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Sirvi Autor "Kaart, Tanel" järgi

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  • Pisipilt
    Kirje
    Additional concentrates do not affect feeding times of cows, but social positions of cows do
    (2018) Soonberg, Maria; Kass, Marko; Kaart, Tanel; Leming, Ragnar; Arney, David R.; Estonian University of Life Sciences. Department of Animal Nutrition; Estonian University of Life Sciences. Department of Animal Breeding and Biotechnology
    In robotic milking dairy systems lack of control over intakes can be problematic for balancing the forage and concentrate portions of diets. This can lead to proble ms associated with high concentrate intakes and concomitant low forage intakes. To check this as a problem, the feeding behaviour of cows was observed: the number of daily visits to the feed barrier, the duration of these visits and actual feeding, of high and low yielding cows. The cows were robot - milked and fed a ration comprising, separately, concentrate feed from a robot and a feeder, and a grass/clover silage mix forage at the feed barrier. Individual variation in visiting times and times spent at the feed barrier were greater than the effect of level of production. There was no evidence that cows with higher milk yields are differentially motivated to feed from forage. But more dominant cows spent more time feeding than submissive cows.
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    Kirje
    Bovine colostrum casein: Post-partum dynamics of micelle size, content, and associated traits
    (Elsevier, 2024) Sats, Andres; Kaart, Tanel; Jõudu, Ivi
    In milk, casein exists in the form of colloidal casein micelles (CM), which are crucial for various biological functions such as neonatal nutrition, calcium phosphate control, and amyloid fibril suppression. However, bovine colostrum casein has received less attention despite its importance. The objective of this study was to investigate the size of colostrum CM and their relationship with compositional traits during four post-partum milkings. A total of 184 samples (collected at 12 ± 1 h intervals) were obtained from 46 cows over four sequential milkings. The results demonstrated a significant decrease in CM size of colostrum from 227.2 nm to 201.9 nm over the four post-partum milkings. Fat, protein, casein content, and Brix values also declined across milkings and showed a positive correlation with CM size, although the relationships were nonlinear. Understanding CM size can be valuable for decision-making regarding colostrum and transition milk processing due to its significant role.
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    Kirje
    Bovine colostrum: Postpartum changes in fat globule size distribution and fatty acid profile
    (Elsevier, 2022) Sats, Andres; Yurchenko, Sergei; Kaart, Tanel; Tatar, Vilma; Lutter, Liis; Jõudu, Ivi
    Although “zero waste” valorization concepts are gaining increasing attention, colostrum, a byproduct of milk production, remains underused due to technological challenges. Information about the fat fraction and the size of fat globules is needed to address these challenges, but such information is currently lacking. This study aimed to fill this gap in the knowledge by measuring the size distribution of bovine colostrum fat globules (CFG) and analyzing its relationships with postpartum milkings, parity, and fatty acids (FA) profile. Four sequential postpartum colostrum samples were collected from 44 cows and analyzed for the abovementioned parameters. The results indicated that CFG size increases almost twice during postpartum milkings (from ~5 to ~10 μm), whereas lactation has little, if any, effect on CFG size. The FA profile analyses showed that the content of most FA in the fourth postpartum milking was different from the previous milkings. The correlation analyses between CFG size and FA profile also demonstrated that the fourth milking was clearly distinguishable from the first 3 postpartum milkings. For example, the saturated FA content from the first 3 milkings had a positive correlation with smaller CFG (and a negative correlation with larger CFG), whereas the fourth milking demonstrated no correlations. Based on these CFG size and FA profile analyses, the results of this study suggest that the first 3 postpartum milkings can be considered as colostrum, whereas the fourth milking represents transition milk. Information about CFG size distribution enables modification of the FA profile of colostrum products and the ability to create better valorization technologies for colostrum-based food and feed supplements.
