Sirvi Autor "Viltrop, Arvo" järgi

Nüüd näidatakse 1 - 20 28

Animal species scavenging on wild boar carcasses on island Hiiumaa (Estonia)
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2021) Häkkä, Susanna Suvi Siviä; Viltrop, Arvo
Understanding the importance of wildlife in disease distribution dynamics has increased. Wildlife is a significant source of infections for livestock, companion animals and even for humans. Among wildlife, there are several modes of disease transmission, one being through scavenging. Scavenging behaviour is very common among vertebrates in both avian and mammalian species and it is an important part of ecosystem. Scavenging is not only beneficial, but it can also pose a health risk by ingesting pathogens and toxic by-products of microbial metabolism. Potential role of scavenging in disease transmission has been studied marginally. Wild boar is a facultative scavenger. There has been a steep increase in the wild boar population in Europe. Wild boar has been noted being an important host of agents of some diseases such as African swine fever, bovine tuberculosis, tularaemia, and brucellosis. Differences in scavenging behaviour of wild boar has been noted around Europe: in some areas, cannibalism has been detected whereas in other areas only interspecies scavenging in wild boar has been shown. The general objective of this study was to describe scavenging behaviour of wildlife on wild boar carcasses in Hiiumaa (Estonia). Specific aims were to find out, which animal species are in contact with or scavenge wild boar carcasses and to investigate if intraspecies scavenging occurs among wild boar in Hiiumaa. With help of camera traps 17 vertebrate species were identified in proximity of wild boar carcasses placed in the forest, out of which 11 were in direct contact with the carcass. Common raven (Corvus corax), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides), and wild boar (Sus scrofa) were the four most common species in contact. There were no clear signs of cannibalism among wild boar observed in this study.
Bacillus smithii TBMI12 as a potential probiotic feed additive
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2014) Suitso, Indrek; Nurk, Allan; Viltrop, Arvo
The purpose of the thesis was to investigate the potential of Bacillus smithii strain TBMI12 as a probiotic feed additive. For that safety, colonization, tolerance and challenge studies were performed with mice and pigs. Experiments showed that this strain is able to colonize gastrointestinal tract without harming the host or causing significant changes in the microbiota or disrupting the biodiversity of the gastrointestinal tract. Also colonization of the gastrointestinal tract with the Bacillus smithii TBMI12 endospores decreased the probability of Salmonella Enteritidis infection and decelerated the process of pathogenesis. Based on the results this strain has a potential to be probiotic feed additive.
Bioohutuse ja bioturvalisuse juhend
(Eesti Maaülikool. Veterinaarmeditsiini ja loomakasvatuse instituut, 2018) Dorbek-Kolin, Elisabeth (koostaja); Karus, Avo; Praakle, Kristi; Saar, Tiiu; Must, Külli; Randoja, Helena; Viltrop, Arvo; Kõrgessaar, Külli (toimetaja); Eesti Maaülikool. Veterinaarmeditsiini ja loomakasvatuse instituut
Juhend on mõeldud Eesti Maaülikooli (EMÜ) veterinaarmeditsiini ja loomakasvatuse instituudi (VLI) töötajatele ja üliõpilastele bioohutuse ning bioturvalisuse tagamiseks. Juhendisse koondatud standardne töökord (STK) kehtib üksnes VLI-s. Standardse töökorra eesmärk on minimeerida haiglanakkuste riski ja kokkupuudet zoonootiliste mõjuritega. Uusi töötajaid ja üliõpilasi teavitab juhendist ning sellega tutvumise kohustusest nende vahetu töökorraldaja või juhendaja. Juhendiga tutvumise järel kinnitab töötaja/üliõpilane oma allkirjaga, et ta on teadlik STK-st, mis puudutab tööd/õpinguid tema valdkonnas/erialal. Üliõpilased tutvuvad STK-ga kursuse „Sissejuhatus loomaarstiõppesse“ raames. Instituudi tasandil määrab bioohutuse ja bioturvalisuse eest vastutava töötaja instituudi direktor.
Biosafety and biosecurity manual
(Estonian University of Life Sciences. Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, 2018) Dorbek-Kolin, Elisabeth (koostaja); Karus, Avo; Praakle, Kristi; Saar, Tiiu; Must, Külli; Randoja, Helena; Viltrop, Arvo; Kõrgesaar, Külli (toimetaja); Estonian University of Life Sciences. Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences
The aim of this manual is to provide biosafety and biosecurity instructions for the staff and students of the Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (VLI) of Estonian University of Life Sciences (EMÜ). Standard operating procedures gathered in this manual are applied only in VLI. The goals of these procedures include minimizing the risk of nosocomial infections and minimizing the exposure to zoonotic disease agents. New staff members and students will be notified about this manual by his/her immediate supervisor. After reading this manual the employee will give his/her signature as a sign of having acquainted with the manual and understanding the procedures needed in his/her special line of work and/or studies. For students, this will be done during the course ‘Introduction to veterinary studies’. On institute level the staff member who is responsible for biosafety and biosecurity is appointed by the director of the Institute.
