Sirvi Autor "Orro, Toomas (juhendaja)" järgi

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Alumiste hingamisteede bakterid ja seos kliinilise haigusega piimaveise vasikatel
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2024) Anniste, Kendra; Mõtus, Kerli (juhendaja); Orro, Toomas (juhendaja)
Veiste hingamisteede haigus (ingl bovine respiratory disease - BRD) on üldine termin, mis hõlmab mitme eri etioloogia ja lokalisatsiooniga hingamisteede haigusi. Haigust võivad põhjustada mitmed tegurid, sealhulgas stressist tingitud vastupanuvõime vähenemine, viiruslikud ja bakteriaalsed patogeenid ning immuunvastusest sõltuvad tegurid. BRD diagnoosimine on produktiivloomadel suur väljakutse, kuna puudub üks kindel kuldstandard. Lõputöö eesmärkideks oli uurida, milliseid baktereid leidub Eesti piimaveisekarjade vasikate alumistes hingamisteedes ning analüüsida nende seost kliinilise haiguse esinemisega. Uuringusse kaasati 150 piimaveise vasikat 15 karjast, kellelt koguti trahhea-bronhiaal lavaaži proovid ning hinnati hingamisteede haiguse kliiniliste tunnuste esinemist. Kogutud proovidele teostati bakterioloogiline uuring ja Mycoplasmopsis bovis’e tuvastamiseks kasutati polümeraasi ahelreaktsiooni meetodit. Vähemalt üks bakter tuvastati 59,3% vasikatel. Kõige sagedamini tuvastatud alumiste hingamisteede bakterid olid Pasteurella multocida (34,7%), Mycoplasmopsis bovis (13,3%), Mannheimia spp. (7,3%), Streptococcus spp. (8,7%) ja Gallibacterium anatis (6,0%). California hindamissüsteemi järgi oli kliiniliselt haigeid vasikaid 21%. Alumistest hingamisteedest isoleeritud bakterite seost kliinilise haiguse esinemise osas analüüsiti logistilise regressioonanalüüsi mudelitega. Gallibacterium anatis esinemine seostus vasikatel kliinilise haiguse esinemisega (ŠS = 6,6, 95% UV 0,1–11,2). Trendi näitav seos kliinilise haigusega tuvastati ka Trueperella pyogenes’e puhul (ŠS = 3,6, 95% UV 0,7–18,7). Lõputöö tulemustest saab järeldada, et kliinilise hingamisteede haigusega seondusid eelkõige sekundaarsed bakterid, mistõttu üksnes kliiniliste haigustunnuste hindamisega tuvastatakse haigestunud vasikad haiguse hilisemas faasis.
Association between sole ulcers and systemic inflammatory response in dairy cattle
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2020) Talvio, Isto; Orro, Toomas (juhendaja)
Sole ulcers (SU) are one of the most common conditions causing a remarkable amount of pain, lameness and welfare problems for dairy cattle. Subsequently to local pain and tissue damage the activation of systemic inflammatory response called acute phase response (APR) can be seen in cattle with SU. Increased concentrations of acute phase proteins (APP) like serum amyloid A (SAA) and Haptoglobin (Hp) together with increased rectal temperature and interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations are markers of APR. These can be used to evaluate the impact of SU on the inflammatory response of a cow. Dairy cows with SU (n = 18) and healthy animals (n = 30) were sampled during 14 days after hoof trimming. Serum samples (n = 144) and rectal temperature measurements (n =144) were collected beginning from the year of 2016 till the end of 2018. Both procedures were performed with seven-day interval (d0, d7 and d14) for each cow admitted into the study. Concentrations of SAA (p = 0.003), Hp (p = 0.037) and rectal temperature (p = 0.034) were higher in SU cows compared to control cows on d0. SAA concentrations in SU cows remained higher also at d7 and d14 samples (p = 0.005 and p = 0.014, respectively). Concentrations of Hp and rectal temperatures of the SU group declined within the study period and there were no significant differences to controls after d0. SAA concentrations in SU group were close to being statistically significantly lower (p = 0.052) on d14 compared to d0, Hp concentrations were lower (p = 0.035) on d14 compared to d0 and rectal temperatures were lower (p = 0.010) on d7 compared to d0. Statistically significant differences were not found in IL-6 concentrations between study groups and during the study period in SU cows. These results suggest that SU will initiate systemic APR in dairy cattle and APP can be used for monitoring disease process in SU cows.