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    Kirje
    Eesti holsteini tõugu lehmade piimajõudlus, sigimine ja aretus kõrgetoodangulises karjas 21. sajandi esimesel kümnendil
    (2012) Petrova, Anna; Kaart, Tanel; Kiiman, Heli
    Holsteini tõugu lehmade piimatoodang tõuseb pidevalt, kuid sellega kaasnevad tervise, sigimis- ja taastootmisnäitajate halvemine. Olukorra parandamiseks on Jõudluskontrolli Keskuse poolt väljatöötatud aretusväärtused. Antud töö eesmärgiks oli kirjeldada eesti holsteini tõugu lehmade arengutendentse kümne aasta jooksul. Soovisime välja töötatud aretusväärtusi arvesse võttes hinnata konkreetses karjas pulli mõju järglaste piimajõudlus-, sigivus- ja poegimisnäitajatele ning saadud infot analüüsides leida, kuivõrd avaldub pullide kogu Eesti piimaveiste populatsiooni baasil hinnatud geneetiline võimekus konkreetse karja tingimustes. Uuringu tulemused annaksid selektsionääridele praktilisi näpunäiteid, kuidas läbi pulli valiku mõjutada karja olukorra. Töö tulemusena leidis kinnitust väide, et kui keskenduda pullide valikul ainult piimatoodangu suurendamisele ja mitte jälgida ülejäänud aretusväärtusi, siis pikenevad märgatavalt nii uuslüpsiperiood kui poegimisvahemik. Uuringualuses karjas olid uuslüpsiperiood ühe kuu võrra ja poegimisvahemik kahe kuu võrra pikemad soovituslikest. Mullikate raskete poegimiste osakaal oli 43,8% ja surnultsündide osakaal 8,26%. Statistliselt olulised seosed ilmnesid pullide suhtelise piimajõudluse aretusväärtuse SPAV ja tütarde keskmise piimatoodangu vahel, pullide suhtelise kasutusea aretusväärtuse STAV ja tütarde praakimise vahel kahe aasta jooksul pärast esmaspoegimist ning pullide surnultsünni aretusväärtuste ja tütardel esinenud surnultsündide sageduste vahel. Keskmise tugevusega seosed ilmnesid pullide poegimiskerguse aretusväärtuste ning tütarde abiga ja abita poegimiste esinemissageduste vahel. Nõrgad, aga siiski loogilise suunaga seosed ilmnesid pullide suhteliste udara tervise aretusväärtuste ja tütarde keskmiste somaatiliste rakkude arvude vahel ning pullide suhteliste sigivuse aretusväärtuste ja tütarde keskmiste sigivusnäitajate vahel. Tänapäeva tõuaretus nõuab väga mitmekülgset lähenemist konkreetsetesse tingimustesse enim sobivate pullide valikul. Ühelt poolt teeb erinevate aretusväärtuste olemasolu pullide valiku paindlikumaks, teisalt nõuab farmi selektsionäärilt suurt tarkust, kogemust ja kohati ka ettenägemisvõimet otsustamaks, missugust pulli konkreetse lehma tarvis valida. Farmide söötmis- ja pidamistingimuste ühtlustumine Eesti veisepopulatsioonides suurendab populatsiooni baasil teostatud geneetilise hindamise tulemuste kehtimise tõenäosust üksikuis farmides. Samas, nagu näitasid ka käesoleva uuringu tulemused, jääb ikkagi võimalus, et ühte farmi sobivad paremini ühe pulli järglased, teise farmi teise pulli järglased. Soovitused uuritud farmile. Võib olla oleks mõttekam hoida toodang mõnda aega ühel tasemel ja panna praegu suuremat rõhku tervise parandamisele ja taastootmisele. Selle tulemuseks oleks lõppkokkuvõttes terve, vastupidav ja suuretoodanguline lehm. Pulli valikul tuleks suuremat tähelepanu pöörata: 1. SGAV-le, mida suurem on SGAV seda lühem on tema tütarde uuslüpsiperioodi pikkus ja seega ka poegimisvahemik võrreldes karjakaaslastega, 2. poegimiskerguse ja surnultsünni aretusväärtustele – mida suurem see on seda väiksem on raskete poegimiste osakaal ja surnultsünde esineb vähem.
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    Kirje
    The effect of ageing on chosen quality characteristics of skeletal muscles of Aberdeen Angus bulls
    (2019) Soidla, Riina; Kerner, Kristi; Tepper, Marek; Tänavots, Alo; Kaart, Tanel; Jõudu, Ivi; Estonian University of Life Sciences. Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences. Chair of Food Science and Technology; Estonian University of Life Sciences. Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences. Chair of Animal Breeding and Biotechnology
    The objective of the trial was to study the qualitative parameters of two muscles of Aberdeen Angus bulls with 250–300 kg carcass weight. After slaughter, longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LD) muscle and unseparated semimembranosus and adductor femoris(SMA) muscles were removed from the chilled carcasses. Muscles were vacuum-packed and wet aged at +2 °C for 10, 14, 18 and 20 days. Meat pH, electrical conductivity, shear force and colour were measured in all ageing times. Two thermal treatment methods (sous-vide (SV) and grilling) were used to determine cooking losses. The effects of muscles, ageing times and muscles by ageing times interaction was found with two-factorial analysis of variance. The effects of muscles, ageing times and muscle groups by ageing time interaction for raw and SV treated meat shear force was significant. Ageing decreased SV treated meat shear force from day 10 (40.8 N) to 18 (29.7 N). Fresh and SV treated LD muscle was tougher compared to the SMA muscle group, but SM showed a better response to the tenderness within 20 days of ageing. Redness and yellowness value was higher in the SM group in comparison to LD. Muscles showed good colour (lightness, redness and yellowness) stability within ageing for 20 days. No interactions were found between muscle groups and ageing times for SV treated and grilled beef cooking losses. However, SV treated meat lost more weight than grilled meat slices. The present study suggests that the optimal ageing time for meat is 18 days when the grilled meat cooking loss is the lowest.
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    Kirje
    The effects of two different preoperative anesthetic regimens on intraocular pressure in dogs
    (Eesti Maaülikool, 2019) Lomp, Triinu; Cernevskis, Rihards; Lehtla, Andžela; Kaart, Tanel; Veterinaarmeditsiin
    Sudden intraocular pressure (IOP) increase can have significant negative consequences in animals with corneal lesions or glaucoma and that is why it should be avoided whenever possible. IOP is defined by the pressure of intraocular aqueous humor on the eyes fibrous layer. The aim of the present study is to evaluate and compare the effect of methadonedexmedetomidine-propofol (MDP) and methadone-midazolam-propofol (MMP) on IOP in dogs before general anesthesia with isoflurane. Also to evaluate the IOP rise after endotracheal intubation. The study population was 12 adult dogs of different breeds obtained from the University of Life Sciences Small-Animal Clinic who were going to undergo orthopedic knee surgery. The dogs were otherwise clinically healthy. Preanesthetic physical examination was done and blood work consisting of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and blood creatinine (CREA) in all cases. Before entering the study, all subjects went through an ophthalmological examination. Statistical analyses were performed and all the figures were constructed with program R version 3.5.3 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria). When comparing the groups MDP and MMP the author concludes that a better anesthetic regimen for ophthalmological procedures is first one because the IOP remains relatively consistent throughout the preoperative period and there are not any acute rises in IOP. All the results gotten from this study should be interpreted with caution because of the small study population. A larger study population is needed to make final conclusions.