Biosecurity in Estonian dairy and beef cattle herds, results of Biocheck.UGent assessment : [presentation]
(Estonian University of Life Science, 2025) Reilent, Andres; Viidu, Dagni-Alice; Mõtus, Kerli; Viltrop, Arvo
Horizon Europe BIOSECURE project. Effective biosecurity is essential for preventing disease and ensuring farm sustainability. The objective was to assess the current biosecurity status of the Estonian cattle farms to raise awareness and support future improvements.
Bioturvalisuse ja bioohutuse käsiraamat
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2025) Järveots, Tõnu; Karus, Avo; Leola, Eda; Must, Külli; Mäesaar, Mihkel; Nahkur, Esta; Praakle, Kristi; Reilent, Andres; Rilanto, Triin; Savvi, Piret; Sisask, Kristi; Uri, Maarja; Viltrop, Arvo; Toomvap, Ave-Ly (koostaja); Eesti Maaülikool. Veterinaarmeditsiini ja loomakasvatuse instituut
Eesti Maaülikooli (EMÜ) veterinaarmeditsiini ja loomakasvatuse instituudi (VLI) töötajate, üliõpilaste ja loomakliiniku klientidele ohutuse tagamiseks on koostatud Ohutusekäsiraamat, mis koondab te-gevusjuhised, et minimeerida nakkuste leviku riski VLI-s inimeste ja loomade hulgas ning nende kok-kupuudet zoonootiliste ja looma haigustekitajatega. Käsiraamatus kirjeldatakse lühidalt nakkuste peamisi levikuteid, nakkustõrje üldpõhimõtteid ning esi-tatakse tegevusjuhised nakkuste leviku vältimiseks VLI laborites ja EMÜ loomakliinikus ja farmivisiiti-del. Käsiraamat käsitleb ka kemikaaliohutust õppe- ja teadustöö kontekstis, elektri- ja tuleohutust laborites ning ohutuid töövõtteid töötamisel loomadega loomakliinikus või loomade pidamise kohas. VLI uuele töötajale ning laboris või loomakliinikus praktikat alustavale üliõpilasele tutvustab käsiraa-matu juhendeid töö vahetu korraldaja bioturvalisuse kontaktisik, õppejõud või juhendaja. Veterinaarmeditsiini õppekava esmakursuslased tutvuvad käsiraamatuga õppeaines „Sissejuhatus veterinaaria õpingutesse“, loomakasvatuse õppekava üliõpilased õppeaines „Mikrobioloogia ja im-munoloogia“ ning praktikale eelneva juhendamise käigus. Iga labortöid või praktikat hõlmava õppeaine raames toimub eraldi juhendamine enne õppetööd. VLI töötaja kinnitab käsiraamatuga tutvumise keskkonnas VITS, üliõpilane annab vastava allkirja pärast juhendamist. Käsiraamatu uuendamise kord ja vastutajad Käsiraamatut uuendatakse vähemalt kord viie aasta jooksul või vastavalt vajadusele, selle eest vastu-tab VLI bioohutuse spetsialist. VLI õppetoolides ja üksustes on bioturvalisuse ja bioohutuse nõuete järgimise kontaktisikud. Vt LISA I
Collection of oral fluid samples from wild boar in the field conditions to detect African swine fever virus (ASFV)
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2018) Männistö, Hanna Eveliina; Viltrop, Arvo; Veterinaarse bio- ja populatsioonimeditsiin
African swine fever (ASF) is a contagious viral disease that causes a lethal, hemorrhagic fever in domestic pigs and wild boar. The virus has been circulating in Eastern European Union countries since 2014. The aims of the study were to investigate the practical feasibility of non-invasive ropein-a-bait (pSWAB) oral fluid sampling method for collection of oral fluid samples from wild boar in field conditions, and its suitability for detection of African swine fever virus (ASFV) infection in wild boar population in infected area. The study was conducted in five different feeding grounds in County of Tartu, Estonia. Oral fluid samples were collected with two different pSWABs, loose and fixed baits. Samples were examined in Estonian Veterinary and Food Laboratory for wild boar specific deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ASFV DNA by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). 24 loose bait samples (13%) were obtained out of 183 exposed baits. With fixed baits, 17 samples were obtained with 11 baits. All the fixed bait samples and 71% of the loose bait samples were positive to wild boar DNA. In addition, all the samples were negative to ASFV DNA. Oral fluid sampling with pSWABs is possible, but it is laboriuous and therefore not very practical. In the present study, no ASFV was detected in wild boar, although the virus was circulating in the wild boar population in the immediate vicinity during the period when the study was conducted. More studies are needed to investigate if pSWABs could be used in field to detect other infectious diseases.