Association of acute phase proteins with group size in rearing calves
(2015) Vuori, Tinja-Maria Karoliina; Orro, Toomas; Orro, Toomas (juhendaja)
The aim of this study was to investigate the association between group size and serum acute phase protein (APP) concentration in calves. Study hypothesis was that smaller groups would have lower APP serum concentrations. Additional questions studied were association of serum APP levels to growth rate, and association of group size to growth rate. Experiment site on calf rearing farm comprised of two all-in-all-out units, divided to one pen for 40 calves (control-group) and four pens for 10 calves each (test-group). Test material was 6 calf batches and 480 calves. Calves were examined and blood samples taken three times during 50 days of growth period, first time directly after arrival to facility, and then at three week intervals. In laboratory, blood samples were analysed for serum amyloid A (SAA) and haptoglobin (Hp) levels. The serum concentration of SAA and Hp was higher in the test group than in the control group on the third sampling. This disproves the study hypothesis. Further investigation on the reasons of the unexpected result was suggested. High SAA level on the first sampling was found to prognosticate weaker growth rate in calves. Despite the statistical relevance of the result, its practical applications are limited, as the difference in growth rate is not practically relevant. Group size was found to have no statistically relevant association with growth rate.
Association of Toxoplasma seropositivity with the blood haptoglobin concentration in sheep
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2023) Toikka, Mona; Orro, Toomas (juhendaja)
Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular parasite that is seen globally. The parasite has sexual and asexual lifecycles and is able to infect all warm-blooded animals. Toxoplasmosis is a major issue in sheep veterinary medicine causing abortion, stillbirths and increased mortality in neonates. In ruminants, one of the most sensitive markers of infection and inflammation is Hp, hence Hp can be used as a helpful diagnostic biomarker in case of general inflammation. T. gondii is able to trigger the host animal’s immune system response in which the acute phase proteins take part. The association between T. gondii infection and Hp has not been studied in sheep previously. For the present study, 595 samples were chosen for the Hp analysis. The samples were collected from sheep farmed in Estonian Islands (Saaremaa and Hiiumaa), Western and Eastern mainland. The sheep serum sample Hp concentrations were measured with a spectrophotometric assay. The median (25% and 75% quartiles) Hp value of all sheep was 170 mg/l (117 mg/l; 281 mg/l). The median Hp concentration value in the Islands (n = 343) was 150 mg/l (110 mg/l; 221 mg/l), In the West mainland (n = 147), the median Hp value was 167 mg/l (116 mg/l; 329 mg/l, and in the East mainland (n = 105), the median Hp value was 200 mg/l (141 mg/l; was 339 mg/l). The concentration of Hp was significantly lower in sheep farmed in the Islands than in Western mainland (p = 0.018) and Eastern mainland (p = 0.047). The results did not show a statistically significant association between T. gondii seropositivity and Hp level. As there is no association between Hp levels and T. gondii, further studies are needed to find another diagnostic marker of T. gondii infection.
Associations between Giardia infection and faecal microbiota in calves
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2023) Ollila, Lilli Jennika; Dorbek-Kolin, Elisabeth (juhendaja); Orro, Toomas (juhendaja)
Giardia duodenalis (synonyms G. lamblia and G. intestinalis) is a gastrointestinal protozoan parasite prevalent worldwide. Giardiasis causes diarrheal disease in calves, other animals and humans. Young animals and humans tend to be more prone for clinical Giardia infection. Giardia spp. assemblages A and B have wider host range and are potentially zoonotic, while rest six out of eight assemblages (C-H) are more species specific. Association with Giardia infection and changes in gastrointestinal microbiota has been established in mice, dogs, and children. Giardia has been reported in bovine animals worldwide, but its effect on gastrointestinal microbiota and vice versa has not been widely studied. This thesis studied the prevalence of Giardia infection and the possible association with faecal microbial changes in three-week-old dairy calves in South-East Estonian farm. Faecal swabs and faecal samples of 62 calves were collected 21 days after birth. Bacterial DNA was sequenced from the fecal swab samples and immunofluorescein staining method was used for faecal samples for Giardia oocyte detection. Positive Giardia infection was considered when at least one oocyte was present in the faecal sample. Out of 62 calves, 20 (32%) were positive for Giardia infection. Five bacterial phyla were identified, and the faecal microbiota composition was found to be different during Giardia infection when compared to Giardia free calves, establishing an association between Giardia infection and faecal microbiota in three-weekold dairy calves.