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    Kirje
    Esma- ja korduvpoeginud emiste tütarde karjas püsimise ja prakeerimispõhjuste võrdlemine
    (Eesti Maaülikool, 2023) Sonts, Karen; Jeremejeva, Julia; Kaart, Tanel
    Produktiivsete emiste karja valimine on farmile majanduslikult oluline. Esmapoeginud emis saab vähem järglasi, sealjuures viimased on väiksema kehamassiga kui mitmendat korda poegiva emise järglased. Samas puuduvad uuringud esmapoegijate ja mitmendat korda poegivate emiste tütarde karjas püsimise ning prakeerimispõhjuste kohta. Antud töö eesmärk on võrrelda esmapoegija tütarde prakeerimispõhjuseid ja nende karjas püsivust mitmendat korda poegiva emise tütarde omadega. Töös on kasutatud Eesti Põllumajandusloomade Jõudluskontrolli 2012 – 2021 aasta andmeid. Käesoleva uuringu võrdlusesse kaasati karja täienduseks jäetud 59754 emise tütart. Emiste tütred jaotati kolme poegimiskorra rühma: 1; 2. – 5. ja ≥6. Käesoleva töö tulemuste põhjal võib väita, et 6. ja edasise poegimiskorra emiste tütred püsisid keskmiselt 67 päeva kauem karjas kui esmapoeginud emise tütred (p < 0,001) ning 2. – 5. poegimiskorra tütred püsisid karjas keskmiselt 32 päeva kauem karjas kui esmapoeginud emiste tütred (p < 0,001). Esmapoegijate tütarde peamised prakeerimispõhjused olid teadmata (29,1%) ja sigimishäired (21,5%). 2. – 5. poegimiskorra puhul olid sarnased prakeerimispõhjused: teadmata (23,7%) ja sigimishäired (23,2%). 6. ja rohkema poegimiskorra tütreid prakeeriti 23,7% sigimishäirete ja 20,6% vigastuste ja jäsemete haiguste tõttu. Töö tulemuste põhjal võib järeldada, et mitmendat korda poeginud emise tütar püsib karjas kauem kui esmapoegija tütar. Samas prakeerimispõhjuste põhjal oli raske hinnata tulemusi teadmata prakeerimispõhjuse suure osakaalu tõttu. Võib oletada, et teadmata prakeerimispõhjus võis mõjutada ka teiste prakeerimispõhjuste suhtelist sagedust ning seetõttu ei kajastaks reaalset olukorda Eestis emiste tütarde prakeerimispõhjuste kohta.
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    Kirje
    Estrotect © as an indicator of fertile heat compared to visual detection in dairy heifers
    (Eesti Maaülikool, 2021) Lehtinen, Patrik Kalevi; Kask, Kalle; Kaart, Tanel
    Heat detection and the precise timing of animals in true estrus has become one of the most important challenges in modern-day dairy farming. Additionally, replacement animals are more often artificially inseminated. A well-managed replacement herd breeding program is crucial for a farm to achieve the most economical profit. In this study, we compared Estrotect heat detection devices with ordinary visual heat detection (two times per day). The aim was to compare the results of using heat detection aids with the labor concerning practice of visual heat detection. A total of 142 Holstein and 30 Estonian Red breed heifers were selected as a group inseminated according to Estrotect devices; for the second group, heat was detected visually in 92 Holstein and 14 Estonian Red breed heifers. All animals selected to this study were inseminated for the first time. When inseminated according to Estrotect device, 66.9% of Holstein heifers and 36.7% of Estonian Red heifers became pregnant. When heat was detected visually, 71.7% of Holstein heifers and 71.4% of Estonian Red heifers became pregnant. According to this study, Estrotect can be a useful aid to improve the fertility results of replacement herds in farms with problems related to visual heat detection management.
