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Kirje Aasta muld 2018. Näivleetunud muld : [voldik ja postkaart] (Eesti Maaülikool, 2017) Astover, Alar; Leedu, Enn; Penu, Priit; Kikas, Tambet; Eesti Maaülikool. Põllumajandus- ja keskkonnainstituutNäivleetunud muldi esineb rohkesti Kagu-Eesti lavamaal ja Sakala kõrgustikul. Otepää, Haanja ja Karula kõrgustikul leidub neid laugematel aladel. Näivleetunud mullad moodustavad kooslusi leetunud ja leetjate muldadega. Näivleetunud muldi on u 10% Eesti maafondist, põllumajandusmaal on neid üle 20%. Kõige rohkem on näivleetunud muldi Põlvamaal. Tekst: Alar Astover, Enn Leedu. Fotod: Hugo Roostalu, Endla Reintam. Kaart: Priit Penu, Tambet Kikas.Kirje Aasta muld 2020. Erodeeritud muld : [voldik ja postkaart] (Eesti Maaülikool, 2019) Leedu, Enn; Astover, Alar; Penu, Priit; Kikas, Tambet; Eesti Maaülikool. Põllumajandus- ja keskkonnainstituutErodeeritud mullad moodustavad u 1,2% kogu Eesti maafondist, suurem on nende osakaal põllumajandusmaal (u 3,1%). Rohkesti leidub neid Otepää, Haanja ja Karula kõrgustikul, samuti Kagu-Eesti lavamaal (Tartu, Põlva, Vastseliina), vähemal määral Sakala kõrgustiku ümbruses (Viljandi, Abja, Tõrva) ja Pandivere kõrgustikul. Maastikus on nad kõrvuti reljeefi madalamatel osadel asuvate deluviaalmuldadega ning erodeerimata leostunud, leetjate, näivleetunud ja leetunud muldadega. Reljeefi madalamatelt osadelt võib leida ka glei- ja madalsoomuldasid. Kuna Lääne-Eestis ja saartel on Eesti keskmisest rohkem liiv- ja turvasmuldi ning ilmad tuulisemad, on seal tuuleerosiooni all kannatavate maade osakaal Eesti keskmisest suurem. Tekst: Enn Leedu, Alar Astover. Fotod: Alar Astover, Maa-amet (aerofoto). Kaart: Priit Penu, Tambet Kikas.Kirje Aasta muld 2021. Rähkmuld : [voldik ja postkaart](Eesti Maaülikool, 2020) Leedu, Enn; Astover, Alar; Penu, Priit; Kikas, Tambet; Eesti Maaülikool. Põllumajandus- ja keskkonnainstituutRähkmullad moodustavad 4,7% kogu Eesti mullastikust ja 9% põllumaast, gleistunud rähkmullad vastavalt 1,6 ja 2,1%. Rähkmuldade peamine levikuala on Põhja- ja Loode- Eesti ning saared. Ülekaalus on need Harju, Lääne ja Saare maakonnas. Gleistunud rähkseid liivmuldi esineb kõige rohkem Hiiumaal, gleistunud rähkseid liivsavimuldi Läänemaal (11,9% haritavast maast), gleistunud rähkseid savimuldi on väga vähe. Piiratult leidub rähkmuldi ka Lõuna-Eestis Otepää ja Haanja kõrgustikul üksikute moreenkõrgendike lagedel ja nõlvadel. Valkjashalli rähkmoreeni levikupiirkonnas kaasnevad rähkmuldadega paepealsed mullad, mujal peamiselt leostunud mullad. Rähkmuldade ülekaaluga muldkattele on iseloomulik mullaerimite suur kirjusus.Kirje Aasta muld 2022. Tehismuld : [voldik ja postkaart](Eesti Maaülikool, 2021) Leedu, Enn; Astover, Alar; Penu, Priit; Kikas, Tambet; Eesti Maaülikool. Põllumajandus- ja keskkonnainstituutTehismuldi leidub kõikjal, kus inimene on rajanud karjääre, kaevandusi, teid, ehitisi, prügilaid jms. Meil esinevad nad laialt Kirde-Eesti põlevkivikarjääride ja Maardu ümbruse fosforiidikarjääride piirkonnas, samuti üle Eesti linna- ja tööstusaladel. Sageli on nad kompleksis teiste muldadega väikestel pindadel. Suurematel aladel esinevad tehismullad kajastuvad digitaalsel suuremõõtkavalisel mullastikukaardil, kuid nende levikuandmed kaardil võivad paljudes kohtades aegunud olla, sest taimestiku taastamisel pärast kaevanduste sulgemist ja haljastuse rajamisel ümber ehitiste tekib neid pidevalt juurde. Praegu on tehismuldi Eestis arvatavalt umbes 70 000 ha.Kirje Aasta muld 2023. Leetunud muld : [voldik ja postkaart] (Eesti Maaülikool, 2022) Leedu, Enn; Astover, Alar; Penu, Priit; Kikas, Tambet; Eesti Maaülikool. Põllumajandus- ja keskkonnainstituutLeetunud mullad on kujunenud leetumise ja kamardumise koosmõjul ning neile on iseloomulik rohkem kui 5 cm tüseduse huumuskihi olemasolu. Need mullad on karbonaadivaesed ja kerge lõimisega (liivad või saviliivad). Kamardumise all mõistetakse huumushorisondi teket. Leetumine on mulla mineraalosa lagunemine happeliste huumusainete mõjul ja laguproduktide uhtumine mulla sügavamatesse kihtidesse laskuva veega. Leetunud mulla profiil on väljauhteline, vahetult huumushorisondi alla võib jääda hele leethorisont või profiili alumisest osast tumedam välja-sisseuhte komplekshorisont. Looduslikel aladel katab mullapinda metsa- või rohumaade kõdu. Leetunud mulla huumushorisont on mõõdukalt või tugevasti happeline. Esineb ka selliseid leetunud muldi, mille profiili alumises osas leidub gleistumise ehk ajutise liigniiskuse tunnuseid. Gleistunud leetunud mullad asuvad reljeefi madalamatel osadel, on ajutiselt liigniisked perioodiliselt kõrgele tõusva põhjavee tõttu ja mullaprofiili alumises osas võib näha selgelt väljakujunenud roostetäppe või -laike. Neil on sisseuhtehorisont huumusainetest ning raua ja alumiiniumi oksiididest sageli mustjaspruuniks värvunud.Kirje Aasta muld 2024. Leostunud gleimuld : [voldik ja postkaart](Eesti Maaülikool, 2023) Leedu, Enn; Astover, Alar; Penu, Priit; Kikas, Tambet; Eesti Maaülikool. Põllumajandus- ja