Associations between puppy and adolescent diet and conjunctivitis in dogs
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2021) Peltonen, Janette; Hielm-Björkman, Anna (juhendaja); Orro, Toomas (juhendaja)
The conjunctiva is a part of the external eye and its inflammation is called conjunctivitis. Certain nutrients are important for eye health. The aim of this study was to associate the food item data from the dog’s puppyhood and adolescence with the diagnosis of conjunctivitis at adult age and see if any positive or negative associations could be found. Hypothesis was that the more fats the dog eats, the less there would be conjunctivitis. Puppy and adolescent diet data used as study material were from DogRisk questionnaire collected from Finnish dogs December 2009 until April 2015. Statistical analyses were done with IBM SPSS software and a p-value ≤0.05 was counted as significant. Conjunctivitis and eye inflammation were put as one variable, and together was a common diagnosis in study populations (58.3% puppies, 58% adolescent). There was seen negative association with conjunctivitis when puppies were often fed with cooked vegetables (p = 0.009; OR = 0.911; 95% CI = 0.850–0.977) or animal fat (p = 0.047; OR = 0.870; 95% CI = 0.759–0.998) and adolescent fed with raw bones and cartilage (p = 0.011; OR = 0.933; 95% CI = 0.885–0.984) or human meal leftovers (p = 0.021; OR = 0.927; 95% CI = 0.870–0.989). The associations were significant between those food items and conjunctivitis, but the high odds ratio indicates that the association is not very strong and do not support causality. These associations should be further tested and confirmed in diet intervention studies.
Attitudes towards euthanasia – survey among Finnish veterinarians and veterinary students
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2023) Vuontela, Wilma; Orro, Toomas (juhendaja)
Euthanasia, a merciful action toward another living being to mainly end incurable pain and suffering, can be seen as a double-edged sword, the best and worst of the veterinary profession, unique in its normality in the veterinary field compared to human medicine. The attitude toward euthanasia differs between countries and individuals. Euthanasia holds the potential to be a great moral stress factor for veterinarians, thus, gaining more understanding of the current situation and attitudes, is important. The aims of this study were to gain insight if the attitudes toward euthanasia change during years in practice and to find out if there is a need for more specific laws and regulations, broader education, and public discussion about ethical issues of euthanasia in Finland. This thesis is a descriptive study, and the data addressing Finnish veterinarians and veterinary students’ attitudes toward euthanasia was collected by an internet questionnaire. The current study found out that students tend to be more selective in their judgment of justifiable euthanasia and think more about ethical rightness They feel less independent on the decision of whether to proceed with euthanasia or not, but they also estimate the proportion of euthanasia, as well as the frequency of ethically difficult cases, to be larger than the veterinarians. The students were more interested in having an ethical committee, and more shifted to discussing personal values or possible complexities regarding euthanasia and ethics with employers than the veterinarians. Based on the results, euthanasia is mainly seen as a positive or neutral matter in Finland, yet improvement points could be found in the amount of soft skill training in veterinary curricula, such as mental and ethical education, and customer communication.
Chiari-laadne malformatsioon ja süringomüeelia Cavalier King Charles spanjelitel – maailma kogemused ja pilootuuring Eestis
(2012) Ülevaino, Epp; Viitmaa, Ranno (juhendaja); Orro, Toomas (juhendaja)
Chiari-laadne malformatsioon ja süringomüeelia (CM/SM) on progresseeruv konditsioon, mis koosneb kahest eristatavast, kuid omavahel tihedasti seotud patoloogiast. Antud seisundeid esineb nii koos kui ka eraldi mitmetel koeratõugudel, kuid Cavalier King Charles spanjelitel (CKCS) on märgatud eelmainitud sündroomi ebatavaliselt kõrget esinemissagedust. Chiari-laadne malformatsioon on iseloomustatav kolju kuklaosa moodustavate luude arenguhäirete ja väikeaju kaudoventraalse osa sopistumisega läbi suure kuklamulgu selgrookanalisse. Süringomüeelia korral on iseloomulikeks muutusteks seljaaju tsentraalkanali laienemine ja/või iseseisvate vedelikuga täidetud õõnsuste ehk süürinksite tekkimine seljaaju kudede vahele. Peamiseks sümptomiks CM/SM korral on valu, kuid võib esineda ka teisi neuroloogilisi nähtusid. Sündroomi täpne tekkemehhanism on veel välja selgitamata, kuid tõendid näivad viitavat, et CM on SM väljakujunemisel oluliseks põhjuslikuks teguriks. Samasugust tendentsi on täheldatud ka humaanuuringutes, kus on selgunud, et CM on sagedasim SM väljakujunemise põhjus inimestel. Uuringud on nii inimestel kui loomadel näidanud CM/SM puhul tugevat pärilikku tausta, mistõttu võib oletada, et probleem on suure tõenäosusega geneetiliselt edasi kanduv. 