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    Kirje
    Evaluation of histopathology as a diagnostic method for equine sarcoids and treatment options
    (Eesti Maaülikool, 2022) Allmang, Cristin; Järveots, Tõnu; Kaart, Tanel
    Equine sarcoids are the most common neoplasias of the skin in equines and especially relevant in horses. They present clinically as locally invasive, single or more frequently, multiple lesions with a heterogenous appearance, which highly depends on their clinical nature. Equine sarcoids are morphologically divided into 6 classes: occult, verrucous, nodular, fibroblastic, mixed, and malignant/malevolent. In diagnostics it is essential, to differentiate the sarcoids, as some forms are more resistant to therapy and have a tendency to transform into more aggressive forms. Histopathology is considered the gold-standard in diagnosis of sarcoids but the risk for aggravating the lesions when taking a biopsy is high. This study aims to evaluate if histopathology remains as the gold-standard a diagnostic tool and compare its frequency of use with other laboratory diagnostic tools like fine needle aspiration, polymerase-chain-reaction and immunohistochemistry. Additionally, the frequency of use and success rates of different treatment options in correlation with various types of sarcoids were evaluated. Data was obtained by a questionnaire that was answered by 26 equine veterinarians. 88.5% of the study population did use histopathology as a diagnostic method, most frequently for verrucous form (84.6%), mixed (76.9%), fibroblastic and nodular (53.8%). Furthermore, histology was most frequently rated “very good” (41.7%) in terms of precision and utility and none of the questioned veterinarians rated it “unreliable/ not helpful” in diagnosis of sarcoids. Fine needle aspiration was only used by 3.8%, polymerase-chain-reaction by 14.6 % and immunohistochemistry was only used by 13.3%. Surgical removal was the most frequently chosen treatment (92.3%), with a prevalence of use in nodular (61.5%) sarcoids. According to the results obtained, this study concludes that histopathology, despite the risks a biopsy poses, is still the gold-standard in diagnostics of equine sarcoids and surgical removal is the preferred treatment for these persistent neoplasias.
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    Kirje
    Evaluation of histopathology as a diagnostic method for equine sarcoids and treatment options
    (Eesti Maaülikool, 2022) Allmang, Cristin; Järveots, Tõnu; Kaart, Tanel
    Equine sarcoids are the most common neoplasias of the skin in equines and especially relevant in horses. They present clinically as locally invasive, single or more frequently, multiple lesions with a heterogenous appearance, which highly depends on their clinical nature. Equine sarcoids are morphologically divided into 6 classes: occult, verrucous, nodular, fibroblastic, mixed, and malignant/malevolent. In diagnostics it is essential, to differentiate the sarcoids, as some forms are more resistant to therapy and have a tendency to transform into more aggressive forms. Histopathology is considered the gold-standard in diagnosis of sarcoids but the risk for aggravating the lesions when taking a biopsy is high. This study aims to evaluate if histopathology remains as the gold-standard a diagnostic tool and compare its frequency of use with other laboratory diagnostic tools like fine needle aspiration, polymerase-chain-reaction and immunohistochemistry. Additionally, the frequency of use and success rates of different treatment options in correlation with various types of sarcoids were evaluated. Data was obtained by a questionnaire that was answered by 26 equine veterinarians. 88.5% of the study population did use histopathology as a diagnostic method, most frequently for verrucous form (84.6%), mixed (76.9%), fibroblastic and nodular (53.8%). Furthermore, histology was most frequently rated “very good” (41.7%) in terms of precision and utility and none of the questioned veterinarians rated it “unreliable/ not helpful” in diagnosis of sarcoids. Fine needle aspiration was only used by 3.8%, polymerase-chain-reaction by 14.6 % and immunohistochemistry was only used by 13.3%. Surgical removal was the most frequently chosen treatment (92.3%), with a prevalence of use in nodular (61.5%) sarcoids. According to the results obtained, this study concludes that histopathology, despite the risks a biopsy poses, is still the gold-standard in diagnostics of equine sarcoids and surgical removal is the preferred treatment for these persistent neoplasias.
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    Genetic and modelling aspects of milk coagulation properties in dairy cattle
    (Eesti Maaülikool, 2013) Vallas, Mirjam; Pärna, Elli; Pärna, Kalev; Kaart, Tanel; Arney, David; Rand, Nele
    Milk coagulation properties (milk coagulation time and curd firmness) are of great importance for the cheese industry because of their influence on cheese outcome and quality. This thesis focuses on possibilities for the genetic improvement of these economically important traits in Estonian Holstein cattle and also evaluates transformation possibilities of milk coagulation measurements into one scale, between different analytical techniques. This study is the first large-scale study of genetic parameters of milk coagulation traits based on the optical method for measuring these traits. Estimates of heritability, repeatability and genetic correlations among milk coagulation, production, milk fat and protein percentage, somatic cell score, urea content and pH were found. Effect of β-κ-casein genotype on the milk traits referred to above and their additive genetic variation were also examined. Genetic parameters were estimated based on 17,577 first lactation milk samples from 4,191 Estonian Holstein cows, while β-κ-casein genotype effects were evaluated based on 23,970 milk samples for the first to third lactation from 2,859 genotyped Estonian Holstein cows. To study the transformability of measurements of milk coagulation traits, these traits were measured for 165 milk samples in two laboratories in Italy, using two different mechanical methods, and in Estonian laboratory using the optical method. The analyses of subsamples from the same cow were performed on the same day in all three laboratories. The study revealed that precision of transformation was high for milk coagulation time, while transformability of curd firmness remained moderate between mechanical methods, and modest between optical and mechanical methods. The association between milk coagulation traits, measured by the optical method, and cheese outcome and quality remains unclear. Genetic study showed that heritable additive genetic variation described about one-third of the phenotypic variation in milk coagulation traits of Estonian Holstein cows. Further, the β-κ-casein genotype described half of the additive genetic variation of curd firmness. Genetic associations of milk coagulation traits with milk production, pH and composition traits were predominantly low and favourable. It could be concluded that genetic determination of milk coagulation traits enables the improvement of these milk properties by using breeding methods, such as direct selection, on these traits as well as selection on the basis of genetic markers considering the high frequency found for β-κ-casein genotypes with an unfavourable effect on milk coagulation properties. However, a lack of high capacity equipment and analytical techniques for measuring milk coagulation traits makes routine recording of these traits on a whole dairy cow population unfeasible. Nevertheless, genetic evaluation can be applied to a limited number of breeding animals (e. g. bulls or bull dams).
