when comparing acid values and peroxide values at different storage temperatures. There were no significant differences between salted and unsalted butter samples and no age trends for the values. At all storage temperatures, the level of acid value (maximum value 0.81 mmol 100 g-1 fat) was lower than the upper limit established for high-quality butter (1.2 mmol 100 g-1 fat). The peroxide value (maximum value 0.050 meq per kg fat) was also lower than the upper limit established for high-quality butter (0.3 meq kg-1 fat) at all storage temperatures. After eight weeks of storage the sensory characteristics of butter – appearance, taste and flavour – scored at least 4 points or higher on 5 point scale that corresponds to high-quality butter.
The effect of Silicon on the organically grown iceberg lettuce growth and quality
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2017) Olle, Margit
Si helps plants to mitigate with abiotic and biotic stresses because of Si-treated plants become stronger, sturdier and naturally more tolerant. The purpose of the investigations was to look the effect of Silicon on the iceberg lettuce growth and quality. There were two treatments: 1. stabilized silicic acid treatment; 2. control. The first spray, when 1 real leaf was present; the second spray was 2 weeks after spray 1; the third spray was 2 weeks after spray 2. First spray: 1 ml silicic acid was solved in 0.5 litre distilled water; second spray: 2 ml silicic acid was solved in 1 litre distilled water; third spray: 2 ml silicic acid was solved in 1 litre distilled water. pH of spray solution was 5,5. Control plants were untreated. Iceberg lettuce plants were taller and more bread in Si treatment compared to control. The content of NO3, N, P, and Ca was higher in Si-treated plants.
Lühiartikkel: PGF2α ja parenteraalselt manustatava tseftofuuri kasutamine poegimisjärgsete emakapõletike ravis lüpsilehmadel
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2017) Jeremejeva, Julia; Orro, Toomas; Kask, Kalle; Eesti Maaülikool. Veterinaarmeditsiini ja loomakasvatuse instituut
Present study was designed to get additional knowledge about treatment of postpartum (PP) clinical metritis (CM) and clinical endometritis (CE), using combination of systemic antibiotics with administration of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), to determine the optimal time of treatment, to study effect of this treatment on clinical, physiological and fertility parameters. Late pregnant dairy cows with diagnosed CM and CE were divided to the experimental and positive control groups and negative control groups were composed of healthy cows. Measurements of body temperature, examination of general health status and vaginal discharge, bacteriological and cytological examinations, determination of plasma or milk progesterone, measuring of acute phase proteins and data of fertility parameters were used for evaluation of treatment success. Using of combination of systemic administrations of ceftiofur with two injections of PGF2α at intervals of 8 h was compared with using of combination of intramuscular administration of ceftiofur with flunixin. Treatment of CE using systemic administrations of ceftiofur with two injections of PGF2α with an interval of 8 h in the early PP (5–10 day after calving) was compared with treatment in the late PP (30–35 day PP). The findings of the present study indicate that treatment of CM and CE using flunixin in addition to parenteral antibiotic did not improve clinical cure, inflammatory parameters or elimination of bacteria from the uterus. Regardless of more severe inflammation that was detected in animals from the group treated by parenteral administration of antibiotic with PGF2α they showed the same fertility parameters as healthy animals. Results of this study suggests that treatment of CE in the early PP period, using systemic administration of ceftiofur with two injections of PGF2α at an interval of 8 h, could be more preferable to using the same treatment in the late PP.
Ülevaade: Toidulisandid – kasulikud, kasutud või ohtlikud?
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2017) Püssa, Tõnu; Eesti Maaülikool. Veterinaarmeditsiini ja loomakasvatuse instituut. Toiduhügieeni ja rahvatervise õppetool
The world market of food (dietary) supplements is very broad and diverse, orientating in which is quite difficult even for experts. One part of the supplements are useful, another part potentially dangerous, and third part simply useless. In case of versatile diet a healthy human generally doesn't need to consume food additives, their use as concentrates of physiologically active substances must be careful and only according to recommendations of a physician. This paper is not an ordinary literature review. Due to very high number of different food supplements and respective literature, it is very difficult to write such an article. Our task was to provide, with the help of more pronounced examples, a review of the basic health hazards connected with consumption of food supplements.