2011. aasta kevadest alates on Eesti Maaülikooli väikeloomakliinikus võimalik kasutada veterinaarseteks menetlusteks mõeldud magnetresonantstomograafi (MRT), samal ajal alustati kohaliku CKCS populatsiooni uurimist CM/SM esinemise suhtes. Pilootuuringusse kaasati 14 CKCS tõugu koera, kellele teostati Eesti Maaülikooli väikeloomakliikus ajavahemikul 07.03.2011 – 01.11.2011 MRT uuring pea- ja kaelapiirkonnast. Võimalikke CM/SM sündroomiga seonduvaid kliinilisi sümptomeid kirjeldasid omanikud kolmel koeral. Chiari-laadse malformatsiooni esinemine tuvastati kõikidel uurimuses osalenud koertel, seega on vastava muutuse esinemine uuritaval populatsioonil 100%. Süringomüeelia diagnoositi ühel koeral (7,1% uuritud populatsioonist), samas kergemad muutused seljaaju struktuuris (tsentraalkanali laienemine) olid täheldatavad veel üheksal koeral (64,3% uuritud koertest). Lisaks tuvastati uuritavatel koertel lateraalsete ajuvatsakeste ebasümmetriat ja ulatuslikumat ajuvedelikuga täitumist, samuti primaarsele sekretoorsele keskkõrvapõletikule viitavaid muutusi trummipõiendites. Pilootuuringus osalenud koerte arv ei ole kindlasti piisav tegemaks üheseid ja kaugeleulatuvaid järeldusi CM/SM sündroomi levimuse kohta Eesti CKCS populatsioonis. Sellest hoolimata on tõestatud antud probleemi esinemine Eestis elavatel koertel, mistõttu peaksid kohalikud kasvatajad ja omanikud sellele tähelepanu pöörama. Käesoleva uurimistöö laiemaks eesmärgiks on anda nii CKCS omanikele kui loomaarstidele parem emakeelne ülevaade CM/CM sündroomi olemusest ja tähtsusest antud tõul. Käsitletud aspektid võiksid kasvatajatele/omanikele ja neid nõustavatele veterinaaridele mõtteainet pakkuda, motiveerides tulevikus rohkemaid omanikke oma koeri CM/SM suhtes uurima.
Comparison of two different treatment strategies for bovine digital dermatitis
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2023) Tikka, Anna Maija; Pirkkalainen, Hertta (juhendaja); Orro, Toomas (juhendaja)
Digital dermatitis (DD) is an infectious hoof disease found in cattle. It causes animal welfare problems and economic losses. DD is a multibacterial disease with undetermined etiology. Treponema spp. bacteria are considered as the main causative agents. Active DD (M2, M4.1) appears as a moist, erythematous, and hairy lesion, which causes pain and discomfort. In this study two topical non-antibiotic products were used to treat DD-lesions: DD-Delete White Line (DD-delete) and Intra Hoof-fit Gel (Intra-hoof). Cows with active DD lesions were randomly assigned to one of the treatment groups during routine hoof trimming in one commercial dairy herd. Cows were allocated to the study during two different hoof trimming occasions. Lesions were washed, dried, and photographed, after which they were treated and bandaged. Cows were taken into the trimming chute a total of five times, on days 0, 3, 7, 10, and 14. On those days DD-lesions were macroscopically evaluated, and treatment was repeated if necessary. There were a total of 40 active DD-lesions on the first day of the study (d0). On day 14, a total of 38 lesions had macroscopically reached a non-active (M0; M3, M4) stage: 19 lesions were in the chronic stage (M4), 16 lesions were in the healing stage (M3), and three lesions had completely healed (M0). Of those treated with DD-delete, seven lesions reached non-active stage with 1–2 treatments, and 11 with 3–4 treatments. Of those treated with Intra-hoof, 11 lesions reached non-active stage with 1–2 treatments, and nine lesions with 3–4 treatments. Two lesions, one from each study group, had improved but remained active at d14. There was no significant difference in the improvement rate between products. In conclusion, both products are viable non-antibiotic options to treat DD.
Cow colostrum acute phase proteins (SAA, Hp) and cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6): associations with inflammatory response in neonatal calves
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2021) Honkala, Anna-Leena; Orro, Toomas (juhendaja); Peetsalu, Kristel (juhendaja)
Colostrum is known to be vital for a newborn calf. It confers passive immunity and some of its components are suggested to be important for the development of calf’s immature immune system. Aim of the study was to investigate possible associations of colostral acute phase proteins (SAA and Hp) and cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6) concentrations to the same variables in calves’ serum in a research period from birth until three weeks of life after one-time ingestion of colostrum after birth. This study used a research material gathered for a large-scale study in 2015. The study population comprised of 144 female calves from a large dairy farm in Central-Estonia. Colostrum (n = 144) and calves’ serum samples (n = 383) were used to measure the studied concentrations, which were statistically evaluated after logarithmic transformation by using linear or Tobit regression models. The studied colostrum concentrations (median, min-max) measured were for SAA 52.2 mg/l (7.5–277.0), Hp 174.6 mg/l (103.7–479.5), IL-1β 115.1 ng/l (15.6–5445.1) and IL-6 43.5 ng/l (10.2–501.4). Colostrum IL-1β and IL-6 concentrations were observed to have a positive association with the same concentration variables in calves’ serum during the first week of life (p < 0.001). These results suggest that colostrum cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 may be transferred to calf by passive transfer and/or stimulate calf’s own cytokine production. Also, colostrum and calves’ serum IL-6 concentrations were observed to have a positive association with each other during the second (p < 0.001) and third week of life (p = 0.001). The cause for this long-term association is unknown and needs further research. Furthermore, colostrum IL-6 concentration had a positive association to calves’ serum Hp concentration during the first week of life (p < 0.001), which may indicate that colostrum cytokines have effect to the calves’ immune response development and maturation by inducing the calf’s liver to produce acute phase proteins.