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    Impact of climate change and other ecological factors on selected fish populations and fishery in Estonian large lakes
    (Eesti Maaülikool, 2021) Öğlü, Burak; Kaart, Tanel; Kangur, Külli; Cremona, Fabien; Kuparinen, Anna (opponent); Olli, Kalle (pre-opponent)
    Human activities and climate change have become the most consequential threats to freshwater ecosystems and their inhabitants, especially fish. The response of the fish population to their environment is not always straightforward because of joint effect of multiple parameters. Fish and fisheries in shallow lakes can be directly affected by changes in air temperature, and also changes can occur via other factors in lakes that are under the influence of climate change. Also, response of each fish species to those parameters can vary depending on their tolerance and adaptation. Therefore, examining complex relationships between fish and their environment plays important role at understanding the dynamic of fish population and fisheries. In this study, we aimed to determine general driving factors, including climate change impact, for fish and fishery in Estonian large lakes. Results show that although winter is one of the most affected seasons by climate change in this region, then the selected fish species and eel fishery in Estonian large lakes were more sensitive to other environmental parameters. However, since the changes in winter surface water temperature and ice formation can affect other parameters, the indirect effect should not be ignored. Nutrients, spring-summer temperature and alkalinity were the most important environmental parameters for the selected fish biomass. We found that the high blue-green algae biomass during restocking period is the strongest negative impact for the eel fishery in Lake Võrtsjärv. The impact of factors can occur subsequently in fish communities and may lead to irreversible consequences, whereas the effects of concurrent climate change and nutrient enrichment can mutually reinforce their symptoms.
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    Kirje
    Impact of climate change and other ecological factors on selected fish populations and fishery in Estonian large lakes
    (Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2021) Öğlü, Burak; Kaart, Tanel; Kangur, Külli; Cremona, Fabien; Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences; Kuparinen, Anna (opponent); Olli, Kalle (pre-opponent)
    Human activities and climate change have become the most consequential threats to freshwater ecosystems and their inhabitants, especially fish. The response of the fish population to their environment is not always straightforward because of joint effect of multiple parameters. Fish and fisheries in shallow lakes can be directly affected by changes in air temperature, and also changes can occur via other factors in lakes that are under the influence of climate change. Also, response of each fish species to those parameters can vary depending on their tolerance and adaptation. Therefore, examining complex relationships between fish and their environment plays important role at understanding the dynamic of fish population and fisheries. In this study, we aimed to determine general driving factors, including climate change impact, for fish and fishery in Estonian large lakes. Results show that although winter is one of the most affected seasons by climate change in this region, then the selected fish species and eel fishery in Estonian large lakes were more sensitive to other environmental parameters. However, since the changes in winter surface water temperature and ice formation can affect other parameters, the indirect effect should not be ignored. Nutrients, spring-summer temperature and alkalinity were the most important environmental parameters for the selected fish biomass. We found that the high blue-green algae biomass during restocking period is the strongest negative impact for the eel fishery in Lake Võrtsjärv. The impact of factors can occur subsequently in fish communities and may lead to irreversible consequences, whereas the effects of concurrent climate change and nutrient enrichment can mutually reinforce their symptoms.
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    The indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonisation potential in potato roots is affected by agricultural treatments
    (2018) Loit, Kaire; Soonvald, Liina; Kukk, M.; Astover, Alar; Runno-Paurson, Eve; Kaart, Tanel; Öpik, Maarja; Estonian University of Life Sciences. Chair of Plant Health; Estonian University of Life Sciences. Chair of Soil Science; Estonian University of Life Sciences. Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology; Estonian University of Life Sciences. Chair of Animal Breeding and Biotechnology
    There is an urgent need to develop novel approaches to enhance sustainable agriculture while not reducing cr op yields. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi establish symbiotic associations with most crop plants improving plant performance and soil health. This study investigated the extent of colonisation of potato roots by indigenous AM fungi in the arable soil under conventional and organic farming systems. Potato roots had greater AM fungal colonisation levels under organic than conventional farming, though in general, root colonisation levels were extremely low in both farming systems . Pota to root AM fungal colonisation was lower with higher soil P content and higher with higher annual C input. Trap plant root AM fungal colonisation was considerably higher than in field potato roots and showed that soil mycorrhizal inoculum potential was hig her in organic than in conventional farming. Thus, the positive impact of manure application in organic fields to the potato AM fungal colonisation can be explained by previous higher total annual C fresh organic matter input and lower soil P content under treatment. Furthermore, the natural AM fungal abundance in the soil was sufficient to colonise trap plant roots, suggesting a low mycorrhizal dependence of the studied potato cultivar.