Effect of Finnish sauna to equine muscle tone based on MyotonPRO measurements
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2018) Vesterinen, Maija Talvikki; Herm, Reet; Viltrop, Arvo; Kliiniline veterinaarmeditsiin
Sauna bathing is a popular and familiar habit among humans. Some horse trainers take sport horses to sauna because it is believed to speed up post-training recovery. Sauna bathing within horses has not been studied before. The aim of this study was to see whether sauna bathing has effects on horses’ muscle tone and stiffness. Temperature in sauna was 50 to 60 °C and relative humidity 80 to 100 % and horses spent there approximately 42 minutes in two phases. A myotonometric device called MyotonPRO was used to measure 3 different muscles during and after sauna bathing. Results were statistically analyzed and compared with control group. Sauna effect to muscle tone or stiffness was not detected during this study. It was found that test group had lower tone and stiffness in longis thoracis compared with control group. Sauna bathing caused tachycardia and tachypnoea in all test horses, but its meaning would need further research. Hematological and biochemical profiles would need further research.
Epidemiology of African swine fever in Estonia and characterization of one virus strain
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2021) Nurmoja, Imbi; Viltrop, Arvo; Blome, Sandra; Depner, Klaus Robert; Dixon, Linda (opponent)
African swine fever (ASF) is an OIE-listed, dangerous viral disease of pigs, which has a devastating impact on animal health and the pig industry in many countries worldwide. During the period 2014–2020, ASF has been the main animal health issue in Estonia. This dissertation consists of three independent studies, which have been conducted with the aim to analyse the epidemiology of ASF and the course of the epidemic in the Estonian wild boar population, as well as in domestic pigs. In Study I, wild boar surveillance data (n = 7,015) collected from two distinct study areas from September 2014 to September 2016 were analysed. A statistically significant difference between the two areas in the temporal course of ASF seroprevalence was found. These findings indicate that ASF might have been introduced to the north-east of Estonia earlier then to the south of the country. The probability of detecting an ASF-positive animal was higher in young animals (< 1 year). Within wild boar found dead, there was a higher probability of finding an ASF-positive result compared to hunted animals. In Study II, the biological characteristics of the ASF virus strain (Est 14/WB) circulating in the wild boar population of north-east Estonia in 2014 were evaluated. Oronasal inoculation of ten young wild boar led to an acute and severe course of the disease in all infected animals. Nine animals died and one animal recovered completely from the disease. In conclusion, the ASFV strain was still found to be highly virulent. In Study III, the epidemiology of ASF in all 26 domestic pig outbreak herds that occurred in Estonia during the period 2015–2017 was retrospectively analysed. On most of the farms, the first clinical signs were mild and not ASF-specific despite the high virulence of the circulating virus. The highest mortality (29.7%) was seen on backyard farms (1–9 pigs) and the lowest (0.7%) on large commercial farms (> 1000 pigs). The spread of the virus within farms was slow and the contagiousness of the virus was relatively low. Farms of all sizes and types have been at risk. The results suggest that the increase in ASF cases in local wild boar populations is the main risk factor leading to the infection of farms; 88% of domestic outbreaks occurred in areas where ASF virus was detected in wild boar prior to the outbreak, within a radius of 15 km from the outbreak farm.