Evaluation of various radiorgaphy based femoral angles in Lancashire Heelers with and without medial patellar luxation
(2016) Marttinen, Tea Johanna; Räihä, Jan (juhendaja); Orro, Toomas (juhendaja)
Mediaalne põlvekedra paigaltnihkumine (patella luksatsioon) on tavaline, peamiselt kaasasündinud ortopeediline haigus, mis on probleemiks kõikidele koertele, eriti aga kääbus ja väiksetel tõugudel. Selle haiguse kogu patogenees ei ole veel selge aga enamikul koertest esineb sarnaseid lihaste ja skeleti anomaaliaid tabandunud tagajäsemes. Selle uurimuse eesmärkiks oli hinnata röntgenpiltidelt reieluu nurkasid ja nende nurkade suuruse erinevusi normaalsete põlvedega (Putnami skaalal 0/0) ja patella luksatsiooniga (Putnami skaalal 1-2) Lancashire’i heelerite vahel. Kokku mõõdeti ja analüüsiti 75 tagajäset. Kirjeldavad andmed koerte kohta koguti Soome Kennelliidu andmebaasist. Kõik mõõtmised röntgenpiltidelt tegi töö autor teadmata mõõdetavate jalgade patella luksatsiooni kraadi. Tulemused näitasid statistiliselt oluliselt (p < 0,05) suuremad reieluu varus nurgad (FVA), reieluu pea kalduvuse nurk (IFA) ja anatoomiline lateraalse distaalse reieluu nurgad (aLDFA) koertel kellel on mediaalne põlvekedra nihestus. Ka mehhaaniline lateraalne distaalne reieluu nurgad (mLDFA) oli suuremad aga see tulemus oli vaid lähedane statistilisele olulisusele (p = 0,055). Teistes mõõdetud parameetrites ei esinenud olulist erinevust tervete ja patella luksatsiooniga jalgade vahel. Samuti ei esinenud seost ühegi mõõdetud parameetri ning koera vanuse, soo ega ka tagajala poole vahel.
Farmeri suhtumise mõju piima veiste heaolule
(2015) Pietilä, Pauliina Elisabeth; Arney, David (juhendaja); Orro, Toomas (juhendaja); Kulkas, Laura (juhendaja)
Farmerid ja farmitöötajad, kes tegelevad igapäevaselt produktiivloomadega farmitasandil, vastutavad peamiselt loomade heaolu üle. On teada, et farmeri suhtumine loomade heaollu mõjutab farmeri käitumist loomade suhtes. Talitaja negatiivne käitumine loomade suhtes võib mõjuda negatiivselt produktiivloomade heaolule, tervisele ning väljenduda ka muutunud toodangunäitajates. Käesolev uuring viidi läbi neljakümnes piimafarmis Soomes. Igat farmi külastati eraldi ning iga farmer vastas küsitlusele, mis sisaldas kolmeteist väidet seoses loomade heaoluga. Koguti ka andmeid seoses demograafia ning toodangunäitajatega. Peale andmete kogumist on uuringus analüüsitud ka farmi visiitide ajal läbi viidud vaba vestluse põhjal kogutud andmeid. Kogutud andmed on analüüsitud programmiga Microsoft Office Excel 2007. Küsitluse vastuste seoseid toodangu andmetega analüüsiti multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) meetodiga. Selle uuringu käigus leiti seos positiivse suhtumise ja madalama lehmade suremuse ning kõrgema piima proteiini sisalduse vahel. Uuringus leiti samal ajal ka seos negatiivse suhtumise ja suurema lehmade suremuse ning madalama piima proteiini sisalduse vahel. Meeskonna suhtumine loomade heaolusse ning selle võimaliku mõju tunnistamine annaks võimaluse piimatööstustega seotud isikutel edendada head loomade käsitsemist ja hooldust, millel võiks olla positiivne mõju toodangule. On vaja teha täiendavaid uuringuid, et paremini aru saada seosest farmeri suhtumises loomade heaolusse ning toodangunäitajate vahel.