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    The interaction of soil aggregate stability with other soil properties as influenced by manure and nitrogen fertilization
    (Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Vytautas Magnus University, 2018) Are, Mihkel; Kaart, Tanel; Selge, Are; Astover, Alar; Reintam, Endla; Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. Estonian University of Life Sciences; Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences. Estonian University of Life Sciences
    Soil water-stable aggregate (WSA) stability is one of the most important indicators of soil health, because it influences chemical, biological and other physical properties. At the same time, WSA formation, stabilization and degradation are also some of the most complex processes that occur in the soil, making them difficult to fully understand. In particular, there is a lack of research on WSA stability in the Baltic region. To gain a better understanding how aggregation occurs in Estonian pedo-climatic conditions, this study was conducted in 2014– 2015 in a sandy loam Stagnic Luvisol (LV-st) (WRB, 2014). Potato and barley plots were analysed in a three-year crop rotation (potato → spring wheat → barley) with straw removal. The nitrogen (N) fertilization treatments were 0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha-1 yr-1 N, both without and with 40 Mg ha-1 fermented cattle farmyard manure (FYM) application prior to potato planting in the previous autumn. WSA stability was determined by Eijkelkamp’s wet sieving apparatus from air-dried soil samples of less than 2 mm in diameter. The study revealed a negative correlation (r = −0.16) between increased N rates and WSA stability, regardless of FYM applications. Although soil organic carbon (SOC) content increased with additional N fertilization rates, the reduction in soil acidity (pHKCl) levels caused by N fertilization, most likely repealed the positive SOC content effect on WSA stability. In general, compared with sole N fertilization, FYM application had a positive effect on WSA stability. However, even though WSA stability did not always increase with FYM applications, it still had a positive effect on bulk density, SOC content and soil acidity levels. Further research is needed in Estonia due to the complexities involved in the soil aggregation process.
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    Kirje
    Kaera lisasöötmise mõju rohusöödarikaste ratsioonide kasutamisel uttede toitumusele, jõudlusele ning vere glükoosi ja β-hüdroksübutüraadi sisaldusele mahefarmides
    (Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2018) Piirsalu, Peep; Kaart, Tanel; Samarütel, Jaak; Tölp, Silvi; Ilves, Aire; Jaakson, Hanno; Nutt, Irje; Eesti Maaülikool. Veterinaarmeditsiini ja loomakasvatuse instituut. Söötmisteaduse õppetool; Eesti Maaülikool. Veterinaarmeditsiini ja loomakasvatuse instituut. Tõuaretuse ja biotehnoloogia õppetool
    The aim of this study was to estimate the feeding strategies of pregnant and lactating ewes fed only silage/hay or supplemented with concentrates (oat) on the ewe body condition score (BCS), production of ewes (lambs born per ewe lambed (LB), lambs born alive per ewe lambed (LBA), lambs born dead per ewe lambed (LBD), lamb birth weight (LBW), lamb 100 day weight (L100DW)) and ewe blood glycose and β-hydroxy-butyrate (BHB) concentrations. The Estonian White Face and Texel ewes (107 ewes) were divided into two similar groups: the experimental group (59 ewes) and control group (48 ewes). For 45–60 days before lambing (from 90th–105th day of gestation) the experimental ewes were fed in addition to forage feeds (silage, hay or pasture grass) 0.22 kg of organic oat per day (totally 10 kg in gestation period) and 0.3 kg of oat during suckling period (totally 13.5 kg per ewe). The control group of ewes were fed only with forage-based rations (silage, hay, pasture grass) without cereals. Ewe BCS was assessed before mating, on 130–140 day of pregnancy, after lambing (following 7th–10th day), during the 2nd suckling months (45–60 suckling day) and at weaning of lambs by two observers during the whole study. It was concluded that additional feeding of minimal amount of oats increased the ewes BCS in the experimental group at 130–140 day of pregnancy (BCS was respectively 3.36 and 2.97, p < 0.001) and on the 45–60th suckling day (BCS respectively 2.84 and 2.52, p < 0.001) compared with control ewes, but did not affect BCS of ewes at the end of the experiment (at weaning). Production traits (LBA, LBW, L100DW) nor ewes blood glycose and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentrations at the 130–140 days of pregnancy and 7–10 days after lambing were not affected by supplementation of oat to ewes' diet.