keskkonnainstituutOn kujunenud alaliselt liigniiskel karbonaatsel lähtekivimil, kihisemine algab enamasti 30–70 cm sügavuselt. Peal on toorhuumuslik või alla 10 cm tüsedune turbahorisont. Profiili keskosas on pruunikas sisseuhtehorisont, mille alla jääb tugevasti gleistunud lähtekivim või lausaline gleihorisont. Alalisest liigniiskusest tingitud gleistumine väljendub neil muldadel sinakas- või rohekashallide laikude ohtruses. Periooditi võib parema õhustatuse tulemusena olla tekkinud ka roostepruune ja kollakaid laike. Need mullad on neutraalse reaktsiooniga ja toitainerikkad. Viljakus varieerub väga suurtes piirides, sõltudes lõimisest, koresesisaldusest, huumuskihi tüsedusest ja kuivenduse seisust. Tüsedas toorhuumuslikus kihis on talletunud suurel hulgal orgaanilist süsinikku.Kirje Aasta muld 2025. Klibumuld : [voldik ja postkaart](Eesti Maaülikool, 2024) Leedu, Enn; Astover, Alar; Penu, Priit; Kikas, Tambet; Eesti Maaülikool. Põllumajandus- ja keskkonnainstituutKlibumullad on rähkmuldade alamliik, mis on välja kujunenud rannavallidel oleval karbonaatsel veerisel ja klibul või koreselistel liustikujõgede setetel. Nende lähtekivimiks on klibu, mida iseloomustab väga vähene peeneselise materjali sisaldus ja kohati isegi selle puudumine. Klibu on korese alajaotus, mille hulka kuuluvad ümardunud servadega lapikud 1–10 cm läbimõõduga kivid. Klibu kivid on kujult sobivad lutsuviskamiseks.Kirje Aasta muld 2026. Leetjas muld : [voldik ja postkaart](Eesti Maaülikool, 2025) Leedu, Enn; Astover, Alar; Kikas, Tambet; Penu, PriitLeetjad mullad on tekkinud karbonaatsele, valdavalt kollakashallile, harvem punakaspruunile saviliiv- või liivsavimoreenile. Neil on tüseda toitainerikka huumushorisondi (A) alla selgelt välja kujunenud heledam lessiveerunud horisont (El), millest savi- ja tolmuosakesed on osaliselt ümber paigutatud alumisse sisseuhtehorisonti (B). Karbonaate esineb neil enamasti alates sügavusest 60-90 cm.Kirje Eesti mullateaduse arengust kaasaegse Eesti Mullateaduse Seltsi rajamise eelsel ja järgsel ajal(Eesti Maaülikool, 2024) Kõlli, Raimo; Astover, AlarEesti Mullateaduse Selts (EMTS) on mullateadusest (muldade uurimine, mullastikukaardid, andmebaasid jms), taimede toitumisest (väetised, agrokeemia jms), muldade ökoloogiast (mullaelustik, talitlemine jt), muldade keskkonnasõbralikust kasutamisest ja muldade kaitsest (potentsiaalsetele võimetele vastava hea seisundi hoidmisest) huvitatud üksikisikute ja organisatsioonide mittetulunduslik ühendus. Eesti mullateadlaste seltsiline tegevus taaselustati Eesti Maaülikooli (EMÜ) mullateaduse õppetooli eestvõttel 2009. aastal ning selle presidendiks valiti Alar Astover. EMTS-i kompetents võimaldab seltsil olla mullastikualaste teadmiste levitaja põllu- ja metsamajandusliku maakasutuse alal, osaleda mullateaduse alase teadustöö, hariduse ja teadlikkuse tõstmise edendamisel ühiskonnas ning selgitada muldkatete rolli olulisust ümbritseva keskkonna kestlikult hea talitlemisseisundi tagamisel. EMTS on arenenud mitmekülgseks ja toimekaks tänu koostööle ja teabevahetusele teiste riikide sama eriala seltside, mullateadusele lähedaste erialaseltside ja Rahvusvahelise Mullateaduste Liiduga (IUSS), mis moodustati 1924. a. Itaalias. EMTS kuulub Euroopa Mullaseltside Konföderatsiooni (ECSSS) ning esindab Eestit Euroopa Mullakaitse Seltsis (ESSC) ja Ülemaailmse Mulla- ja Veekaitse Ühingus (WASWAC). Eesti muldkatte majandamine alates primitiivsest põlluharimisest kuni tänapäevase teaduslikel alustel muldade majandamiseni on olnud keerukas vaheldunud riigikordade erinevate põllu- ja metsamaade majandamise poliitikate tõttu. Muldade praktilist käitlust ja kodumaise mullateaduse arengut on edendavalt toetanud erialaseltside sünergiline mõju ning ülikoolide mullateaduse õppetoolide ja teiste maa- ja looduskasutusega seotud teadusliku uurimise instituutide ja riigiasutuste tegevused. Taolisi koostöös toimunud arenguid käsitlemegi käesolevas loos ühisel ajateljel, millega on suhestunud nii mullateaduse arengusse olulise panuse teinud teadlased kui ka praktiline majandustegevus. Meie käsitluses on see ajatelg jaotatud perioodideks riigikorra poliitiliste erisuste (kui mullaväliste nähtuste) alusel. Arenguloo erilise tähtsusega verstapostiks meie jaoks on Eesti Vabariigi sünd 1918. aastal. Käsitlus hõlmab nii iseseisvuse perioodile eelnenud kui ka järgnenud, erinevate riiklike majanduspoliitikatega perioode. Üldreeglina on areng ajajoonel esitatud perioodide kaupa ja isikute nimed ilma tiitliteta. Käesoleva Eesti mullateaduse ajalugu käsitleva tagasivaate koostamist ajendas IUSS-i jõudmine oma 100. aastapäevani (Horn jt, 2024). Käesolev ülevaade on sellele sündmusele pühendatud lühikese ingliskeelse artikli (Kõlli, Astover, 2024) Eesti lugejale suunatud mahukam versioon. Kirjanduslikke allikaid oleme esitanud kahel viisil ja eesmärgil. Selgitavas tekstis on viited tehtud kirjanduslike allikate autori(te) ja ilmumisaasta alusel. Enamus nendest on tagasivaated eelnenud ajale, mistõttu nende publitseerimine on reeglina lükkunud