Epidemiology, impact on herd health and control of bovine herpesvirus 1 in Estonian dairy cattle herds
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2012) Raaperi, Kerli; Viltrop, Arvo; Orro, Toomas
The objective of the present doctoral thesis was to assess the herd-level and within-herd prevalence of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) infection in Estonian dairy cattle and estimate the sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA test for bulk tank milk (BTM) testing in detecting infected herds. The aim was to determine the risk factors related to high prevalence of the infection in herds and presence of BHV-1 among youngstock. We also aimed to clarify the role of BHV-1 in the incidence of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in different age groups and evaluate the association between prevalence of BHV-1 and herd reproduction parameters. The last objectives were to assess the efficacy of vaccination programmes in lowering the seroprevalence of BHV-1 glycoprotein E (gE) within the herd as well as to follow the dynamics of the infection in non-vaccinating herds with uninfected replacement heifers. Prevalence study was accomplished between 2006 to 2008. One hundred and three (64 BHV-1 infected ja 39 uninfected) dairy cattle herds with more than 20 cows and with different size were selected for the study. In each of the selected herds, serum samples from a representative number of cows, and youngstock older than 6 months, were analyzed for BHV-1 antibodies. The source population used to estimate the herd level prevalence of BHV-1 consisted of all 1,205 market-oriented dairy herds. Vaccination programmes with inactivated gE marker vaccines to eradicate BHV-1 were elaborated for seven dairy herds. Five BHV-1-infected dairy herds, which had uninfected heifers (prevalence up to 5 per cent), were selected to monitor the course of the infection without control strategies. To monitor the efficacy of the vaccination, and changes in seroprevalence during the control programme, a longitudinal two year surveillance programme was carried out in those herds. Due to the moderate sensitivity of the BTM ELISA test (76.5%) it should be used with caution when making decisions about the infection status of a herd. Lower cut-off in the ELISA blocking reaction might be justified when using BTM testing in BHV-1 control programmes to be able to discover more infected herds with only a minimal loss in specificity. Twenty two percent of Estonian market-oriented dairy cattle farms are infected with BHV-1. When elaborating control programmes most of the resources should be directed to herds with more than 100 cows as those farms contain the main population infected with BHV-1. As within-herd prevalence of BHV-1 is generally high in larger herds vaccination with gE marker vaccines combined with eradication of gE positive animals is the most appropriate way to eradicate the virus in those herds. Where the within-herd prevalence is low culling of the seropositive animals without vaccination would be most cost-effective. Youngstock tested negative in 36.5% of infected herds. These herds are in more favourable situation when applying an eradication programme because it is possible to raise a BHV-1-free generation from their own herd and vaccinate youngstock just before introduction to the cow house, as long as the farmer can provide isolation facilities. The duration of vaccination programme is shorter when replacement animals are free of infection reducing the cost of eradication. In herds under control programmes it is important to be aware of the important risk factors that are related to spread of the infection within a herd. In BHV-1 positive herds more attention should be paid to possible iatrogenic transmission via the veterinarian and inseminator, and within-herd biosecurity measures should be kept in mind. Infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) may also be a predisposing factor for more effective viral spread. Although several infectious and management-related factors are associated with BRD in dairy calves and heifers, BHV-1 and BVDV had significant impact on the manifestation of clinical respiratory disease. BVDV contributed to the occurrence of respiratory disease signs in older youngstock. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus was related to clinical respiratory disease in adult dairy cattle. The use of control measures for these viruses may reduce the incidence of respiratory disease and improve herd health. In herds with poor reproductive performance, BHV-1 should be considered as one of the infectious risk factors, and the eradication of this virus may improve the reproductive performance of the herd. Vaccination with inactivated marker vaccine is a secure method to stop virus circulation within a herd as long as the vaccination protocol is followed precisely. On the other hand, in some herds the virus circulation may end by itself for longer periods, which may lead to self-clearance of the herd from the virus. However, aiming for eradication in herds with uninfected young-stock leaving animals unvaccinated has an unpredictable outcome – virus circulation may remain retarded or the virus may reactivate and cause an epidemic in the herd.
Kõrge patogeensusega lindude gripi riskiprofiil Eestis
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2017) Must, Külli; Viltrop, Arvo; Veetamm, Anne-Ly; Eesti Maaülikool. Veterinaarmeditsiini ja loomakasvatuse instituut