Tetraploidse punase ristiku seemnepõllu rajamine kattevilja aluse külviga
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2017) Bender, Ants; Tamm, Sirje
In 2013–2014 field trials were organised in Estonian Crop Research Institute to comply with the applied project of the Estonian Ministry of Agriculture. In the establishment of a red clover seed production field 2 cover crops (barley and spring wheat) were investigated on 4 treatments and 4 seed rates (2, 4, 6 and 8 kg ha-1 ). Based on the field trials it can be concluded that both two-row barley (the variety 'Maali') and spring wheat (the variety 'Mooni') are suitable cover crops for the establishment of a red clover seed production field. For early red clover barley is more suitable as a cover crop. For the late red clover barley and spring wheat are equally suitable as cover crops. According to yield results of cover crop, red clover seed yield as well as economical calculations based on expenditures, reduction of recommended seed and nitrogen rate should be decrease to up to 1/3 in spring cereals cultivation. For tetraploid varieties of red clover we recommend to use 4–6 kg/ha (germination 100%) in the establishment of the red clover seed production field.
Establishment of in vitro propagation protocol of Gerbera jamesonii Bolus ex Hook f.: explant and media selection to plantlet acclimatization
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2017) Winarto, Budi; Prama Yufdy, Muhammad
Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii Bolus ex Hook f.) is an important ornamental plant commodity with high economical value in Indonesia; however, development of the plant in larger scale commercially is constrained by the availability of qualified-planting materials. Conventional propagation is clearly not suitable to overcome the problem and therefore in vitro propagation protocol is importantly addressed. In vitro propagation protocol of G. jamesonii was successfully established in the study. Different explants (shoot tips, young leaves, petioles and petals) were selected and cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basalt medium containing different plant growth regulators. Shoot tips and half-strength MS medium containing 1.5 mg l-1 thidiazuron (TDZ) and 0.25 mg l-1 N6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) were suitable explant and initiation medium for shoot formation with 75% explant regeneration and 5.5 shoots produced per explant. Shoots derived from selection stage were proliferated on half-strength MS medium supplemented with 0.25 mg l-1 BAP and resulting higher shoot regeneration up to 7.5 shoots produced per shoot with 22.8 leaves and 0.83 cm leaf length. Multiplication of shoots on the half-strength MS medium fortified by 0.25 mg l-1 BAP increased gradually from the first subculture till the fifth subculture with 9.1 shoots produced per shoot subcultured and reduced thereafter. Shoots were then rooted on half-strength MS medium augmented with 0.5 mg l-1 α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 1.5 g l-1 activated charcoal (AC) and produced 2.1 roots per shoot with 2.52 cm length of roots. Well-rooted shoots were acclimatized in a mixture of burned-rice husk and organic manure (1:1, v/v) with 95% survival rate and 114 plantlets grew well under this treatment.
Morphological lodge of desi cotton (gossypium arboreum l.) genotypes and stage-manage by planting log under dry tropical prospect
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2017) Jan, Karim; Waseem, Muhammad; Baloch, Dost Mohammad; Baloch, Abdul Hameed; Khan, Mustajab A.; Khan, Taimoor; Rashid, Muhammad; Ali, Qurban
Planting log is the most considerable factor which directly manipulates the plant traits under naturally prevailing environment. The aim of the trial was to ensure the influence of planting hiatus on the morphological cabin of Desi cotton (Gossypium arboreum L.) varieties under dry tropical coast. The research was carried out during 2016 on three desi cotton genotypes C1 (FDH-512), C2 (FDH-502), C3 (FDH-170) under three-fortnightsowing regimes (S1 = 15. March, S2 = 1. April and S3 = 15. April) at agronomy research area in the Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Science, Uthal, Lasbela, Pakistan. Momentous results were originated for different morphological traits according to the arid environments. Significant results were observed for traits i.e.; number of monopodial branches, number of sympodial branches, number of capsule per plant, number of seeds per capsule, number of locules per capsule, number of seeds per locules, weight of seed per capsule, seed colour, seed yield per plant, lint percentage, root shoot ratio (%), root depth (cm) for various sowing dates and desi cotton varieties. Results of the traits like i.e. the number of locules and per capsule, a number of seeds per locules was yielded completely nonsignificant outcomes both for the diverse sowing period and desi cotton genotypes. The interaction between the both factors was found to be nonsignificant in all traits. The correlation amongst cotton individual characteristics was observed, it was found that capsules per plant and lint percentage, monopodial branches per plant, root shoot ratio, root depth, seed weight per capsule and seed yield per plant were significantly and positively correlated. The seed yield and lint percentage was also significantly correlated, which showed that selection may be positive responsive in sense of lint percentage, monopodial branches, seed yield per plant, capsules per plant and seed weight per capsule to get a superior yield of cotton. Under the existing dry climatic condition, it was found that the finest planting window of 15. April for the desi cotton FDH-170 is most suitable for its cultivation.