Feeding interval affecting calves’ birth time and weight in spring-calving beef cattle
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2019) Moisander, Kia Emilia; Orro, Toomas (juhendaja); Veterinaarmeditsiin
The lack of assistance in parturition during the night time and the calves’ high birth weight causes increased incidence of dystocia and can result in mortality of the cow, the calf or both parties. As a calf is largely the sole output in the beef cattle industry, these factors have an economically important matter. The aim of this study is to investigate the feeding interval affecting the time of birth, as well as the birth weight of beef calves born in spring time. The data of calving’s was collected from one Hereford beef cattle farm situated in Southern Finland over the years 2003-2017. The data was statistically analysed with software STATA 14.2. When dams are fed only during the evenings, the odds of parturition to occur during the night hours was OR 1.10 (95% CI 0.43-2.86) when compared to feeding twice a day. This result was statistically insignificant (p = 0.837). The birth weight of calves was reduced by -2.77 kg when dams were fed only once a day during the late gestation period compared to feeding twice a day (p = 0.001). These results are corresponding to earlier conducted scientific studies. Further research is needed in order to fully understand the relationship between feeding intervals, the calving time and birth weight of calves.
Fireworks related equine noise anxiety in Finland and Sweden
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2020) Lindstedt, Jannica Susanne Marie; Orro, Toomas (juhendaja); Huhtinen, Mirja (juhendaja)
In companion animals fireworks are well known to inflict noise anxiety and even though less is found in the literature, equine noise anxiety is a well-recognised problem among horse owners. Aims of the present study were to evaluate prevalence of equine fireworks related noise anxiety in Finland and Sweden, to explore possible factors associated with noise anxiety and with severity of noise anxiety, and to describe the current management strategies used by owners. Online surveys among horse owners were conducted in Finland (September 2018) and Sweden (January 2019). Reported prevalence of noise anxiety during the previous New Year’s Eve in Finland and Sweden were 30% (95% CI 24.7-36.1) and 55% (95% CI 50.3-59.1), respectively. Among horses with noise anxiety 25% and 56% were reported to have severe anxiety signs in Finland and Sweden, respectively. Location of the stable was associated with reported noise anxiety. Horse owners in urban areas had a six times higher risk of reporting noise anxiety compared to horse ownersliving on the countryside (OR 6.34, 95% CI 1.50-26.82; p = 0.012). However, only 12 horses were reported to live in an urban area. Owning two or more horses was found to increase the likelihood of reporting noise anxiety (OR 2.04, 95% CI 1.48-2.79; p < 0.001) and severe anxiety signs (OR 2.27, 95% CI 1.29-3.98; p = 0.004). Other factor associated with severe noise anxiety in both populations were the following; increased length of anxiety signs, injury during noise anxiety, the level of firework sounds on the property and willingness to use prescription drugs for treatment. General anxiousness being the most reported sign of noise anxiety in both surveys, other frequently mentioned signs were decreased appetite, diarrhoea or increased defecation, running in the box and sweating. Management strategies, most commonly used in both countries were keeping the horse inside the stable and playing music throughout the night, however the effectiveness of the strategies was reported to be variable. Since many horse owners perceive firework related noise anxiety to be a health concern, it is crucial that the owner could consult their veterinarian to find the best management strategy for their horse.
Haptoglobin and Toxoplasma gondii seropositivity in domestic cats
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2021) Kohonen, Ina-Sofia; Orro, Toomas (juhendaja); Jokelainen, Pikka (juhendaja)
Toxoplasma gondii is a globally spread intracellular parasite that is able to infect all warm blooded animals. The infection is widely spread among the domestic cat population in Estonia. Haptoglobin (Hp) is an acute phase protein in felines and is currently used as a diagnostic marker of inflammation in other species. T. gondii infection causes an inflammation response in the host animal and triggers an immune response where acute phase proteins play an important part. Because of that, increased Hp levels should be seen due to inflammatory response caused by T. gondii infection. The relation of T. gondii infection and Hp has not been previously studied in cats. This study included serum samples of 431 domestic cats from Estonia, including indoor pet cats, outdoor pet cats and shelter cats. Cats’ serum samples Hp concentrations were measured using a spectrophotometric assay for bovines, adapted for use in pigs. The median (25% and 75% quartiles) haptoglobin concentration in the studied cats was 3.58 g/l (2.28; 5.22). In indoor pet cats (n = 119) the median haptoglobin concentration was 2.87 g/l (1.70; 4.43), in outdoor pet cats (n = 134) 3.71 g/l (2.23; 5.79) and in shelter cats (n = 178) 3.72 g/l (2.77; 5.16). The concentration of haptoglobin was significantly lower in indoor pet cats than in outdoor pet cats (p = 0.049) and in shelter cats (p = 0.013). The results showed statistically significant positive association between T. gondii seropositivity and Hp level in indoor pet cats (p = 0.018). In outdoor pet cats and shelter cats no statistically significant association between Hp level and T. gondii infection was found. The concentration of Hp was significantly higher comparing all seropositive cats to all seronegative cats (p = 0.036). As relation of T. gondii seropositivity and haptoglobin has not been previously researched, further studies are needed before Hp could become a diagnostic marker of T. gondii infection or the disease it can cause, toxoplasmosis.