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    Kanepi valgukontsentraadi mõju lihatoodete füüsikalis-keemilistele ja sensoorsetele omadustele
    (Eesti Maaülikool, 2022) Ambos, Kati; Kerner, Kristi; Kaart, Tanel
    Liha on inimese toidulaual tähtsal kohal, kuid viimasel ajal on liha tootmine ja tarbimine põhjustanud palju vastukaja ning sellest tulenevalt on hakatud lihatoodete valmistamisel kasutama looduslikke lisandeid ja lisaaineid tõstmaks toodete toiteväärtust ja muutmaks tooted ohutumaks. Käesoleva magistritöö eesmärgiks oli välja selgitada, kas ja millises ulatuses on võimalik vähendada sealihast valmistatud lihapallide lihasisaldust asendades see kanepi valgukontsentraadiga ning uurida kanepi valgukontsentraadi kasutamise mõju lihapallide füüsikalis-keemilistele ja sensoorsetele omadustele. Töö eksperimentaalse osa käigus valmistati kontrollsegu ehk ilma lisanditeta lihapallid ning 5%, 10% ja 15% kanepi valgukontsentraadi sisaldusega lihapallid (vastavad tähised: KP5, KP10 ja KP15). Proove säilitati temperatuuril +4 °C kuni 14. päeva. 0., 7. ja 14. päeval viidi läbi füüsikalis-keemilised analüüsid ning 0 päeval teostati sensoorne hindamine. Lihapallidel hinnati keemilist koostist, värvust, pH-d, vee aktiivsust, lõiketugevust, rasvade oksüdatsiooni, kuumtöötlemiskadu ning sensoorseid omadusi. Töö tulemustest selgus, et kanepi valgukontsentraadi lisamine suurendas lihapallide pH väärtust, kuna kanepivalgul on teatav puhvertüüpi ühendite sisaldus. Lihapallide vee aktiivsused olid sarnased, ajas toimus teatav langus ehk vaba vee hulk vähenes. Kanepivalgu lisamine põhjustas lihapallide värviparameetrite muutusi, tingituna kanepi valgukontsentraadi iseloomulikust hallikas-rohekas värvusest. Kanepi valgukontsentraadi kontsentratsiooni suurendes lihapallide L*-väärtused (heledus) vähenesid ning a*- ja b*- väärtused (punasus ja kollasus) suurenesid. Kogu katseperioodi vältel oli madalaima rasvade oksüdatsiooniga segu KP5. Ka segu KP10 näitas väiksemaid või sarnaseid tulemusi võrreldes kontrollseguga, kuid segu KP15 näitas sarnaseid ja isegi kõrgemaid väärtusi kui kontrollsegu. Kanepivalk võib toimida lihatoodetes antioksüdandina ja stabiliseerida rasvade oksüdatsiooni, kuid seda vaid teatud koguse lisamisel. Kuumtöötlemiskaole oli väga suur mõju, kanepi valgukontsentraadi kontsentratsiooni suurenedes oli lihapallide kadu väiksem ehk toodete saagis suurenes, mis tuleneb kanepivalgu suurest veesidumisvõimest. Kanepi valgukontsentraadi kontsentratsiooni suurenedes lihapallide valgu- ja tuhasisaldused suurenesid ning rasva- ja niiskusesisaldused vähenesid. Lihapallide lõiketugevuse osas ühtseid järeldusi teha ei saa, kuna tulemused olid segude vahel ja säilitusperioodi vältel kõikuvad. Sensoorse hindamise käigus saavutas kõrgeimad hinded kontrollsegu, lisandiga lihapallidest näitas parimaid tulemusi KP5. Liiga suur kanepi valgukontsentraadi sisaldus muutis lihapallide maitse ja lõhna taimseks ning tekstuuri ja mahlasuse kehvemaks.
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    Kirje
    Kasside välis- ja keskkõrvapõletike esinemine Eesti Maaülikooli väikeloomakliinikus 1.10.2018–1.10.2021
    (Eesti Maaülikool, 2022) Allik, Abella; Uri, Maarja; Kaart, Tanel
    Kõrvapõletik mõjutab 2-10% kassipopulatsioonist maailmas. Haigusprotsessis osalevad mitmed faktorid ning edukaks haldamiseks on vajalik kõikide tegurite identifitseerimine ja ravi. Uuringu eesmärgiks oli kaardistada Eesti Maaülikooli väikeloomakliinikut külastanud kasside kõrvahaiguste levimus ning välja selgitada nende loomade haigustegurid ning ravimeetodid. Uuringuperioodi jooksul (01.10.2018 – 01.10.2021) kliinikut külastanud 4321 kassist 102 loomal esines kõrvasid kaasav probleem ehk kõrvahaiguse levimus oli 2,4%. Väliskõrvapõletiku tekitajatena identifitseeriti parasiitinfektsioon (otodektoos ja demodikoos), seeninfektsioon (dermatofütoos), obstruktiivne kõrvahaigus (polüüp, neoplaasia, kõrvavaigunäärme tsüstomatoos), ülitundlikkushäire (atoopiline dermatiit) ning autoimmuunhaigus (pemfigus). Ligi neljandikul patsientidest ei olnud otiidi algpõhjus identifitseeritud. Keskkõrvapõletik diagnoositi viiel patsiendil. Enamlevinumad kliinilised tunnused olid kõrvade sügelus (60,8%), kõrvanõre esinemine (71,6%) ning pea raputamine (35,3%). Kliinilisel läbivaatusel tuvastati koorikuid ja ekskoriatsioone (25,5%), alopeetsiat/hüpotrihhoosi (14,7%) ning valu või ebamugavustunnet kõrvade palpeerimisel (24,5%). Kõrvakanali erüteemsus ja turse esines vastavalt 22,5% ning 12,7% kassidel. Uudismoodustised leiti 31,4% kasside kõrvadest; neuroloogilised tunnused esinesid 18,6% uuringus osalenud loomadel. Kroonilised muutused kuulmekäigus, trummikiles ja keskkõrvas tuvastati vastavalt 15,7%; 9,8% ning 9,8% patsientidel. Bakteriaalne infektsioon esines 42,2% loomadel, leukotsüüdid tuvastati 32,4%; pärmseened 29,4% kasside kõrvanõre tsütoloogilises analüüsis. Raviskeemid koosnesid primaarse põhjuse ning sekundaarsete infektsioonide ravist. Sekundaarsete infektsioonide raviks kasutati lokaalseid preparaate, kõrvapuhastusvahendeid, sügelus- ja põletikuvastaseid ravimeid (prednisoloon, meloksikaam) ning süsteemseid antibiootikume (amoksitsilliin klavulaanhappega, klindamütsiin, marbofloksatsiin). Parasitaarsete infektsioonide ravivalikus oli täpilahus; dermatofütoosi korral süsteemne itrakonasool ja lokaalne enilkonasool; allergiliste haiguste korral glükokortikosteroidid, tsüklosporiin, tsetirisiin, oklatsitiniib ja allergeen-spetsiifiline immunoteraapia; pemfiguse korral prednisoloon. Obstruktiivse kõrvahaiguse ning keskkõrvapõletiku korral viidi 14 loomal läbi kirurgiline protseduur. Autor näeb uuringu kasulikkust loomaarstide töös Eestis ning vajadust tulevikus sarnaste parameetrite alusel uurida kasside populatsiooni laiemalt. Lisaks näeb autor tulevikus täpsema ravimeid ja nende efektiivsust võrdleva uuringu kasulikkust, kus hinnatakse konkreetsete toimeainete mõju patogeenidele ja haigusseisunditele.