Lihtsa krohmseene inokulaadi kasvatamine ning võrdlus kaubanduslike toodetega taimekasvu suurendamiseks
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2017) Vahter, Tanel; Nõges, Märt
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are obligate symbionts forming mutualistic relationships with most land-plants. In AM symbiosis, the plant supplies the fungal partner with products of photosynthesis and in return recieves various mineral nutrients from the soil. Because of complex interactions with both soil and plants, disturbance can dramatically decrease AMF activity in soils and in these circumstances, it could be usefull to restore AMF communities using inoculations. The use of AMF inoculants has so far been minimal due to the high cost and low availability of these products. In this study, the production of simple crude inocula was tested in trap cultures and the most suitable growth substrate nutrient content determined. The effectiveness of the produced inocula was compared with two commercially available inoculants. The results of this study indicate that the best substrate for inocula production in pot-cultures is pure sand with 5% natural soil. When using roots of plants grown in this manner as inoculants, the largest biomass and root-colonisation was achieved. As one of the commercial inoculants did not contain any mycorrhizal propagules at all, the need for quality control and establishment of industry standards is paramount. This study highlights the basics of using AM inoculations in home gardens and small- scale agriculture. The inoculation of large areas is still problematic because of low-yielding inoculant production, but could become highly perspective as methodology improves.
Ülevaade: Biokirme kui oluline tegur piima ja piimatoodete saastes termotolerantsete bakteritega
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2017) Elias, Priit; Songisepp, Epp; Veskioja, Andre; Rammul, Kadi
The primary source of thermoduric bacteria for contamination of milk and dairy products is raw milk. Contamination sources of raw milk are the surface of udder, milking-, cooling- and storage equipments. Inadequate cleaning and storage of milking equipment may cause formation of biofilm on the surfaces which are in contact with milk. Thermoduric bacteria are divided on the basis of their physiological characteristics from thermophilic, mesophilic and psychrophilic bacteria. Thermoduric bacteria in biofilm have favourable conditions for reproduction. Bacteria in biofilm are much more resistant to temperatures and chemicals used on cleaning of equipment. Characteristics of bacteria cells, the cell-surface properties and the properties of fluid suspending bacteria influenced binding of bacteria in biofilm formed on the surface of the equipment. Outgrowth of thermoduric bacteria and contamination of processed milk take place from biofilm formed on the surfaces of regeneration and cooling sections of pasteurizes and from biofilms formed on the surfaces of separators and buffer tanks, which were in contact with milk. Thermoduric bacteria in raw milk undergo the necessary heat treatment and after it, reproducing in biofilms which formed on the surfaces of equipment, they can turn now to the product. Thermoduric bacteria have often negative impact quality of dairy products.
Axillary shoots derived from shoot tips in in vitro mass propagation of Anoectochilus formosanus hayata
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2018) Winarto, Budi; Samijan
Axillary shoot proliferation in in vitro mass propagation of Anoectochilus formosanus was successfully established via selection of different explant types, accessions and culture media to plantlet acclimati-zation. In the initiation stage, shoot tips and Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 1.5 mg l-1 N6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 0.25 mg l-1 α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) were determined as high potential explant and medium for axillary shoot regeneration of A-1 and A-2 accessions of A. formosanus compared to others. High axillary shoots up to 7.0 shoots per explant with 1.0 cm shoot height and 9.8 leaves per explant derived from shoot tip explants of A-1 accession were signify-cantly induced and proliferated in MS medium supplemented with 1.25 mg l-1 BAP and 0.25 mg l-1 NAA. Higher root formation up to 2.4 roots per shoot and 1.0 cm root length of A-1 accession was easily prepared on Hyponex medium (2 g l-1 20N:20P:20K) containing 150 ml l-1 coconut water (CW). While high survival rate of acclimatized plantlets as high as 90.4 % was successfully done by planting them in plastic boxes containing a mixture of burned rice-husk and organic manure (1:1, v/v) after 2 months. In the study, it was also revealed that in in vitro culture of A-1 accession of A. formosanus showed higher response compared to A-2 accession in all in vitro culture stages. The successful established protocol expected can be applied for preparing high-quality planting materials for commercial purposes and developing new route of in vitro mass propagation for other species of A. formosanus.