mõnele järgnevale ajaperioodile. Olles oma tagasivaates fookustanud mullateaduse alaste temaatikate arengu, temaatikaid edasiviinud isikud ja tegevuste katus-asutused, oleme pidanud tõdema, et enam kui sajandi jooksul tehtut on võimatu mahutada soovitud detailsusega ühte artiklisse. Sellest lähtudes on tagasivaate lisas 1 esitatud sama eriala harrastavate teadlaste poolt koostatud erinevaid perioode ja temaatikaid või asutuste ajalugu käsitlevate artiklite bibliograafiline loend [AL01‒19]. Loodetavasti võimaldavad toodud allikad täpsustada Eesti mullateaduse arengu tervikpilti. Lisas 2 on aga esitatud mõnede meile teadaolevate mullateadlaste personaal-bibliograafiad [PB1‒11]. Üldreeglina on lisadele viidatud vaid erandkordadel. Kokkuvõttena saab öelda, et oleme ajatelje suhtes saanud esitada ennekõike perioodide olulisemad uurimisteemad, põhitegijad ja -tegevused, ala eest vastutavad juhid ning tähtsündmused. Suhteliselt tagasihoidlikult oleme saanud käsitleda koostöid mullateadusega piirnevate teiste loodusteaduste tegevustega.Kirje Effect of crop residue decomposition on soil aggregate stability(MDPI, 2020) Stegarescu, Gheorghe; Escuer-Gatius, Jordi; Soosaar, Kaido; Kauer, Karin; Tõnutare, Tõnu; Astover, Alar; Reintam, Endla; Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. Estonian University of Life SciencesThe decomposition of fresh crop residues added to soil for agricultural purposes is complex. This is due to di erent factors that influence the decomposition process. In field conditions, the incorporation of crop residues into soil does not always have a positive e ect on aggregate stability. The aim of this study was to investigate the decomposition e ects of residues from two di erent cover crops (Brassica napus var. oleifera and Secale cereale) and one main crop (wheat straw) on soil aggregate stability. A 105-day incubation experiment was conducted in which crop residues were mixed with sandy loam soil at a rate of 6 g C kg1 of soil. During the incubation, there were five water additions. The decomposition e ects of organic matter on soil conditions during incubation were evaluated by determining the soil functional groups; carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), and methane (CH4) emissions; soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC); and water-stable aggregates (WSA). The functional groups of the plant residues and the soil were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and a double exponential model was used to estimate the decomposition rates. The results show that the decomposition rate of fresh organic materials was correlated with the soil functional groups and the C/N ratio. Oilseed rape and rye, with lower C/N ratios than wheat straw residues, had faster decomposition rates and higher CO2 and N2O emissions than wheat straw. The CO2 and N2O flush at the start of the experiment corresponded to a decrease of soil aggregate stability (from Day 3 to Day 10 for CO2 and from Day 19 to Day 28 for N2O emissions), which was linked to higher decomposition rates of the labile fraction. The lower decomposition rates contributed to higher remaining C (carbon) and higher soil aggregate stability. The results also show that changes in the soil functional groups due to crop residue incorporation did not significantly influence aggregate stability. Soil moisture (SM) negatively influenced the aggregate stability and greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) in all treatments (oilseed rape, rye, wheat straw, and control). Irrespective of the water addition procedure, rye and wheat straw residues had a positive e ect on water-stable aggregates more frequently than oilseed rape during the incubation period. The results presented here may contribute to a better understanding of decomposition processes after the incorporation of fresh crop residues from cover crops. A future field study investigating the influence of incorporation rates of di erent crop residues on soil aggregate stability would be of great interest.Kirje The indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonisation potential in potato roots is affected by agricultural treatments(2018) Loit, Kaire; Soonvald, Liina; Kukk, M.; Astover, Alar; Runno-Paurson, Eve; Kaart, Tanel; Öpik, Maarja; Estonian University of Life Sciences. Chair of Plant Health; Estonian University of Life Sciences. Chair of Soil Science; Estonian University of Life Sciences. Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology; Estonian University of Life Sciences. Chair of Animal Breeding and BiotechnologyThere is an urgent need to develop novel approaches to enhance sustainable agriculture while not reducing cr op yields. