Sirvi Autor "Viltrop, Arvo (juhendaja)" järgi

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Animal species scavenging on wild boar carcasses on island Hiiumaa (Estonia)
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2021) Häkkä, Susanna Suvi Siviä; Viltrop, Arvo (juhendaja)
Understanding the importance of wildlife in disease distribution dynamics has increased. Wildlife is a significant source of infections for livestock, companion animals and even for humans. Among wildlife, there are several modes of disease transmission, one being through scavenging. Scavenging behaviour is very common among vertebrates in both avian and mammalian species and it is an important part of ecosystem. Scavenging is not only beneficial, but it can also pose a health risk by ingesting pathogens and toxic by-products of microbial metabolism. Potential role of scavenging in disease transmission has been studied marginally. Wild boar is a facultative scavenger. There has been a steep increase in the wild boar population in Europe. Wild boar has been noted being an important host of agents of some diseases such as African swine fever, bovine tuberculosis, tularaemia, and brucellosis. Differences in scavenging behaviour of wild boar has been noted around Europe: in some areas, cannibalism has been detected whereas in other areas only interspecies scavenging in wild boar has been shown. The general objective of this study was to describe scavenging behaviour of wildlife on wild boar carcasses in Hiiumaa (Estonia). Specific aims were to find out, which animal species are in contact with or scavenge wild boar carcasses and to investigate if intraspecies scavenging occurs among wild boar in Hiiumaa. With help of camera traps 17 vertebrate species were identified in proximity of wild boar carcasses placed in the forest, out of which 11 were in direct contact with the carcass. Common raven (Corvus corax), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides), and wild boar (Sus scrofa) were the four most common species in contact. There were no clear signs of cannibalism among wild boar observed in this study.
Collection of oral fluid samples from wild boar in the field conditions to detect African swine fever virus (ASFV)
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2018) Männistö, Hanna Eveliina; Viltrop, Arvo (juhendaja); Veterinaarse bio- ja populatsioonimeditsiin
African swine fever (ASF) is a contagious viral disease that causes a lethal, hemorrhagic fever in domestic pigs and wild boar. The virus has been circulating in Eastern European Union countries since 2014. The aims of the study were to investigate the practical feasibility of non-invasive ropein-a-bait (pSWAB) oral fluid sampling method for collection of oral fluid samples from wild boar in field conditions, and its suitability for detection of African swine fever virus (ASFV) infection in wild boar population in infected area. The study was conducted in five different feeding grounds in County of Tartu, Estonia. Oral fluid samples were collected with two different pSWABs, loose and fixed baits. Samples were examined in Estonian Veterinary and Food Laboratory for wild boar specific deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ASFV DNA by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). 24 loose bait samples (13%) were obtained out of 183 exposed baits. With fixed baits, 17 samples were obtained with 11 baits. All the fixed bait samples and 71% of the loose bait samples were positive to wild boar DNA. In addition, all the samples were negative to ASFV DNA. Oral fluid sampling with pSWABs is possible, but it is laboriuous and therefore not very practical. In the present study, no ASFV was detected in wild boar, although the virus was circulating in the wild boar population in the immediate vicinity during the period when the study was conducted. More studies are needed to investigate if pSWABs could be used in field to detect other infectious diseases.
Effect of Finnish sauna to equine muscle tone based on MyotonPRO measurements
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2018) Vesterinen, Maija Talvikki; Herm, Reet (juhendaja); Viltrop, Arvo (juhendaja); Kliiniline veterinaarmeditsiin
Sauna bathing is a popular and familiar habit among humans. Some horse trainers take sport horses to sauna because it is believed to speed up post-training recovery. Sauna bathing within horses has not been studied before. The aim of this study was to see whether sauna bathing has effects on horses’ muscle tone and stiffness. Temperature in sauna was 50 to 60 °C and relative humidity 80 to 100 % and horses spent there approximately 42 minutes in two phases. A myotonometric device called MyotonPRO was used to measure 3 different muscles during and after sauna bathing. Results were statistically analyzed and compared with control group. Sauna effect to muscle tone or stiffness was not detected during this study. It was found that test group had lower tone and stiffness in longis thoracis compared with control group. Sauna bathing caused tachycardia and tachypnoea in all test horses, but its meaning would need further research. Hematological and biochemical profiles would need further research.