Homecare in prevention of periodontal disease in dogs and cats: owner awareness and attitudes
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2019) Hietakangas, Mirella; Kääramees, Kadri (juhendaja); Orro, Toomas (juhendaja); Veterinaarmeditsiin
Periodontal disease is a major problem in dogs and cats and has also been studied extensively. Hand in hand with advancement of veterinary medicine, the knowledge of extent and consequences of periodontal disease and importance the of homecare is increasing. Homecare plays a critical role in prevention of periodontal disease and there are numerous oral homecare solutions available, but one must be aware of different efficacy of various products and methods. Also, anesthesia-free dental procedures have increasingly been on public display but are considered insufficient and even detrimental by the veterinary profession due to causing delay in correct assessment and treatment. The material was collected in the form of questionnaires from dog and cat owners visiting a veterinary clinic, in total 299 responses were received. Questions inquired about extent and methods of oral homecare applied, owner’s assessment of their pet’s oral health, awareness of signs of dental problems and required procedures. Results indicated that a majority of dog (73%) and cat (90%) owners did not brush their pet’s teeth at all with the main reason given that they have not received an advice to do so. In cats use of dental complementary products (special diets. chews. feed additives etc.) was not popular but in dogs, majority of owners were using them at different frequencies. Some strong associations were also found between history of visits due dental problems, pet’s higher age and owner’s desire to gain more information about oral health with the higher risk of pet’s worse oral health status as assessed by the owner.
Incidence of feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus in wild felines living in captivity at a nature reserve in Central Africa
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2023) Hietaranta, Iina-Maria Henrietta; Orro, Toomas (juhendaja)
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) are among the most prevalent viral infections in domestic cats and they are both capable of causing serious harm to the health of the infected animals. These viruses have also been found to infect and cause disease in wild felids. Point of care (POC) tests for detecting FeLV antigen and FIV antibody are the most widely available tests for screening for these viruses and regular screening of domestic cats is recommended. This study aimed to find out the incidence of FeLV and FIV in caracals (Caracal caracal), cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus), leopards (Panthera pardus) and lions (Panthera leo) living at a nature reserve by looking into the test results obtained from point of care tests for FeLV and FIV performed between the years of 2016-2022. The study found that three cheetahs out of the 54 animals in this study tested positive for FeLV, and no animals tested positive for FIV. This study result proves that FeLV is present in the study population and attention should be paid to the efficiency of the testing regime to ensure that the spread of the virus can be controlled, and the health of the infected animals is monitored sufficiently.
Koerte akuutse faasi proteiinid põletiku markerina: tervete ja püometra diagnoosiga koerte võrdlus
(2013) Dedjulja, Aleksandr; Peetsalu, Kristel (juhendaja); Orro, Toomas (juhendaja)
Lõputöö jaoks koguti andmed Eesti Maaülikooli väikeloomakliinikus (EMÜ VLK) ning määrati valitud populatsioonil akuutse faasi proteiine (APP). Uuringu eesmärgiks oli välja selgitada APP-de kvantitatiivsed muutused püometra diagnoosiga koertel ning võrrelda saadud tulemusi kontrollrühma ehk tervete koertega. Töös uuriti kahte koerte rühma. Esimese rühma ehk kontrollrühma moodustasid väikeloomakliiniku kliiniliselt terved patsiendid (kokku 53 koera). Rühmas olid nii emased ja isased kui ka kastreeritud ja steriliseeritud koerad. Teise koerterühma moodustasid steriliseerimata emased koerad, kellel oli diagnoositud püometra (kokku 35 koera). Kõikidel koertel varieerusid nii vanus, kehakaal, kehakonditsioon kui ka tõug. EMÜ VLK laboratooriumis määrati uuringus planeeritud biokeemilised vereparameetrid ja Eesti Maaülikooli hematoloogia ja biokeemia laboris tehti hematoloogiline vereuuring. Seerumi amüloid A (SAA), C-reaktiivne proteiin (CRP) ja haptoglobiin (Hp) analüüsiti EMÜ mükobakteriooside laboratooriumis, kasutades SAA ja CRP määramiseks kommertsiaalset ensüümset immunosorptsioonianalüüsi (ELISA) ja Hp määramiseks kommertsiaalset kolorimeetrilist testi vastavalt juhenditele. Püometra diagnoosiga koertel täheldati CRP puhul 67, SAA puhul 195, Hp puhul aga 6,4 korda suuremat plasma kontsentratsiooni kui kontrollrühma ehk tervetel koertel. Samuti leiti optimaalsed piirväärtused CRP (> 6,6 mg/l), SAA (> 41,1 mg/l), Hp (> 3,8 g/l), albumiini (≤ 31 g/l) ja leukotsüüdide (WBC) arvu (17 × 109 l) jaoks, kasutades ROC-analüüsi (receiver operating characteristic). Kontrollrühma koerte populatsioonil määrati APP-de ja WBC arvu referentsväärtused, mis ei erinenud oluliselt optimaalsetest piirväärtustest. Võrreldes käesolevas uuringus tervetel koertel (kontrollrühma koertel) saadud APP-de kontsentratsioone teiste varem tehtud uuringute tulemustega, ei täheldatud märkimisväärseid erinevusi (v.a SAA).