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi establish symbiotic associations with most crop plants improving plant performance and soil health. This study investigated the extent of colonisation of potato roots by indigenous AM fungi in the arable soil under conventional and organic farming systems. Potato roots had greater AM fungal colonisation levels under organic than conventional farming, though in general, root colonisation levels were extremely low in both farming systems . Pota to root AM fungal colonisation was lower with higher soil P content and higher with higher annual C input. Trap plant root AM fungal colonisation was considerably higher than in field potato roots and showed that soil mycorrhizal inoculum potential was hig her in organic than in conventional farming. Thus, the positive impact of manure application in organic fields to the potato AM fungal colonisation can be explained by previous higher total annual C fresh organic matter input and lower soil P content under treatment. Furthermore, the natural AM fungal abundance in the soil was sufficient to colonise trap plant roots, suggesting a low mycorrhizal dependence of the studied potato cultivar.Kirje The interaction of soil aggregate stability with other soil properties as influenced by manure and nitrogen fertilization(Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Vytautas Magnus University, 2018) Are, Mihkel; Kaart, Tanel; Selge, Are; Astover, Alar; Reintam, Endla; Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. Estonian University of Life Sciences; Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences. Estonian University of Life SciencesSoil water-stable aggregate (WSA) stability is one of the most important indicators of soil health, because it influences chemical, biological and other physical properties. At the same time, WSA formation, stabilization and degradation are also some of the most complex processes that occur in the soil, making them difficult to fully understand. In particular, there is a lack of research on WSA stability in the Baltic region. To gain a better understanding how aggregation occurs in Estonian pedo-climatic conditions, this study was conducted in 2014– 2015 in a sandy loam Stagnic Luvisol (LV-st) (WRB, 2014). Potato and barley plots were analysed in a three-year crop rotation (potato → spring wheat → barley) with straw removal. The nitrogen (N) fertilization treatments were 0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha-1 yr-1 N, both without and with 40 Mg ha-1 fermented cattle farmyard manure (FYM) application prior to potato planting in the previous autumn. WSA stability was determined by Eijkelkamp’s wet sieving apparatus from air-dried soil samples of less than 2 mm in diameter. The study revealed a negative correlation (r = −0.16) between increased N rates and WSA stability, regardless of FYM applications. Although soil organic carbon (SOC) content increased with additional N fertilization rates, the reduction in soil acidity (pHKCl) levels caused by N fertilization, most likely repealed the positive SOC content effect on WSA stability. In general, compared with sole N fertilization, FYM application had a positive effect on WSA stability. However, even though WSA stability did not always increase with FYM applications, it still had a positive effect on bulk density, SOC content and soil acidity levels. Further research is needed in Estonia due to the complexities involved in the soil aggregation process.Kirje Land use and soil management in Estonian agriculture during the transition from the Soviet period to the EU and its current optimisation by the spatial agro-economic decision support system(Eesti Maaülikool, 2007) Astover, Alar; Roostalu, Hugo (advisor); Karklins, Aldis (advisor)According to the main objectives of the study, the following conclusions could be presented: 1. The drastic decrease in arable land use in the transition to a free market economy continued until EU CAP was implemented in Estonia. The regional differences in land use changes in the 1990s were determined mainly by local bio-physical disadvantages such as soil quality. The higher decrease rate of arable land use in 1992– 2001 occurred in the regions with low soil fertility. A decrease in soil fertility by one quality point brings about a 2.5% increase in the proportion of abandoned land. The loss of subsidies at the beginning of the transition period highlighted the importance of pedo-climatic conditions in the formation of the profitability of agricultural production but the EU agricultural policy has again relieved the impact of bio-physical diversity on the competitiveness of agriculture. 2. Plant nutrient balances of Estonian arable soils were analysed in the long-term (1939–2003) with uniform methodology. This approach enabled the evaluation of some aspects of sustainability of agricultural land use and soil management through transition from the Soviet era to the open market economy. The application of both mineral and organic fertilisers started to increase in the 1960s and peaked in the 1980s. The increase in fertilisation was not followed proportionately by yield increase and this resulted in positive NPK balances of arable soils in the 1970–1980s, which has significantly improved the nutrient supply of arable soils. The quantities of plant nutrients N, K and P applied to the fields exceeded the amounts removed through crop harvesting by a factor of 2–2.3 (N), 1.9–2.2 (K) and 3–3.5 (P). The amounts of lactate soluble P and K increased by 1.1 and 0.7 mg kg-1 soil per year, respectively. 