Sõnniku mõjust maheviljeluslikult majandatavas külvikorras
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2018) Järvan, Malle
Organic agriculture is a production system which relies on ecological processes. In the organic farming systems, it is important to improve soil fertility and to protect soil physical condition for its healthy functioning. The benefit from organically cultivated crops is strongly related to the maintenance of soil fertility based to a great extent on the soil organic matter content. Farmyard manure is one of the more valuable organic fertilizers maintaining soil fertility in the systems of alternative agriculture. To investigate the influence of manure from several aspects, a field experiment was carried out on a sandy loam Luvisol. A five-year crop rotation (potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) → oat (Avena sativa L.) → spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) → red clover (Trifolium pretense L.)→ winter rye (Secale cereale L.) was organically managed without manure (Org I) and with manure (Org II) treatments. 8.3 t ha-1 of organic dry matter as straw-based cattle farmyard manure was ploughed into the soil for potato grown the next year. During a seven-year experimental period, no significant (p < 0.05) changes were found in the soil organic carbon content. For the Org I treatment, a significant decrease in potassium, copper and boron contents in the soil occurred. The application of manure counterbalanced the need for potassium, and significantly increased the contents of phosphorus and magnesium in the soil. Manure stimulated microbial life in the soil: the communities of cellulose-decomposing bacteria, nitrifying bacteria and total bacteria increased significantly. Under the influence of manure, the yields of potato, oat and barley increased by 52, 23 and 10%, respectively; this allowed us to gain an extra 30 GJ metabolizable energy during the crop rotation. In organic farming systems, the regular application of solid farmyard manure is recommendable for the maintaining and improving the status of available nutrients and microbial activities in the soil, and for the economic profitability.
Escherichia coli O157:H7 esinemine Eesti piimafarmides ja veiseliha tootmise ahelas aastatel 2005–2014
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2018) Kramarenko, Toomas; Meremäe, Kadrin; Sõgel, Jelena; Kuningas, Maiu; Vilem, Annika; Häkkinen, Liidia; Mäesaar, Mihkel; Elias, Terje; Roasto, Mati; Eesti Maaülikool. Veterinaarmeditsiini ja loomakasvatuse instituut. Toiduhügieeni ja rahvatervise õppetool; Veterinaar- ja toidulaboratoorium; Veterinaar- ja Toiduamet
Escherichia coli O157:H7 human infections are mostly associated with consumption of raw or undercooked beef and raw milk. Ruminants, especially cattle are the main reservoir of the pathogen. The main aim of the present study was to evaluate the occurrence of E. coli O157:H7 in cattle dairy farm and beef production level in Estonia. It was found that E. coli O157:H7 is present at both dairy farm and slaughterhouse level. The occurrence of the pathogen at Estonian dairy farm level was 1.2% from 1312 cattle's sampled. At slaughterhouse level 744 hide swabs were taken from which 30 (4.0%) were positive to E. coli O157:H7. Both stx1 and stx2 genes were determined from isolates and often the combination of both genes was found to be present. Minimal inhibitory concentration was determined for 30 E. coli O157:H7 isolates which revealed 26.7% of multiresistance isolates. In 2009–2010 in total of 188 beef samples were analysed, which all were negative for O157:H7.
Comparative assessment of selected heavy metal load in three tilapiine species inhabiting Osinmo Reservoir, Southwestern, Nigeria
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2018) Olofinko, Ayomide Omolara; Adewole, Henry Adefisayo; Olaleye, Victor Folorunso
The levels of selected heavy metal in the water and fillets of Tilapia zillii Gervais, Sarotherodon galilaeus Trewavas and Oreochromis niloticus Lineaus in Osinmo Reservoir were assessed and compared with established regulatory limits of WHO and FEPA with a view to providing information on the water and the fish fillet heavy metal load as well as the fillet bio-accumulative potential as a likely indicator for human fish consumption safety. Water samples and fish specimens were collected monthly from Osinmo Reservoir, Ejigbo, Southwestern, Nigeria for a period of 6 months. The descaled-dried fish fillet and water samples were digested and analysed for lead, chromium, iron, zinc and cadmium using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (A.A.S.). The data obtained were subjected to descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS 21. The results showed that zinc concentration which was the highest in the water samples and ranged between 144 μg l-1 and 288 μg l-1 was also the highest in the fillets of all the cichlid species. However, the concentrations were within the mandatory regulatory limits. The result of the study also revealed significant differences (P < 0.05) in heavy metal loads of the fish fillets between the cichlid fish species from Osinmo Reservoir. Irrespective of the month of sampling, the heavy metal levels in fish fillets samples were found to increase in the order: O. niloticus > T. zillii > S. galilaeus. However, the levels of lead (11.00–26.00 μg l-1 and 15.00–31.00 μgL-1) and cadmium (6.33–13.00 μg l-1 and 2.33–12.33 μg l-1) which was the least in both water and fish fillet respectively, were above the recommended regulatory acceptable limit of WHO and FEPA. The study concluded that the elevated levels of lead and cadmium in the water and the fish fillet samples assayed indicated that the two elements negatively impacted the fish fillet quality, thereby raising human health consumption safety issues.