Intensiivistatud küttimise efektiivsus metssea arvukuse vähendamisel sigade Aafrika katku tingimustes
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2024) Rannaäär, Kristjan; Viltrop, Arvo (juhendaja)
Metssigade arvukus on maailmas viimastel aastakümnetel järsult kasvanud. Selle põhjuseks peetakse soodsaid ilmastikutingimusi, metssea suurt järglaste arvu ja kerget toidu kättesaadavust. Metssigade arvukuse kontrolli all hoidmisega tegelevad peamiselt jahimehed. Euroopas on jahimeeste koguarvu langustrendis, kuid kütitud metssigade arv viimastel aastatel suurenenud. Eestis kasutatakse metssigade arvukuse hindamiseks talviseid jäljeradasid, roojahunnikuid, tuhnismislaike, liikluses hukkunuid isendite arvu, vaatlus- ja küttimistulemusi. Ulukite suur asustustihedus võib põhjustada nendega seotud liiklusõnnetusi, kahjustada põllukultuure ja soodustada haiguste levikut. Viimasel kümnendil on metssigadel haiguspuhanguid põhjustanud sigade Aafrika katk. Tegemist on väga surmava viirushaigusega. Viiruse tõttu hukkunud sigade korjused on haiguse pikaajaliseks reservuaariks. Metssigade kaudu võib haigus levida ka kodusigadele ja põhjustada majanduslikku kahju põllumajandussektorile. Seetõttu on rahvusvahelised organisatsioonid viiruse tõrjumisemiseks välja töötanud asjakohased strateegiad ja meetmed. Eesti diagnoositi haigus esmakordselt 2014. aastal ning tänaseks on haiguse ohjamiseks ja nakkuste leviku vähendamiseks rakendatud mitmeid tõrjemeetmeid. Üheks rakendatavaks meetmeks on metssigade arvukuse vähendamine Mitmetes Euroopa riikides on peamiseks ulukite arvukuse vähendamise meetodiks jahipidamine. Metssea kasvava populatsiooni stabiliseerimiseks oleks vajalik rakendada intensiivistatud jahipidamist ja küttida vähemalt 65% loomade koguarvust. Intensiivne küttimine võib põhjustada populatsiooni kompensatsiooni reaktsioon ja haiguse laialdasema leviku. Kuna küttimine väheneb loomade arvukust, mis omakorda vähendab liigisisest konkurentsi ning seeläbi suurendab ka sööda kättesaadavust. Selle tagajärjel suurenevad emiste pesakonnad ning noorloomad kasvavad kiiremini ja saavutavad varem suguküpsuse. Lisaks võib igasugune inimtegevus nakatunud alal põhjustada suurenenud loomade liikumise ja haiguse kandumise taudivabasse piirkonda. Seetõttu on oluline erinevaid meetodeid analüüsida ja neid omavahel kombineerida.
Meat inspection findings indicating necrobacillosis in Finnish reindeer during 2004- 2016
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2018) Põder, Aino Katariina; Laaksonen, Sauli (juhendaja); Viltrop, Arvo (juhendaja); Veterinaarse bio- ja populatsioonimeditsiin
Necrobacillosis is an important and common disease of reindeer that hasn’t been studied profoundly in Finland before. It used to occur as a foot form called “slubbo” in the past, but nowadays the gastrointestinal form causing abscesses and inflammation in the mouth and inner organs is more common and often leads to death or condemnation of the carcass or parts of it. In this study, the case of inflammation indicating necrobacillosis (IIN) is classified a registered case of abscess, peritonitis, pleuritis or pneumonia that has caused the condemnation of the whole or parts of the carcass. The meat inspection data originated from official meat inspection documents from the years 2004-2016 made by veterinarians from all the approved reindeer abattoirs of Finland. This data was analyzed using Excel 2016 and STATA 14.0 to study frequency of IIN-s. The incidence rate ratios were calculated to compare the frequencies in different areas and years. The average frequency of IIN-s in slaughter batches in the whole in Finnish reindeer herding area was 3.5% during 2004-2016. The risk for IIN is higher in the Southern areas. There wasn’t clear association between weather conditions and occurrence of IIN. Still, summers preceding high risk years were warmer than the average of study period. This was the first attempt to study the occurrence of necrobacillosis in Finland and showed that this disease syndrome needs further investigation and research.