3. In the 1990s the use of fertilisers has decreased by significant factors: N by six; P by twenty; K by thirty and organic fertilisers by four. The total balances of K and P of arable soils have become negative as a consequence of inadequate fertilisation. Active balance, which enables the estimation of the degree to which formation of the yield occurs at the expense of soil resources, shows that at present the 58 59 largest deficiency is regarding P (68%) and K (57%) followed by N (34%). Thus, at present, crop production takes place largely at the expense of the soil nutrient reserves created by farmers in the 1970–1980s. The use of mineral fertilisers is less intensive in the regions with low soil quality. Decrease in soil fertility reduces the amount of mineral fertilisers used by 2.85 kg NPK per one soil quality point. As nutrient deficiency is highest for forage crops, the depletion of soil P and K may become critical, especially in organic systems where grasslands are dominant. Agri-environmental policy should more consider soil degradation due to the negative plant nutrient balances of arable soils in Estonia. 4. At present only 40–50% of the yield potential of cereals is realised in actual farming conditions. The high yield gap indicates the ineffective use of pedo-climatic resources and this causes agricultural self-sufficiency at the national level to deteriorate. Low realisation of yield potential of cereals is partly due to the insufficient use of fertilisers, as the actual yield level is limited by low input of plant nutrients to the soil. It must, therefore, be considered that the yield formation of cere - als is largely determined by the pedo-climatic conditions (50–60%), and that fertilisers are a lesser influence. In the case of oilseed rape the utilisation of the yield potential is 60–65%, which is induced by more intensive fertilisation compared to cereals. To narrow the yield gap in a profitable and environmentally friendly way, the field-specific fertiliser and other input optimisation is required. 5. A positive effect of the collapse of Estonian agriculture has been a reduction of the pressure on the environment whereas a negative effect to the several aspects of sustainable agriculture has emerged (i) in soil degradation which is due to insufficient investments into maintaining soil fertility, (ii) in ineffective use of pedo-climatic resources, (iii) in low profitability and competitiveness of the agri - culture sector, and (iv) in decreased national food supply. To achieve more sustainable agriculture the optimisation of agricultural land use and soil management should be based on the scientific knowl - edge and from this necessary precondition to develop a spatial agro-economic DSS. 6. The agronomic models for spring barley and potato, based on the regression analysis of numerous field experiments, were developed to assess the impact of soil and climate conditions on the effective - ness of fertilisers. The effectiveness of fertilisation depends, to a large extent on, besides soil properties, meteorological conditions. The variance of the average effectiveness, even of quite small rates, of mineral fertilisers (N60, P26 and K50) is very high. Higher efficiency is guaranteed in the case of balanced fertilisation but the optimum combination of nutrients depends on the relative prices of fertilisers and yield. The developed models enable the estimation of the pedo-climatic and economic risks in fertilisation optimisation. Improved agronomic models operating in spatial and temporal scale are forming a basis for knowledge-based DSS. 7. Data handling and presentation in the agricultural decision making process was for the first time in Estonia embedded to fieldspecific GIS and its application possibilities were analysed in the example of Kullamaa rural municipality. A field-specific database was compiled and agro-economic models were applied to provide information for decision makers. Economically effective N norm for barley is, in most of the study area, from 50 to 60 kg N ha-1 but on a quarter of arable land in the study area it is uneconomical to apply N to barley. Field-specific fertiliser optimisation compared to uniform fertiliser application can help farmers to avoid economic losses and simultaneously increase effectiveness of fertilisation and low yields. The simulated barley yield for the study area is, with the use of economically optimised amounts of NPK fertilisers, 2.6 Mg ha-1, which is by 1.1 Mg ha-1 higher compared to the actual cereal yield in the region. Composed thematic maps enable the clear presentation of spatial variability in the profitability of barley production from field to region scale. Farmers can use spatial profitability data with other criteria for crop rotation planning and for strategic decisions but presented DSS does not make decisions, but rather contributes knowledge that can be used in the decision making process. The ben - efit of this DSS is that information from different sources is collected, processed and integrated into a unified system which makes decision making more effective. This also makes existing soil information more easily available and self-explanatory for stakeholders. 