Kaera lisasöötmise mõju rohusöödarikaste ratsioonide kasutamisel uttede toitumusele, jõudlusele ning vere glükoosi ja β-hüdroksübutüraadi sisaldusele mahefarmides
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2018) Piirsalu, Peep; Kaart, Tanel; Samarütel, Jaak; Tölp, Silvi; Ilves, Aire; Jaakson, Hanno; Nutt, Irje; Eesti Maaülikool. Veterinaarmeditsiini ja loomakasvatuse instituut. Söötmisteaduse õppetool; Eesti Maaülikool. Veterinaarmeditsiini ja loomakasvatuse instituut. Tõuaretuse ja biotehnoloogia õppetool
The aim of this study was to estimate the feeding strategies of pregnant and lactating ewes fed only silage/hay or supplemented with concentrates (oat) on the ewe body condition score (BCS), production of ewes (lambs born per ewe lambed (LB), lambs born alive per ewe lambed (LBA), lambs born dead per ewe lambed (LBD), lamb birth weight (LBW), lamb 100 day weight (L100DW)) and ewe blood glycose and β-hydroxy-butyrate (BHB) concentrations. The Estonian White Face and Texel ewes (107 ewes) were divided into two similar groups: the experimental group (59 ewes) and control group (48 ewes). For 45–60 days before lambing (from 90th–105th day of gestation) the experimental ewes were fed in addition to forage feeds (silage, hay or pasture grass) 0.22 kg of organic oat per day (totally 10 kg in gestation period) and 0.3 kg of oat during suckling period (totally 13.5 kg per ewe). The control group of ewes were fed only with forage-based rations (silage, hay, pasture grass) without cereals. Ewe BCS was assessed before mating, on 130–140 day of pregnancy, after lambing (following 7th–10th day), during the 2nd suckling months (45–60 suckling day) and at weaning of lambs by two observers during the whole study. It was concluded that additional feeding of minimal amount of oats increased the ewes BCS in the experimental group at 130–140 day of pregnancy (BCS was respectively 3.36 and 2.97, p < 0.001) and on the 45–60th suckling day (BCS respectively 2.84 and 2.52, p < 0.001) compared with control ewes, but did not affect BCS of ewes at the end of the experiment (at weaning). Production traits (LBA, LBW, L100DW) nor ewes blood glycose and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentrations at the 130–140 days of pregnancy and 7–10 days after lambing were not affected by supplementation of oat to ewes' diet.
Ülevaade: kahkjad ehk näivleetunud mullad Eestimaa muldkattes
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2018) Kõlli, Raimo; Tõnutare, Tõnu; Kõlli, Tarmo; Eesti Maaülikool. Põllumajandus- ja keskkonnainstituut. Mullateaduse õppetool
In actual review the main morphological properties of the Pseudopodzolic soils and the principles of their dividing into soil species (identified by soil genesis) and varieties (divided on the basis of soil texture) are treated. The compiling of actual review is caused by the fact that Pseudopodzolic soil was elected by the Estonian Soil Science Society for Estonian year 2018 soil. In the introductory part the special attention is paid to the problems connected with naming of these soils. Although the soil introducing is done after Estonian Soil Classification principles, for characterization of soil properties and functioning the qualifiers of WRB are largely used in it. In the work the two layers of soil (1) the soil humus cover (pro humus form) or humipedon and (2) soil cover or solum as a whole are treated separately. The data on soil properties are presented separately as well for arable and forest soils giving their comparative analysis and dealing with the changes in soil properties in connection with land use change. Substantial part of the work is consecrated (1) to the soil plant cover and to the Enchytraeidae living in forest soils' humipedon, (2) to the soil productivity and peculiarities of their usage in agriculture and forestry, and (3) to the distribution of Pseudopodzolic soils in Estonian soil cover and to the association of Pseudopodzolic soils with other soil species.