Koerte vere laktaadi ja C-reaktiivse valgu sisalduse prognostiline väärtus maokeeru korral: juhtude analüüs
(Eesti Maaülikool, 2023) Kirss, Liisa; Orro, Toomas (juhendaja)
Maokeerd on tavaliselt suurt kasvu ja tõugu koertel esinev ägedalt kulgev eluohtlik haiguslik seisnud, mille ainuke ravivõte on kirurgiline sekkumine. Olulist osa mängib kirurgilisel sekkumisel ka gastropeksia teostamine, mis vähendab maokeeru taasteket kuni 95%. Selles uurimistöös taheti välja selgitada, kas CRP kontsentratsioon vereseerumis ja laktaadi kontsentratsioon vereplasmas enne operatsiooni ja peale operatsiooni on seotud loomade ellujäämisega ning milline on nende analüüside prognostiline väärtus paranemisele ning elumusele. Antud uuringusse kuulus 10 looma, kes kõik saabusid kliinikusse erakorraliselt maokeeru kahtluse tõttu. Kõik uuringus osalenud loomad saadeti nii kiiresti kui võimalik operatsioonile. Verest mõõdeti CRP ja laktaat enne operatsiooni (T0), 4 tundi peale operatsiooni (T1) ning 24 tundi peale esimeste vereproovide võtmist (T2). Laktaadi langus post-operatiivselt on väga hea prognostiline näitaja looma paranemise osas ning mao nekroosi olemasolu prognoosimisel. Selles uuringus suri 3 looma. Mediaanväärtus plasma laktaadil oli selles uuringus ajal T0 oli 6,05 mmol/l ja ajal T1 4,65 mmol/l. Seerumi CRP mediaan oli ajal T0 6,54 mg/l ja ajal T1 34,25 mg/l. Kõikidele kasutatud artiklitele toetudes võib järeldada, et laktaadil on väga head prognostilised väärtused, et prognoosida maokeeru tagajärjel tekkinud mao nekroosi ning kudede kahjustust, mis omakorda aitab prognoosida paranemist. CRP väärtus prognostilise markerina maokeeru puhul on küsitava väärtusega ning oleks kindlasti vaja suuremahulist uuringut, et nimetatud väärtusi koos hinnata ning jõuda selgusele, kas nende koos hindamine suudab haiguse kulgu, ning ka suremust, täpsemalt prognoosida.
Kraniaalse ristatisideme rebendi etioloogia, ravi ja postoperatiivne taastumine koertel
(2016) Sargsyan, David; Semjonov, Aleksandr (juhendaja); Orro, Toomas (juhendaja)
Kraniaalne ristatisideme rebend on sage tagajäseme lonkamise põhjuseks suurt tõugu koertel. Antud patoloogia raviks on välja töötanud hulk kirurgilisi meetodeid, milliseid jaotatakse intraartikulaarseteks, ekstraartikulaarseteks ning osteotoomia tehnikateks. Käesoleva lõputöö eesmärgiks oli võrrelda omavahel kolm Eestis teostatavat KRS rebendi ravimeetodit. Lõputöö uuringus osales 39 erineva tõu, soo, vanuse, kaaluga koera, kellel diagnoositi 2015. aastal KRS rebend. 29 isenditel teostati KRS operatiivne ravi. Kasutades elektroonilist ning kirjalikku väikeloomakliinikute andmebaasi, suhtlemist omanikutega otsesel kokkupuutel või telefooni teel, loomade intra- ning postoperatiivset kliinilist ülevaatust, koguti andmed postoperatiivse paranemise kiiruse ning tüsistuste esinemise kohta. Saadud tulemused analüüsiti kasutades Cox’i proportsionaalse riskimudelit. KRS rebend esines kõige rohkem suure tõu, rohkem kui 15 kg kaaluvatel, emastel steriliseeritud koertel. Need statistilised andmed vastavad teaduslikele artiklitele. Postoperatiivse hindamise tulemused näitavad, et kiiremini taastuvad loomad TTA Rapid meetodi puhul. Tüsistuste esinemine juhtus kõige rohkem MOT meetodi kasutamisel. Uuringus saanud tulemused on samuti kooskõõlas kirjanduses olevate andmetega.

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