8. Despite the fact that this study presents spatial agro-economic DSS on the example of just one rural municipality and a single crop, its importance is more extensive. Up-scaling the modelling results 60 61 from field-level also enables its application in regional planning and in macro-economic analysis. In this study the methodology for the functioning of the DSS was developed which is further applicable nationwide. There is an increasing demand for the planning of abandoned agricultural land in Estonia and a developed DSS can be expanded for the cultivation of bioenergetic crops or for afforestation of abandoned land. 9. Further improvement of DSS should focus on the development of agronomic models for various crops and economic models should be continuously adjusted according the changes in socio-economic conditions. The database of digital soil map should be definitely appended with quantitative parameters, which would provide prerequisites for its more extensive applications such as related production activities to environmental impact. The extensification of Estonian agriculture during the transition period has reduced the negative impact on the environment but at the same time this has caused a decline in the fertility of agricultural land, and this diminishes the competitiveness of Estonian agriculture. Analysed spatial DSS serves as a basis for effective resource management in modern agriculture and can be used as a tool in knowledge-based decision making processes to achieve economic, social and environmental targets of sustainable agriculture. The improvement of the current DSS and usage expansion from pilot areas to nationwide coverage of Estonia are essential for these purposes. This study creates possibilities not only for field-specific agro-economic analysis but also contributes a framework for further expansion of the capabilities of GIS-based DSS in various branches of the rural economy.Kirje Maakasutuse, maakasutuse muutuse ja metsanduse sektori sidumisvõimekuse analüüs kuni aastani 2050(Keskkonnaagentuur, Eesti Maaülikool, 2021) Valgepea, Mati; Raudsaar, Madis; Karu, Helen; Suursild, Eve; Pärt, Enn; Sims, Allan; Kauer, Karin; Astover, Alar; Maasik, Martti; Vaasa, Airiin; Kaimre, PaavoKliimaneutraalsuse saavutamiseks 2050. aastaks on oluline kasvuhoonegaaside (KHG) heitkoguste vähendamine ja sidumisvõimekuse suurendamine kõigis sektorites. Et eesmärki täita, tuleb seada selged sihid, hinnates erinevates sektorites KHG heite vähendamise ja sidumise suurendamise potentsiaali ning käsitleda sektori mõju laiemalt ka majanduse konkurentsivõimele. Maakasutuse, maakasutuse muutuse ja metsanduse (LULUCF) sidumisvõimekuse uuring on valminud Keskkonnaministeeriumi tellimusel analüüsimaks kompleksselt LULUCFi sektori KHG sidumisvõimaluste potentsiaali ja ulatust 2030. ja 2050. aasta kliimapoliitika eesmärkide täitmiseks arvestades sealjuures ka pikemaajalist perspektiivi (kuni 2100. aastani). Uuringu käigus kaardistatakse LULUCFi sektori maakasutuskategooriates süsiniku sidumisega seotud aspektid ja tegevused ning hinnatakse nende potentsiaali suurema süsiniku sidumise suunas. Analüüs kirjeldab ning hindab järgmisi LULUCFi sektorit mõjutavaid tegevusi: raportis „Mets ja kliimamuutused“ esitatud raiestsenaariumid (koos puittoodetega); metsakasvatuslikud võtted netojuurdekasvu soodustamiseks: metsade uuenemise tagamine (looduslik uuendus, uuendamine, puuliigi valik), harvendusraie, raieplaanide optimeerimine (täiuse, juurdekasvu ja boniteedi järgi), kuivendamine; metsamaa pind (metsamaa pindala säilimine vähemalt praegusel tasemel) kui süsinikusidumist suurendav tegur: metsastamine, raadamise piiramine/ kompenseerimine; puittoodetesse süsiniku sidumine: puittoodete tootmise suurendamine, puittoodete tootmise struktuuri muutmine pikemaealiste toodete suunas, kohaliku tööstusliku ümarpuidu väärindamine Eestis (sh paberipuu väärtustamine), ümarpuidu import, Eestis varutud puit, puiduenergia kasutus; kasvuhoonegaaside heite vähendamine märgaladelt: jääksoode ehk mahajäetud turbatootmisalade korrastamine, aiandusturbast tulenevate heitkoguste vähendamine; põllumajanduslikud tegevused mulla süsinikuvaru suurendamiseks ja heitkoguste vähendamiseks: orgaaniliste väetiste kasutamine (sh taimejäänuste mulda jätmine), mitmekesisemad ja pikemad külvikorrad, turvasmuldadel põllu- ja kuivendatud rohumaade metsastamine (sh lühikese raieringiga istandused), loodusliku taimestikuga alade loomine (puittaimestiku ribad ja hekid ning agrometsandus), heitkoguste vähendamine turvasmuldadel paiknevatest haritavatest maadest, happeliste muldade neutraliseerimine (lupjamine); asendusefekti hindamine: ülevaade Eesti konteksti sobiva asendusefekti arvutamise võimalikkusest (sh ülevaade teadustekstidest) ja puuduvate või täiendavaid uuringuid vajavate teemade väljatoomine, võimalusel esmaste arvutuste tegemine. Lisaks hinnatakse: kaardistatud meetmete sotsiaalmajanduslikku mõju tegevuste elluviimisel, sh tööhõivet, netotulu ja lisandväärtust. Võrreldakse metsa majandamisega seotud netotulu ja süsinikukaubandusega kaasnevaid potentsiaalseid võimalusi.Kirje Soil sequences atlas. 