Ülevaade: Eesti mullastiku seisundi uurimused, mullaseire suunad ja võimalused seire tõhustamiseks
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2018) Kõlli, Raimo; Tõnutare, Tõnu; Eiber, Laura; Eesti Maaülikool. Põllumajandus- ja keskkonnainstituut. Mullateaduse õppetool
In the introductory part a short retrospect to the soil survey proceeded in Estonia since fifties of previous century is given. As a result of this survey the large scale (1:10,000) digitized soil map for the whole Estonian territory with soil contours (soil mapping units) related soil species databases was compiled. For valuable legacy data of this survey, which was conducted by the state financed institution Estonian Agri-project, are soil varieties models (totally 50 models of arable and 27 models of forest soils) with statistically elaborated soils' morphometric and physical-chemical properties in relation to all presented in soil profile (in pedon) diagnostic horizons. The main deliberation of the work is connected with methodology of soil monitoring and with the problem – how to integrate the received from soil monitoring data with capacious databases received during soil survey and scientific researches. In the study the following topics are discussed in connection with soil moni-toring: methodological problems, used laboratory analyses, possibilities for intensification of soil monitoring and discovered shortcomings in fulfilling of monitoring programme. The most developed direction of Estonian soil monitoring is the monitoring of soils' pollution (contamination) and degradation. Starting from the need of revision and improvement of state soil monitoring programme it is recommended to start monitoring (1) of the processes proceeded in the humus covers (pro humus forms) of natural soils and (2) of the soil type-specific biological diversity of key (or model) soils. It is emphasised the urgent need of realizing such essential tasks as (1) to arrange the integration of newly received monitoring results into the existing soil databases, (2) to do the critical review of published works on soil monitoring with compiling their systematic reference list, and (3) to compile the registers about soil monitoring areas location and about key soil species.
Scab infection management on apple leaves in Western Balkans
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2018) Rexhepi, Edmond; Paçe, Harallamb; Vrapi, Hekuran; Hasani, Arbenita; Kokthi, Elena
The disease of apple scab caused by the pathogen of Venturia inaequalis is a nonstop issue to the apple cultivators. The infection requires prompt and persistent treatment so as to control the infection. Today there are a few integrated pest management products (IPM) and programs for the treatment of apple scab with various application time. The aim of this study was to identify the optimal application time frame and consolidating it with few treatment programs for dealing with the apple scab disease. For this purpose, were made eight treatment programs comprising several chemical products and were realized in three distinctive treatment periods within the same season. The research is performed amid three years 2015–2017 in one experimental orchard. The formation of the experiment is two factorial randomized block with four replications. The disease infection level was evaluated on 2400 leaves from 98 apple trees. Based on analysed disease index (DI) the treatment programs and periods were compared with each other to conclude with the best combination of fungicides and application period for scab disease management on infected leaves.
Päriliku skreipiresistentsuse dünaamika Eesti lambatõugudel
(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2018) Sild, Erkki; Värv, Sirje; Viinalass, Haldja; Eesti Maaülikool. Veterinaarmeditsiini ja loomakasvatuse instituut. Tõuaretuse ja biotehnoloogia õppetool
A total of 2,411 sheep from the Estonian Whitehead (N = 1301) and Estonian Blackhead (N = 1110) breeds were genotyped for markers of scrapie risk in the period 2005–2017. Sanger sequencing was used to identify nucleotide substitutions in the PRNP gene at codons 136, 141, 154 and 171 to determine corresponding amino acids in prion protein. Sheep were divided into 13 groups according to their birth year to assess the temporal changes on the genetic profile of the studied population. Seven different alleles and 16 different genotypes (12 for Estonian Blackhead and 16 for Estonian Whitehead) were identified. In the birth year group 2007 (two years after the introduction of a scrapie eradication programme) a statistically significant change in the allele ALRR frequencies was found. The selective breeding for allele ALRR (the scrapie resistant marker) increased in frequency from 0.40 to 0.70 during the period 2006–2017. Significant declines in allele frequencies ALRQ (0.40–0.20) and ALRH (0.13–0.03) were found. The frequency of the most susceptible to scrapie allele (VLRQ) was low (< 0.03), and the decrease of the frequency during the program was insignificant. Both sheep breeds showed statistically significant changes in allele, genotype and risk group frequencies between the birth year groups before the introduction of the scrapie eradication programme and at its end. The effect on genetic profile in terms of changed allele frequencies was statistically more significant in the Estonian Whitehead sheep (p < 0.001) than in the Estonian Blackhead sheep (p < 0.05).

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