Metssigade arvukuse ja metssearühmade kodupiirkondade kattuvuse määratlemise võimalustest rajakaamerate abil
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2017) Rämmann, Krista; Viltrop, Arvo (juhendaja); Männil, Peep (juhendaja); Zooloogia
Käesoleva töö eesmärk on analüüsida ühele jahimaale süsteemselt paigutatud rajakaamerate jäädvustusi, püüda hinnata metssigade arvukust enne sigimisperioodi algust ning hinnata rajakaamerate jäädvustuste alusel, kui sageli erinevad metssearühmad külastavad samu söötmisplatse, mis ühtlasi näitab, mil määral nende kodupiirkonnad kattuvad. Katse teostamiseks paigaldati ajavahemikus 27.09.2015–17.04.2016 üheksale Järvamaal Lõõla jahipiirkonnas asuvale söödaplatsile rajakaamerad. Kasutades rajakaamera jäädvustusi, loendati igal vaatluse päeval söödaplatse külastanud metssead ning lähtudes metssigade arvust rühmas ja rühma vanuselisest struktuurist, identifitseeriti söötmispaiku külastanud metssigade rühmad. Fikseeriti rühma platsile saabumise ja sealt lahkumise kellaaeg ning selle alusel leiti rühma platsil viibimise aeg. Leiti söödaplatsi külastamise absoluutne sagedus ja erinevate rühmade arv, kes söödaplatsi külastasid ööpäevas ja vaatlusperioodi vältel. Tulemustest selgus, et metssigade kevadine arvukus Lõõla jahtkonna vaadeldaval alal oli vähemalt 81 isendit. Söödaplatse külastati kokku 95 ööpäeval ja keskmiselt külastas ööpäevas söödaplatse 1,3 rühma. Käesoleva töö käigus selgus, et erinevad metssearühmad kasutavad samu söödaplatse ning seetõttu nende kodupiirkonnad kattuvad.
Practice perspective on veterinary services in Estonia, Norway and Sweden - a pilot study
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2020) Raunio, Lotta; Hakulin, Kajsa (juhendaja); Viltrop, Arvo (juhendaja)
Comparative studies on organisation of veterinary services are scarce. Aim of this thesis was to gather practicing veterinarians’ perspective on organisation of veterinary services in Estonia, Norway and Sweden and to evaluate survey as a study method of the subject. First part of the thesis offers background information of veterinary services in the study countries. Information for review was collected from multiple sources including statistics, interviews and national institutions. The study survey included questions on respondents’ working environment, functionality of practice services and on customer prices. Survey was delivered via social media and altogether it was completed by 54 respondents. Main findings of the survey were, that practitioners in Norway and Sweden were satisfied to on call veterinary services (first aid), but majority of Estonian respondents thought that these services are too few in their country. Customer prices of veterinary practice were lowest in Estonia and highest in Sweden, but if compared to average citizen salaries, the results were closely even. Results from Norway were reflecting price levels in the countryside. The conducted survey could serve as a basis for bigger study with some modifications.
Prevalence and age structure of African swine fever survivor animals in the wild boar population during the epidemic in Estonia
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2020) Cerbule, Anna Regina; Viltrop, Arvo (juhendaja)
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly lethal disease of suids. It was introduced into Georgia in 2007, and since then it has developed into an unprecedented and unresolved epidemic in Eastern Europe and Asia. The aim of this study was to describe the dynamics of the ASF epidemic in the wild boar population in Estonia, with emphasis on seropositive animals. This was achieved by analysing the surveillance data collected by the Estonian Veterinary and Food Board. The dynamics of seroprevalence were compared in different age classes. At the start of the epidemic, the average seroprevalence was higher in young wild boar, while in later phases, it was higher in older age classes. This was found to be statistically significant in most cases. Factors that potentially have an effect on these dynamics were identified by performing statistical analysis. The hypothesis was that the increased seroprevalence among young wild boar is related to the presence of virus-positive animals in the region. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between the number of virus-positive animals and young seropositive animals. The hypothesis was confirmed with univariable analysis. The duration of the ASF epidemic in Estonia was estimated by determining the time period of observation of virus-positive and seropositive animals in different age classes on a county level. It may be suggested that the duration of the ASF epidemic in Estonia was at maximum 18 calendar quarters (approximately 54 months), starting from the time of entrance of the infection into the territory of a county. After the 18th calendar quarter, no virus-positive animals or young seropositive animals were detected in any county that would indicate the circulation of the virus in the population.