2(Machina Druku, 2018) Glina, Bartłomiej; Mendyk, Łukasz; Bogacz, Adam; OrzechowskI, Mirosław; Sowiński, Paweł; Smólczyński, Sławomir; Kalisz, Barbara; Świtoniak, Marcin; Hulisz, Piotr; Reintam, Endla; Astover, Alar; Shanskiy, Merrit; Kõlli, Raimo; Vaisvalavičius, Rimantas; Volungevičius, Jonas; Buivydaitė, Vanda; Gregorauskienė, Virgilija; Sewerniak, Piotr; Jankowski, Michał; Dąbrowski, Michał; Jasińska, Justyna; Pollmann, Thomas; Junge, Birte; Giani, Luise; Penížek, Vít; Zádorová, Tereza; Němeček, Karel; Novák, Tibor József; Mester, Tamás; Balla, Dániel; Szabó, György; Karklins, Aldis; Kasparinskis, Raimonds; Krievans, Maris; Jaworski, Tomasz; Pietrzak, Damian; Pindral, Sylwia; Saksa, Martin; Skalský, Rastislav; Czigány, Szabolcs; Fábián, Szabolcs Ákos; Nagy, Gábor; Repe, Blaž; Uzarowicz, Łukasz; Świtoniak, Marcin (editor); Charzyński, Przemysław (editor)This is the second book in the series of Soil Sequence Atlases. The first volume was published in 2014. Main pedogeographic features are presented in the form of sequences to give a comprehensive picture of soils - their genesis and correlations with the environment in typical landscapes of Central Europe from Estonia furthest north, through Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Germany, Czechia, Slovakia and Hungary to the southernmost Slovenia. Soils of natural landscapes - loess and sand (continental dunes) - are presented, as well as those of plains of various origin, karst lands, low mountains, and anthropically modified soils. Each chapter presents soil profiles supplemented by landscape information and basic analytical data. Then, genetic interpretations of soil properties related to soil forming agents are given as schematic catenas. When one factor changes while the others are more or less stable, the soil sequence can be recognised. Depending on the dominant soil-forming factor affecting repeated soil patterns, different types can be distinguished. Chapters are arranged roughly in accordance with the main soil-forming process in sequences, and referring to the WRB key (peat formation, vertic and gleyic process, podzolisation, humus accumulation, clay illuviation), with one small exception - the Technosols have been placed at the end of book. The main objective of this book is to present the diversity of relations between soil and landscape, climate, hydrology and human relations, and to present interpretations reflecting the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (2015) classification with comments on the choice of qualifiers. Sixteen Reference Soil Groups are featured, and represented by 67 soil profiles. The secondary objective is pedological education. One of the aims of soil science education is to explain to students the relations between landscape and soil cover. The patterns of soil units within landscapes are to some extent predictable. The collected data is intended as a useful educational tool in teaching soil science, supporting understanding of the reasons for the variability of soil cover, and also as a WRB classification guideline. The Atlas was developed as part of the EU Erasmus+ FACES project (Freely Accessible Central European Soil). Marcin Šwitoniak, Przemyslaw CharzynskiKirje Sulfoonamiidide ja fluorokinoloonide akumuleerumine mullast taimedesse(Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2023) Lillenberg, Merike; Kipper, Karin; Herodes, Koit; Astover, Alar; Toomsoo, Avo; Anton, Dea; Nei, Lembit; Eesti Maaülikool. Veterinaarmeditsiini ja loomakasvatuse instituut. Veterinaarse biomeditsiini ja toiduhügieeni õppetool; Eesti Maaülikool. Põllumajandus- ja keskkonnainstituut. Mullateaduse õppetoolThe current study was conducted to determine the potential for some antibiotics to be taken up by food plants from soil fertilized with manure, sewage sludge or its compost containing antibiotic residues. The plants (potato – Solanum tuberosum L., carrot – Daucus carota L., and wheat – Triticum aestivum L.) were cultivated in greenhouse under natural light conditions in the presence of three fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and norfloxacin), and two sulfonamides (sulfadimethoxine and sulfamethoxazole). The uptake of antibiotics was demonstrated from two different soils (loamy and loamy sand). The concentrations of each antibiotic in soil were 0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 10 mg kg–1. The antibiotics were