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    Kirje
    Korduvpoeginud lehmade vereplasma insuliinisarnase kasvufaktor-1 kontsentratsiooni diagnostiline väärtus seoses tiinestuvuse, haigestumuse ja prakeerimisega
    (Eesti Maaülikool, 2022) Hahndorf, Raili; Valdmann, Andres; Kaart, Tanel
    Viimastel aastakümnetel on lehmade piimatoodang suurenenud, mis on kaasa toonud sigivus- ja ainevahetusprobleeme. Somatotroopsesse telge kuuluv insuliinisarnane kasvufaktor-1 (IGF-1) on maksas sünteesitud hormoon, mis mõjutab lehmade sigivust ja on seotud negatiivse energiabilansi, haigestumise ja prakeerimisega. Lõputöö eesmärk oli hinnata IGF-1 diagnostilist väärtust seoses sigivuse, haigestumuse ja prakeerimisega, leida muutujaspetsiifilised optimaalsed IGF-1 piirmäärad ja selgitada IGF-1 mõju tiinestuvuse ajale. Selleks analüüsiti varem kogutud andmeid 118 korduvpoeginud holsteini lehma kohta. IGF-1 kontsentratsiooni mõõdeti kokku kolmel korral, kaks nädalat enne poegimist ning üks ja kolm nädalat pärast poegimist. IGF-1 optimaalsed prognostilised piirmäärad leiti ROC-kõvera analüüsiga. IGF-1 seoseid sigivusnäitajate, haigestumise ja prakeerimisega analüüsiti logistilise regressioonanalüüsiga ja ajast sõltuvaid muutujaid elumusanalüüsiga. Enne ja pärast poegimist mõõdetud IGF-1 oli seotud sigivusnäitajatega ning tugevaim seos esines üks nädal pärast poegimist, kui IGF-1 piirmäär oli 33 ng/ml. Pärast poegimist mõõdetud IGF-1 oli seotud haigestumise ja prakeerimisega. Vastavast piirmäärast väiksema IGF-1 kontsentratsiooniga lehmade šanss tiinestuda vähenes, aga šanss haigestuda ja prakeeritud saada suurenes. Aega poegimisest tiinestumiseni mõjutasid IGF-1 kontsentratsioon, haiguste esinemine ja aeg poegimisest esimese seemendamiseni. IGF-1 määramiseks tuleks proove võtta kindlal ajal, sest piirmäär sõltub proovivõtuajast. IGF-1 olulise mõju tõttu tuleks leida viise selle hormooni kontsentratsiooni tõstmiseks organismis.
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    Kirje
    Kõrgetoodangulise eesti holsteini tõugu karja aretus- ja sigimisalane analüüs
    (Eesti Maaülikool, 2017) Uib, Kerli; Viinalass, Haldja; Kaart, Tanel; Loomageneetika ja tõuaretus
    Töö eesmärk oli hinnata ühe Eesti kõrgetoodangulise holsteini tõugu karja toodangu, poegimise, sigimise, välimiku ja tootliku ea andmeid ja nende muutumist, ning kuivõrd on isade aretusväärtused avaldunud tütardel aastatel 2010-2015. Töös antakse ülevaade holsteini tõu geneetilisest hindamisest Eestis ja naaberriikides. Analüüside läbiviimiseks moodustati Eesti Põllumajandusloomade Jõudluskontrolli AS ja Eesti Tõuloomakasvatajate Ühistu andmebaaside alusel andmestik karjas olnud lehmade ja aretuses kasutatud pullide kohta. Statistiline andmetöötlus teostati programmiga Excel. Peamine analüüsimeetod oli korrelatsioonianalüüs ja tulemused esitati graafiliselt. Selgus, et kõrgema SPAV-iga pullide korrelatiivne seos piima-, rasva- ja valgutoodangu vahel suurenes järgneva laktatsiooniga. Piimatoodangu ja SPAV-i vaheline korrelatsioon oli >3. laktatsioonil r=0,79. SSAV-i ja somaatiliste rakkude lineaarse skoori vahel leiti negatiivne korrelatiivne seos, mis avaldus kõige tugevamalt 1. laktatsioonil (r=-0,59). Seega olid kõrgema SSAV-iga isade tütred parema udara tervisega. Sigivustunnuste seosed vastavate aretusväärtuste vahel nii selgelt ei väljendunud. Selle põhjuseks võib olla tunnuste madal päritavus või andmete vähesus, kuna uuringus piirduti ainult ühe farmi andmetega.