Lindude gripp (LG) on teatamiskohustuslik väga kontagioosne ortomüksoviroos, millele on vastuvõtlikud nii mets- kui kodulinnud ning mis ohustab ka imetajaid, sh inimest. LG viirusega (LGV) nakatunud lindudel võib haigus kulgeda olenevalt viiruse virulentsusest ja linnuliigi vastuvõtlikkusest erinevalt, alates sümptomiteta nakkusest veelindudel ja lõpetades massilise suremusega kodulindudel. LG tekitajad jagunevad madala patogeensusega (MPLG) ja kõrge patogeensusega lindude gripi (KPLG) viirusteks. MPLG viirused põhjustavad metslindudel enamasti subkliinilist ja kodulindudel keskmise raskusastmega haigestumist. KPLG viirused võivad põhjustada 90–100% suremust kodulindude populatsioonis, tuues endaga kaasa piirangud kauplemisel lindude ja loomsete saadustega ning suured kulutused taudi likvideerimiseks. MPLG tsirkuleerib kogu maailmas nii mets- kui kodulindudel. KPLG puhanguid esineb arenenud riikides vähem. Eelmine suurem LG epideemia algas Kagu-Aasias kodulindudel 2003. aastal, tekitajaks oli H5N1 KPLG viirus. 2014. aastal algas Aasia H5N8 KPLG viiruse levik, mis nüüdseks on jõudnud paljudesse Aasia ja Euroopa maadesse ning Ameerikasse. Eestis algas metslindude LG seire 2008. aastal. Selle käigus leiti aastatel 2009.-2013. metslindude proovidest igal aastal MPLG viiruseid. Viimasel kolmel aastal ei ole LGVd metslindudelt leitud. Käesolev riskiprofiil põhineb Eesti Maaülikooli veterinaarmeditsiini ja loomakasvatuse instituudis Põllumajandusministeeriumi tellimusel rakendusuuuringu „Ohtlike loomataudide ja zoonooside riskihinnangud Eestis“ raames koostatud riskiprofiilil (koostajad Arvo Viltrop, Julia Jeremejeva ja Külli Must, EMÜ VLI), mida on täiendatud ja ajakohastatud. Selle eesmärk on selgitada, kas ja kuidas on võimalik KPLG levimine Eestisse, kas ja kuidas võib haigus Eesti kodulindude populatsioonis edasi levida ning millised on selle võimalikud tagajärjed. Riskiprofiil kirjeldab taudi levimise riskitegureid ja toob esile sellega seonduvad infolüngad. Riskiprofiili koostamisel ja riski kvalitatiivsel hindamisel on lähtutud Maailma Loomatervise Organisatsiooni (OIE) käsiraamatus Handbook on Import Risk Analysis for Animals and Animal Products, Volume 1, (Murray et al. 2004) kirjeldatud metoodikast. Selle alusel hinnatakse haiguse riiki toomise ja selle edasi levimise tõenäosust ning sellega kaasnevaid bioloogilisi, keskkonda mõjutavaid ja majanduslikke tagajärgi. Riskiprofiili koostamisel on informatsiooniallikatena kasutatud asjakohast kirjandust, OIE andmebaase ning Veterinaar- ja Toiduameti järelevalvetegevuse käigus kogutud informatsiooni, sh riskiaruannet, mille koostas Veterinaar- ja Toiduameti poolt kokku kutsutud ornitoloogide töögrupp, kelle ülesandeks oli võimalike H5N1 viiruskandjate väljaselgitamine meie looduslikes linnuasurkondades ja riskianalüüsi koostamine võimalike LG riskiliikide ja –alade kohta Eestis.
Kõrge patogeensusega lindude gripi riskiprofiil Eestis
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2013) Jeremejeva, Julia; Must, Külli; Viltrop, Arvo; Eesti Maaülikool. Veterinaarmeditsiini ja loomakasvatuse instituut
Lindude gripp (LG) on teatamiskohustuslik väga kontagioosne ortomüksoviroos, millele on vastuvõtlikud nii mets- kui kodulinnud ning mis ohustab ka imetajaid, sh inimest. LG viirusega (LGV) nakatunud lindudel võib haigus kulgeda olenevalt viiruse virulentsusest ja linnuliigi vastuvõtlikkusest erinevalt, alates sümptomiteta nakkusest veelindudel ja lõpetades massilise suremusega kodulindudel. LG tekitajad jagunevad madala patogeensusega (MPLG) ja kõrge patogeensusega lindude gripi (KPLG) viirusteks. MPLG viirused põhjustavad metslindudel enamasti subkliinilist ja kodulindudel keskmise raskusastmega haigestumist. KPLG viirused võivad põhjustada 90–100% suremust kodulindude populatsioonis, tuues endaga kaasa piirangud kauplemisel lindude ja loomsete saadustega ning suured kulutused taudi likvideerimiseks. MPLG tsirkuleerib kogu maailmas nii mets- kui kodulindudel. KPLG puhanguid esineb arenenud riikides harva. Käesoleval ajal kestab KPLG viiruse ebatavaliselt virulentse H5N1 alatüübi poolt põhjustatud epideemia Aasia maades. Eestis on alates 2008. aastast metslindudelt seire käigus leitud MPLG viiruseid. Käesolev riskiprofiil on koostatud Eesti Maaülikooli veterinaarmeditsiini ja loomakasvatuse instituudis põllumajandusministeeriumi tellimusel rakendusuuuringu „Ohtlike loomataudide ja zoonooside riskihinnangud Eestis“ raames. Selle eesmärk on selgitada, kas ja kuidas on võimalik KPLG levimine Eestisse, kas ja kuidas võib haigus Eesti kodulindude populatsioonis edasi levida ning millised on selle võimalikud tagajärjed. Riskiprofiil kirjeldab taudi levimise riskitegureid ja toob esile sellega seonduvad infolüngad. Riskiprofiili koostamisel ja riski kvalitatiivsel hindamisel on lähtutud Maailma Loomatervise Organisatsiooni (OIE) käsiraamatus Handbook on Import Risk Analysis for Animals and Animal Products, Volume 1, (Murray et al. 2004) kirjeldatud metoodikast. Selle alusel hinnatakse haiguse riiki toomise ja selle edasi levimise tõenäosust ning sellega kaasnevaid bioloogilisi, keskkonda mõjutavaid ja majanduslikke tagajärgi. Riskiprofiili koostamisel on informatsiooniallikatena kasutatud asjakohast kirjandust, OIE andmebaase ning Veterinaar- ja Toiduameti järelevalvetegevuse käigus kogutud informatsiooni, sh riskiaruannet, mille koostas Veterinaar- ja Toiduameti poolt kokku kutsutud ornitoloogide töögrupp, kelle ülesandeks oli võimalike H5N1 viiruskandjate väljaselgitamine meie looduslikes linnuasurkondades ja riskianalüüsi koostamine võimalike LG riskiliikide ja –alade kohta Eestis. Lisaks on üksikutes küsimustes võetud arvesse eksperdi arvamusi.