extracted from the plants using the liquid extraction (LE) and cleaned up by the solid phase extraction (SPE). The extracts were analyzed by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). The accumulation range depended on antibiotic con- centration in soil, chemical properties of the antibiotic, soil type, plant species and parts (overground or below-ground). At soil concentrations of 10 mg kg–1 antibiotics accumulated in edible parts of most plants in amounts, which exceeded their maximum residue levels (MRL) set for food of animal origin – 100 μg kg–1. The highest average content of antibiotics was detected in potato tubers and carrot roots grown in the loamy sand soil – 3897 μg kg–1 and 3400 μg kg–1 sulfamethoxazole. Plants accumulated antibiotics (ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin) from soil even at soil concentration of 0.01 mg kg–1. Mostly the highest concentrations of antibiotics were detected in below-ground parts of the plants grown in the loamy-sand soil.Kirje Väetamise ABC(Põllumajandusuuringute Keskus, 2014) Kanger, Jaan; Kevvai, Toomas; Kevvai, Leonhard; Kärblane, Heino; Astover, Alar; Ilumäe, Ene; Lauringson, Enn; Loide, Valli; Penu, Priit; Rooma, Livi; Sepp, Karli; Talgre, Liina; Tamm, UnoKäesolev vihik on oluliselt täiendatud trükk 1998-nda aasta väljaandest. Põhjalikumalt on lahti kirjutatud, haljasväetisi, külvikordi ja viljavaheldust, sõnniku kasutamist ning väetamise majanduslikku tasuvust käsitlevad peatükid. Väetamissoovitused ja normide täpsustused on esitatud tabelitena, millele lisatud lühikesed selgitavad tekstid. Vihiku lõpus on näidis, milline võiks olla põllumehe väetiste kasutamise plaan ja juhendid selle täitmiseks käesolevas vihikus toodud materjalide põhjal. Et looduses ei ole kahte ühesugust põldu, siis on loomulik, et siin toodud nõuanded ei suuda arvestada kõiki põldude eripärasid, kuid asjast huvitunud põllumees võib selle vihiku soovituste abil väetada oma põlde kartmata oluliselt eksida. Loomulikult on siin toodud väetamise soovitustes ainult väike osa teadmistest, mida aastakümnete jooksul on sel alal kogutud ja otstarbekas on hankida lisateavet vastava ala spetsialistidelt või seda ala käsitlevast kirjandusest. Kuna mitme tabeli sisu on omavahel seotud, tuleks tutvuda kogu vihiku materjaliga. Autorid tänavad kõiki, kes vihiku koostamisele ja väljaandmisele kaasa aitasid.Kirje Water satability of soil aggregates in a 50-year-old soil formation experiment on calcareous glacial till(Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2020) Are, Mihkel; Kauer, Karin; Kaart, Tanel; Selge, Are; Astover, Alar; Reintam, Endla; Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. Estonian University of Life Sciences; Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences. Estonian University of Life Sciences,Soil formation on the human time scale is immensely time consuming, although it can be significantly accelerated through the effects of vegetation. The content of water-stable aggregates (WSAs) is a useful indicator for determining both the soil development level and the soil quality. However, in severely degraded soils, especially in the Baltic pedoclimatic region, the effects of vegetation on the aggregate stability have been poorly studied. Therefore, to obtain more knowledge about the impact of vegetation on WSA, and thereby knowing how to improve it, this study was conducted on a long-term soil formation experiment in Estonia near Tartu. In 1964, the initial soil from an area of 20 × 8 m down to 100 cm depth was replaced with a sandy loam calcareous glacial till. The experiment started on April 26, 1965, when plants were sown on the plot. The topsoil (0–20 cm) samples were analyzed in 1966, 2000, 2007, and 2014. The study indicated that perennial grasses (meadow fescue and common meadow-grass) fertilized with P40K75, compared to N150P40K75, decreased the WSA content, as well at the accumulation rate of soil organic carbon (SOC) and the total nitrogen content (Ntot). The hybrid alfalfa treatment resulted in the significantly highest SOC and Ntot accumulation, but not in the overall highest WSA content. Under barley, manure positively affected the WSA and SOC, though many other physical properties were not improved. Compared to the initial till under bare fallow, the SOC and Ntot contents were significantly higher under grown crops, but the WSA content remained the same. In addition, regardless of the grown crops, the WSA of larger (0.25–2 mm) aggregates was substantially higher than that of smaller (0.25–1 mm) aggregates. Also, as the relationship between WSA and SOC in the study was linear, the soil was far from C saturation and still in development. Overall, it can be concluded that the cultivation of perennial grasses and hybrid alfalfa on the severely eroded soil is the most rational option to improve the water stability of aggregates and increase the SOC and Ntot contents. However, because of the complexity of the aggregation process, further research is still needed.