Rabies preparedness in Finland - Literature review and evaluation of recent improvement activities
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2020) Väyrynen, Silja; Viltrop, Arvo (juhendaja)
Rabies is zoonotic disease with global health significance causing more than 60,000 human deaths every year. Even though rabies is nearly always fatal after clinical symptoms, it is also 100% preventable with already existing resources, such as increasing awareness, vaccinating dogs, managing populations and administering post-exposure prophylaxis. Rabies has three different ecological appearance; sylvatic, urban and bat rabies. In developing countries, the role of urban, dog-mediated rabies is still significant. Vaccination programmes and control of stray dogs have reduced importance of urban rabies in developed countries and directed focus towards sylvatic rabies and wildlife reservoirs. Finland has been free of rabies since 1992, but pressure for disease re-introduction exists. Biggest risk for good animal diseases status in Finland is believed to be international animal movements, especially the trend to adopt street dogs from countries where rabies might be endemic. Stakeholders in rabies preparedness are operating under different policies and acts. Policy field is important to clarify in order to specify what limitations and challenges the disease surveillance and prevention system faces, to understand how the field is operating under these circumstances, and to know, who is responsible of which actions of field. The aim of this study was to analyse the impact and relevance of the OH-SMART Rabies workshop held in 2018 in Finland, and to find out how different stakeholders within the Finnish rabies preparedness system have implemented the action plans developed in the workshop. The study was conducted with mixed qualitative and quantitative research approach by online questionnaire and semi-structured interviews as a data collection method. Qualitative data was analysed by inductive coding and quantitative data by hand to develop descriptive statistics. Study showed, that the most significant output of the workshop was interpersonal networking of stakeholders and changing and sharing thoughts and ideas. Most of the responders regarded participation in the workshop being beneficial for them. According to study results, biggest challenge in this kind of processes was implementing the strategies. Another common challenge was the lack of time. There is a need for coordination and support afterwards to ensure implementing measures, so that moving forward with action plans is ideally not left solely to participants own interest and motivation. In addition, there seems to be a need of spreading awareness of One Health among other professions to get them more involved.
Sensitivity of African swine fever surveillance system for wild boar in Estonia
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2022) Breukers, Eveliina Anni Maria; Viltrop, Arvo (juhendaja)
African swine fever is a viral disease of domestic pigs and wild boar, causing huge economic losses in pig industry. The main aim of the study was to investigate the sensitivity of African swine fever surveillance system implemented for wild boar in Estonia on county level, based on ASF surveillance data from Estonian Veterinary and Food Authority. More specifically, the study wanted to assess if the number of sampled wild boar is sufficient to detect ASF in counties, where ASF positive animals have not been detected and what is the confidence of disease freedom in counties where ASF positive cases have not been detected over longer time periods. The data was analysed from 15 Estonian counties from 2018 to 2021. In total 26 449 wild boar samples were analysed. The data was analysed in EpiTools by using “Simple riskbased surveillance - calculation of surveillance sensitivity” calculator to calculate the surveillance system sensitivity on single county level for every year of the study period and then “Confidence of population freedom for multiple time periods” calculator was used to calculate the confidence of freedom for single and multiple time periods in every county using the outputs from sensitivity analysis. The results indicated that 64.8% of the time periods, the surveillance sensitivity reached the sufficient level (>95%). Simple cumulative confidence of freedom was sufficient (>95%) for 75.9% of the time periods and reached >95% by the end of the whole observation period for all counties, whereas equilibrium cumulative confidence of freedom, which is dependent on probability of introduction (set at 10%), didn’t reach sufficient level in any time period being 90% at maximum.

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