Lääne-Niiluse palaviku riskiprofiil Eestis
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2014) Jeremejeva, Julia; Must, Külli; Viltrop, Arvo; Eesti Maaülikool. Veterinaarmeditsiini ja loomakasvatuse instituut
Käesolev riskiprofiil on koostatud Eesti Maaülikooli veterinaarmeditsiini ja loomakasvatuse instituudis Põllumajandusministeeriumi tellimusel rakendusuuringu „Ohtlike loomataudide ja zoonooside riskihinnangud Eestis“ raames. Selle eesmärk on selgitada, kas ja kuidas on võimalik Lääne - Niiluse palaviku viiruse (LNPV) levimine Eestisse, millised on selle võimalikud tagajärjed (riski iseloomustus), millised on olemasolevad ja võimalikud riskiohjamise meetodid ning millised on LNPV riskidega seotud teabelüngad Eestis. Riskiprofiili koostamisel on lähtutud Maailma Loomatervise Organisatsiooni (OIE) käsiraamatus Handbook on Import Risk Analysis for Animals and Ani mal Products, Volume 1 (Murray et al. 2004) kirjeldatud metoodikast. Teabeallikatena on kasutatud asjakohast teaduskirjandust, OIE andmebaase ning kehtivaid seadusandlikke akte.
Meat inspection findings indicating necrobacillosis in Finnish reindeer during 2004- 2016
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2018) Põder, Aino Katariina; Laaksonen, Sauli; Viltrop, Arvo; Veterinaarse bio- ja populatsioonimeditsiin
Necrobacillosis is an important and common disease of reindeer that hasn’t been studied profoundly in Finland before. It used to occur as a foot form called “slubbo” in the past, but nowadays the gastrointestinal form causing abscesses and inflammation in the mouth and inner organs is more common and often leads to death or condemnation of the carcass or parts of it. In this study, the case of inflammation indicating necrobacillosis (IIN) is classified a registered case of abscess, peritonitis, pleuritis or pneumonia that has caused the condemnation of the whole or parts of the carcass. The meat inspection data originated from official meat inspection documents from the years 2004-2016 made by veterinarians from all the approved reindeer abattoirs of Finland. This data was analyzed using Excel 2016 and STATA 14.0 to study frequency of IIN-s. The incidence rate ratios were calculated to compare the frequencies in different areas and years. The average frequency of IIN-s in slaughter batches in the whole in Finnish reindeer herding area was 3.5% during 2004-2016. The risk for IIN is higher in the Southern areas. There wasn’t clear association between weather conditions and occurrence of IIN. Still, summers preceding high risk years were warmer than the average of study period. This was the first attempt to study the occurrence of necrobacillosis in Finland and showed that this disease syndrome needs further investigation and research.
Metssigade arvukuse ja metssearühmade kodupiirkondade kattuvuse määratlemise võimalustest rajakaamerate abil
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2017) Rämmann, Krista; Viltrop, Arvo; Männil, Peep; Zooloogia
Käesoleva töö eesmärk on analüüsida ühele jahimaale süsteemselt paigutatud rajakaamerate jäädvustusi, püüda hinnata metssigade arvukust enne sigimisperioodi algust ning hinnata rajakaamerate jäädvustuste alusel, kui sageli erinevad metssearühmad külastavad samu söötmisplatse, mis ühtlasi näitab, mil määral nende kodupiirkonnad kattuvad. Katse teostamiseks paigaldati ajavahemikus 27.09.2015–17.04.2016 üheksale Järvamaal Lõõla jahipiirkonnas asuvale söödaplatsile rajakaamerad. Kasutades rajakaamera jäädvustusi, loendati igal vaatluse päeval söödaplatse külastanud metssead ning lähtudes metssigade arvust rühmas ja rühma vanuselisest struktuurist, identifitseeriti söötmispaiku külastanud metssigade rühmad. Fikseeriti rühma platsile saabumise ja sealt lahkumise kellaaeg ning selle alusel leiti rühma platsil viibimise aeg. Leiti söödaplatsi külastamise absoluutne sagedus ja erinevate rühmade arv, kes söödaplatsi külastasid ööpäevas ja vaatlusperioodi vältel. Tulemustest selgus, et metssigade kevadine arvukus Lõõla jahtkonna vaadeldaval alal oli vähemalt 81 isendit. Söödaplatse külastati kokku 95 ööpäeval ja keskmiselt külastas ööpäevas söödaplatse 1,3 rühma. Käesoleva töö käigus selgus, et erinevad metssearühmad kasutavad samu söödaplatse ning seetõttu nende kodupiirkonnad kattuvad.
Multiblock analysis reveals key areas and risk factors for dairy cow losses : [presentation]
(Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2023) Mõtus, Kerli; Viidu, Dagni-Alice; Rilanto, Triin; Niine, Tarmo; Orro, Toomas; Viltrop, Arvo; Bougeard, Stephanie
Describe the relative contribution of the production areas (thematic blocks) to cow losses characterized by herd on farm mortality risk (MR), culling rates (CR) and mean age of culled cows (MAofCC). Also, the study aimed to identify within each block, the variables mostly contributing to the cow losses.
Newcastle'i haiguse riskiprofiil Eestis
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2013) Jeremejeva, Julia; Must, Külli; Viltrop, Arvo; Eesti Maaülikool. Veterinaarmeditsiini ja loomakasvatuse instituut
Newcastle’i haigus (NH) on teatamiskohustuslik väga kontagioosne lindude paramüksoviroos, millele on vastuvõtlikud nii mets- kui kodulinnud. Haiguse tekitajaks on Paramyxoviridae sugukonna Paramyxovirinae alamsugukonna Avulavirus perekonda kuuluv lindude paramüksoviirus-1 (APMV-1 e Newcastle’i haiguse viirus - NHV). NH-d põhjustavad viiruse kõrge virulentsusega tüved. NHV-ga nakatunud lindudel võib haiguse kulg olla erinev olenevalt viiruse virulentsusest ja linnuliigi vastuvõtlikkusest – alates sümptomiteta nakkusest ja lõpetades massilise suremusega. Kodulindudel sõltub nakatumine ja haigestumine lindude immuunstaatusest (vaktsineerimisest). NHV võib põhjustada kanakarjades suurt suremust, tuues taudi laiema leviku korral endaga kaasa piirangud kauplemisel lindude ja loomsete saadustega ning suured kulutused taudi likvideerimiseks. APMV-1 tsirkuleerib kogu maailmas nii mets- kui kodulindudel. Eestis registreeriti kõrge virulentsusega APMV-1 nakkus 2006. aastal tuvidel ja 2007. aastal kanadel. Ka järgnevatel aastatel on viirust tuvastatud üksikutel juhtudel nii mets- kui kodulindudel. Vastavalt NH tõrje eeskirjale kuuluvad Eestis alates 2008. aastast vaktsineerimisele üle 50 linnuga kodulinnukarjad. Käesolev riskiprofiil on koostatud Eesti Maaülikooli veterinaarmeditsiini ja loomakasvatuse instituudis Põllumajandusministeeriumi tellimusel rakendusuuuringu „Ohtlike loomataudide ja zoonooside riskihinnangud Eestis“ raames. Selle eesmärk on selgitada, kas ja kuidas on võimalik NH puhangu tekkimine kodulindudel Eestis, kas ja kuidas võib haigus Eesti kodulindude populatsioonis edasi levida ning millised on selle võimalikud tagajärjed. Võttes arvesse APMV-1 suhteliselt sagedast diagnoosimist Eesti looduslikus tuvipopulatsioonis ei ole käesolevas analüüsis vallandumistegurina käsitletud NHV Eestisse jõudmist metslindudega, kuna sellest tulenevat täiendavat riski Eesti kodulinnupopulatsioonile ei ole võimalik hinnata eraldi endeemiliselt levivast viirusest tulenevast riskist. Käesolev riskiprofiil hindab Newcastle’i haiguse võimalikke tagajärgi selle avastamise korral, arvestades asjaoludega, et Eestis vaktsineeritakse põllumajanduslinde NH vastu ning aktiivset seiret nakkuse avastamise eesmärgil ei toimu. Riskiprofiil kirjeldab taudi levimise riskitegureid ja toob esile sellega seonduvad infolüngad. Riskiprofiili koostamisel ja riski kvalitatiivsel hindamisel on lähtutud Maailma Loomatervise Organisatsiooni (OIE) käsiraamatus Handbook on Import Risk Analysis for Animals and Animal Products, Volume 1 (Murray et al. 2004) kirjeldatud metoodikast. Selle alusel hinnatakse haiguse riiki toomise ja selle edasi levimise tõenäosust ning sellega kaasnevaid bioloogilisi, keskkonda mõjutavaid ja majanduslikke tagajärgi. Riskiprofiili koostamisel on informatsiooniallikatena kasutatud asjakohast kirjandust, OIE andmebaase ning Veterinaar- ja Toiduameti järelevalvetegevuse käigus kogutud informatsiooni. Lisaks on üksikutes küsimustes võetud arvesse ekspertide arvamusi.
On-farm mortality and related risk factors in Estonian dairy and beef herds
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2020) Reimus, Kaari; Mõtus, Kerli; Viltrop, Arvo; Endres, Marcia (opponent)
On-farm mortality (unassisted death and euthanasia) of dairy cattle has increased over the last decades in several countries referring to impaired cattle welfare and affecting the economic sustainability of the sector. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the on-farm mortality rates in Estonian dairy and beef cattle and identify reasons and risk factors for mortality. Studies I and II used census cattle data of Estonian Agricultural Registers and Information Board of years 2013 and 2014. The average on-farm mortality rate was 6.95 (95% CI 6.87; 7.04) and 2.14 (95% CI 2.05; 2.23) per 100 animal-years in dairy and beef cattle, respectively. Young calves had the highest mortality rates, male cattle were more prone to death and mortality was higher in larger herds. Estonian Holstein breed cattle had higher mortality hazard compared to other dairy breeds. Calves most often die due to digestive disorders and respiratory disease. The most frequently reported reasons for on-farm mortality of adult cattle were digestive and metabolic diseases and feet disorders, also trauma and accidents were frequent causes of death in adult beef cattle. Winter months accompany the highest risk for calf mortality whereas summer is the high-risk period for cow mortality. Calving season is the risk-period for beef cattle mortality. In study III, the lactation-level records of all cows from herds with ≥ 20 cow-years enrolled in Estonian Livestock Performance Recording Ltd between years 2013 to 2015 were used. The results indicated that risk factors for mortality were mainly related to problems with calving and poor health status around parturition. In study IV, a questionnaire data of 212 dairy herds was used to analyse herd-level risk factors for on-farm mortality of calves (21-90 days of age) and cows (cattle over 24 months). Calving occurring in multiple places or systems (individual pens, group pens, tied or in pasture) as well as housing calves over two weeks of age in combined systems (single and group pens) were management factors protective for calf mortality. Not using wage labour, grazing and housing cows in free stalls and frequent hoof trimming were protective for cow on-farm mortality. We emphasise the importance of good housing and management conditions to lower the mortality rates, especially in young calves and cows during early lactation period.
Practice perspective on veterinary services in Estonia, Norway and Sweden - a pilot study
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2020) Raunio, Lotta; Hakulin, Kajsa; Viltrop, Arvo
Comparative studies on organisation of veterinary services are scarce. Aim of this thesis was to gather practicing veterinarians’ perspective on organisation of veterinary services in Estonia, Norway and Sweden and to evaluate survey as a study method of the subject. First part of the thesis offers background information of veterinary services in the study countries. Information for review was collected from multiple sources including statistics, interviews and national institutions. The study survey included questions on respondents’ working environment, functionality of practice services and on customer prices. Survey was delivered via social media and altogether it was completed by 54 respondents. Main findings of the survey were, that practitioners in Norway and Sweden were satisfied to on call veterinary services (first aid), but majority of Estonian respondents thought that these services are too few in their country. Customer prices of veterinary practice were lowest in Estonia and highest in Sweden, but if compared to average citizen salaries, the results were closely even. Results from Norway were reflecting price levels in the countryside. The conducted survey could serve as a basis for bigger study with some modifications.
Prevalence and age structure of African swine fever survivor animals in the wild boar population during the epidemic in Estonia
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2020) Cerbule, Anna Regina; Viltrop, Arvo
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly lethal disease of suids. It was introduced into Georgia in 2007, and since then it has developed into an unprecedented and unresolved epidemic in Eastern Europe and Asia. The aim of this study was to describe the dynamics of the ASF epidemic in the wild boar population in Estonia, with emphasis on seropositive animals. This was achieved by analysing the surveillance data collected by the Estonian Veterinary and Food Board. The dynamics of seroprevalence were compared in different age classes. At the start of the epidemic, the average seroprevalence was higher in young wild boar, while in later phases, it was higher in older age classes. This was found to be statistically significant in most cases. Factors that potentially have an effect on these dynamics were identified by performing statistical analysis. The hypothesis was that the increased seroprevalence among young wild boar is related to the presence of virus-positive animals in the region. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between the number of virus-positive animals and young seropositive animals. The hypothesis was confirmed with univariable analysis. The duration of the ASF epidemic in Estonia was estimated by determining the time period of observation of virus-positive and seropositive animals in different age classes on a county level. It may be suggested that the duration of the ASF epidemic in Estonia was at maximum 18 calendar quarters (approximately 54 months), starting from the time of entrance of the infection into the territory of a county. After the 18th calendar quarter, no virus-positive animals or young seropositive animals were detected in any county that would indicate the circulation of the virus in the population.

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